中药膳食配合运动干预对肥胖性脂肪肝的影响

目的 探讨急性血液稀释（AHH）联合控制性降压（CH）对减少脊柱手术患者术中失血的效果。方法 将42例脊柱手术患者随机均分为观察组和对照组。观察组于全麻诱导后采用AHH和CH；对照组麻醉后常规输注复方乳酸钠。比较两组术中失血量、输血量、尿量以及术前、术毕、术后第1、7天的Hb和Hct值。结果 观察组术中失血量、输血量显著少于对照组，尿量显著多于对照组（均P〈0．01）；两组术后不同时段Hb和Hct值显著低于术前（均P〈0．01），但组间比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。结论 AHH联合CH能减少患者术中出血和输血，且对Hb和Hct无显著影响。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压在骨科手术病人应用的可行性

目的观察急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对骨科手术病人血液动力学以及组织器官氧代谢的影响.方法择期骨科手术病人48例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为4组,每组12例A组为对照组;B组为单纯CH组;C组为单纯AHH组;D组为AHH联合CH组.四组病人均采用全身麻醉,术中连续监测平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、心电图(ECG)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)和尿量.分别于稀释前插管后(To)、稀释后(T1)、稀释后1h(T2)、术毕(T3)、术后24h(T4)采集动脉血和混和静脉血测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、乳酸、混和静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)、动、静脉血氧含量(CaO2、CvO2)以及Na+、K+、Ca2+等变化,并计算氧摄取率(ERO2),术中记录输血量、输液量和失血量.结果与A组比较,B、D组失血量减少,C组、D组的尿量增多(P＜0.05或0.01);与B组比较,C组、D组的尿量增多(P＜0.05);与C组比较,D组失血量减少(P＜0.05).与T0比较,C组、D组AHH后CVP升高(P＜0.01);B组CH后HR升高(P＜0.05);四组间ERO2、K+、Na+、乳酸比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论术前AHH联合CH能够维持骨科手术病人的血液动力学稳定,明显减少出血量和异体输血,并对组织氧代谢无明显影响.     

急性高容血液稀释在急诊组合组织移植手术中的应用

目的探讨术前急性高容血液稀释（AHH）应用于急诊组合组织移植手术中的可行性。方法选择急诊组合组织移植的手术40例，随机分为术前急性高容血液稀释组（A组）、常规输液组（B组），每组20例。A组术前输入复方乳酸钠林格液8ml／kg，补充术前禁食量和生理需要量，用6％中分子羟乙基淀粉万汶^TM（6％HES130／0．4）15ml／kg行急性高容血液稀释；B组术前只输入复方乳酸钠林格液8ml／kg，术中输液同A组。观察急性高容血液稀释（AHH）前、后，手术完毕各组的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、凝血功能、血常规、出血量及输血量。结果A组AHH后心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）稳定；CVP升高（P〈0．01）；血小板（PC）降低（P〈0．01）；血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）下降；APTr升高（P〈0．01），纤维蛋白原（FIB）浓度降低（P〈0．05），血液稀释明显，黏稠度下降，低凝，有利于组织灌注和静脉回流。A组输血1例，B组输血8例，差异有统计学意义。结论术前急性高容血液稀释（AHH）可安全应用于急诊组合组织移植手术，有效减少异体血的输注，明显降低血液黏稠度、降低血小板浓度、延长凝血时间，有利于急诊组合组织灌注和静脉回流。     

急性高容量血液稀释对患者靶控输注异丙酚时镇静深度的影响

目的 观察急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）对患者靶控输注（TCI）异丙酚时镇静深度的影响。方法 择期全麻患者80例，随机分为4组（n=20）：A组、B组、C组气管插管后5min均开始进行急性高容量血液稀释，静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8ml／kg，同时30min内静脉输注6％羟乙基淀粉（HES，200／0．5）15ml／kg。B0组为B组的对照组，只静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8ml／kg，不进行急性高容量血液稀释。A组、B组、B0组、C组分别以2、4、4、6μg／ml异丙酚效应室靶浓度实施靶控输注至血液稀释结束。监测各组开始血液稀释即刻、5、10、15、20、25、30min时的BIS、AAI、MAP、HR、SpO2及ECG的变化，采集血标本，检测血液稀释前即刻和血液稀释结束时的Hct、Hb。结果 与B0组比较，B组MAP升高，BIS和AAI降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），血液稀释结束时Hct、Hb下降（P〈0．01）。随AHH的进行A组和B组MAP逐渐上升，BIS、AAI逐渐下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），Bn组和C组的MAP、BIS、AAI无明显变化，4组HR、SpO2差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；与血液稀释前即刻比较，A组、B组、C组在血液稀释结束时的Hct、Hb降低（P〈0．01），Bn组无变化（P〉0．05）。结论 患者以异丙酚2、4μg／ml效应室靶浓度靶控输注时，急性高容量血液稀释可加深镇静深度，当效应室靶浓度升为6μg／ml时，对其镇静深度无明显影响。     

