Gynecologic imaging: comparison of transabdominal and transvaginal sonography

The sonographic findings in 200 patients who underwent concurrent transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound were reviewed. The sonographic techniques were compared for image quality, completeness of anatomic detail depicted, and unique diagnostic information. Transvaginal image quality was better in 79%-87% of scans; transabdominal image quality was better in 3%-5% of scans; images of both techniques were equally good in 10%-18% of scans. The techniques provided equivalent diagnostic information in 60%-84% of cases. Transvaginal sonography was particularly helpful when exclusion of ectopic pregnancy was the clinical concern. Individual organs and fine structures were better seen transvaginally, but the regional survey offered by the transabdominal full-bladder approach remains necessary to provide anatomic orientation, particularly when the patient has not been studied previously.     

经腹超声与经阴道超声双向检查在早期妊娠诊断中的价值

目的 探讨经腹超声和经阴道超声在早期妊娠检查中的应用价值,以便寻找出早期妊娠的最佳检测方法.方法 选择停经31～42天,且HCG(人绒毛膜促性腺激素)为阳性或弱阳性,疑似早期妊娠的122例患者,年龄19～40岁,平均27.6岁,均行经腹超声和经阴道超声检查,分别观察子宫、妊娠囊、胚芽、胎心的情况,针对两次的检测结果进行比较.结果 122例患者中,经腹超声检测出妊娠囊、卵黄囊91例,检出率达到74.6％;经阴道超声检测出妊娠囊、卵黄囊120例,检出率达到98.4％.经腹超声检测出胚芽者58例,经阴道超声检测出胚芽者80例,经阴道超声与经腹超声相比可以更早检测出胚芽.在同时检测出胚芽的52例中,经腹超声的胎心检出率为23.1％,经阴道超声的胎心检出率为53.8％,经阴道超声与经腹超声相比胎心检出时间可以提前1周.结论 经阴道超声检测早期妊娠的灵敏度和准确性高于经腹超声,经腹超声和经阴道超声相结合是临床检测早期妊娠安全、准确的方法.     

Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated transabdominal and transvaginal sonographic findings of patients with pelvic congestion syndrome and compared them with those of healthy volunteers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We examined 32 patients with pelvic congestion syndrome and 35 control subjects. Using transabdominal sonography, we evaluated the ovarian veins for diameter and flow direction, presence of pelvic varicocele, diameter of the pelvic veins, change of the duplex waveform during the Valsalva's maneuver, volume of the uterus, and presence of polycystic changes in the ovaries. We compared and statistically analyzed each parameter in the pelvic congestion syndrome group and in the control group. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) diameter of the left ovarian vein was 0.79 +/- 0.23 cm in the pelvic congestion syndrome group and 0.49 +/- 0.15 cm in the control group (p = 0.000). Reversed caudal flow in the left ovarian vein was present in 22 of 22 patients and in four of 16 control subjects. Pelvic varicoceles were present in all patients with pelvic congestion syndrome and in six control subjects. The mean diameter of the left pelvic vein was 0.68 +/- 0.21 cm in the pelvic congestion syndrome group and 0.42 +/- 0.19 cm in the control group; the mean diameter of the right pelvic vein was 0.64 +/- 