食管癌根治术患者不同补液方案的效应

目的 通过观察血液动力学及应激反应指标的变化，评价3种补液方案对食管癌根治术患者液体治疗的效应。方法 择期行食管癌根治术的男性患者60例，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，随机分为3组：限制性补液组（A组，n=20），常规补液组（B组，n=20），急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）组（C组，n=20）。A组输入液体总量=生理需要量＋累计缺失量＋继续损失量。B组输入液体总量=补偿性扩容量＋生理需要量＋累计缺失量＋继续损失量＋第三间隙丢失量。C组在B组的基础上，于麻醉诱导后至切皮前以6％羟乙基淀粉溶液（HES130／0．4）15ml／kg在30min内静脉输注实施AHH。术中监测入室（T1）、切皮时（T2）、开膈肌时（T3）、吻合时（T4）、术毕（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率、心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度、心输出量（CO）、每搏量（SV）及BIS。于T1、T3、T4、T5时点抽取静脉血以放免法检测皮质醇（Cor）、抗利尿激素（ADH）、醛固酮（ALD）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）的浓度，以酶免法检测去甲肾上腺素（NE）浓度。结果3组MAP诱导后均降低，C组MAP、CO、SV术中高于A组与B组。血液动力学不良事件A组高于B组与C组。C组术中Cor、ADH、ALD、AngⅡ、NE浓度低于A组与B组（P〈0．05）。结论 食管癌根治术患者采用不同的补液方案其治疗效应也不同，AHH的治疗效应优于限制性补液与常规补液。     

星状神经节阻滞对急性脑梗塞患者红细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨星状神经节阻滞（SGB）对急性脑梗塞患者红细胞免疫功能的影响。方法急性脑梗塞患者（病程〈3d）24例，年龄51—64岁，体重52—71kg，随机分为常规治疗组（A组）和常规治疗＋SGB组（B组），每组12例。2组均进行常规治疗。B组以1％利多卡因10ml行SGB，1次/d，双侧交替、10次为一疗程。分别于治疗前1d（T1）、治疗后第1天（T2）、治疗后第5天（T3）、治疗后第10天（T4）清晨空腹取静脉血。采用硫代巴比妥酸法及黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血浆丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，酵母菌红细胞免疫花环法测定红细胞C3b受体花环率（RBC-C3bRR）及红细胞免疫复合物花环率（RBC-ICR），孔雀绿比色分析法测定红细胞膜Na^＋ - K^＋ - ATP酶活性。结果与T1相比，A组T3,4时、B组T2-4时血浆MDA含量降低，SOD活性升高，红细胞膜Na^＋ - K^＋ - ATP酶活性升高，A组和B组T3,4时RBC-ICR降低，RBC-C3bRR增高（P〈0．05或0．01）；与A组相比，B组T3,4时血浆MDA含量及RBC-ICR降低，血浆SOD、红细胞膜Na^＋ - K^＋ - ATP酶活性及RBC-C3bRR均升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论SGB可降低机体氧化应激反应，提高红细胞膜Na^＋ - K^＋ - ATP酶活性，增强急性脑梗塞患者红细胞的免疫功能。     

高容量血液稀释对骨科手术患者红细胞免疫粘附功能的影响

目的观察高容量血液稀释（HVH）对手术患者红细胞免疫粘附功能的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期骨科手术患者40例，随机均分为两组：HVH组（H组）和常规容量输液组（N组）。H组用20ml／kg的6％羟乙基淀粉实施HVH，N组输入常规生理维持量。监测入室后即刻、术前禁食体液丧失量输注后、血液稀释后即刻、切皮后1h、术后1、3、5d红细胞压积（Het）、红细胞酵母菌花环率（RYRR）、肿瘤细胞红细胞花环率（TRRR）。结果H组血液稀释后Hct明显下降（P〈0．01），术后H组HCt高于N组（P〈0．05）；与入室后即刻相比，H组血液稀释后RYRR和TRRR明显增加（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），术后1d则下降（P〈0．05）。N组切皮后1h、术后1、3dRYRR和TRRR明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；与血液稀释后即刻相比，两组在切皮后1h、术后1、3d均有明显下降（P〈O．05或P〈0．01）；血液稀释后即刻、切皮后1h、术后1、3d组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论HVH可明显减少围手术期的血液丧失，减少手术、麻醉应激对红细胞免疫粘附功能的抑制，促进术后红细胞免疫粘附功能的早期恢复。     

血液稀释联合控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的 探讨急性血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对减少脊柱手术患者术中失血的效果.方法 将42例脊柱手术患者随机均分为观察组和对照组.观察组于全麻诱导后采用AHH和CH;对照组麻醉后常规输注复方乳酸钠.比较两组术中失血量、输血量、尿量以及术前、术毕、术后第1、7天的Hb和Hct值.结果 观察组术中失血量、输血量显著少于对照组,尿量显著多于对照组(均P＜0.01);两组术后不同时段Hb和Hct值显著低于术前(均P＜0.01),但组间比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05).结论 AHH联合CH能减少患者术中出血和输血,且对Hb和Hct无显著影响.     

大鼠高位脊髓损伤并创伤失血休克后急性期血流动力学变化

目的：研究大鼠高位脊髓损伤并创伤失血休克后急性期血流动力学及血清去甲肾上腺素（nore-pinephrine，NE）、肾上腺素（epinephrine，E）、神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y，NPY）的变化规律。方法：将50只SD大鼠随机平均分为假手术组（A组）、失血组（B组）、脊髓损伤组（C组）、脊髓损伤并失血组（D组）和多发伤组（脊髓损伤、失血并单侧胫骨骨折，E组）。失血量为大鼠全身血量的20％，动脉瘤夹法制成C7～T1节段完全性脊髓损伤。监测伤后6h内不同时间点血流动力学变化。另取40只SD大鼠复制上述B、C、D、E组模型（每组均为10只），于损伤前及伤后不同时间点测定血清NE、E浓度（酶联免疫吸附法）和血浆NPY浓度（放射免疫测定法）。结果：E组大鼠平均动脉压在伤后1～6h，心率在伤后即刻、0．5、4、5、6h，左室收缩压在伤后3～6h，左心室内压最大变化速率在伤后0．5～6h显著低于其他各组（P〈0．05）。E组大鼠血清E浓度在伤后0．5、1、2、3、5h，NE浓度在伤后2、3、6h轻度高于伤前及C组（P〈0．05）；NPY浓度在伤后0．5～2h和5～6h呈小幅双峰增长（和伤前及C组比，P〈0．05）。E组伤后各时间点血NE、E、NPY浓度与D组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05），均远低于B组（P〈0．05）。结论：大鼠高位脊髓损伤并创伤失血休克后急性期血流动力学出现严重紊乱，血NE、E、NPY浓度相对缺乏。     

硬膜外麻醉下不同二氧化碳气腹压在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中应用的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的通过评价硬膜外麻醉下腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中不同二氧化碳（CO2）气腹压对患者生命体征、血气指标及术后恢复的影响，探讨LC术更经济、安全、微创的治疗条件。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法，60例择期LC术分为低、中、高气腹压三组，气腹压力A组8mmHg，B组11mmHg，C组14mmHg。对比术前术中生命体征、血气指标及术后恢复等指标。结果60例LC术在硬膜外麻醉下均顺利完成。气腹后3组血压（BP）均明显下降（P〈0．001），C组明显低于A、B组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组心率（HR）均减慢（P〈0．001），3组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。气腹后3组呼吸频率（RF）均显著增快（P〈0．001），C组增加较A、B组明显（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）均明显增高（P〈0．05），B、C组明显高于A组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组pH值均明显降低（P〈0．01），C组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组血浆CO2含量（TCO2）、碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）明显增高（P〈0．05），3组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。3组手术时间、术中CO2消耗量、术后肩痛和恶心呕吐发生率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论硬膜外麻醉、低气腹压（8mmHg）完全能够满足绝大部分LC手术需要，而且可以达到更安全、经济、微创的目的。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.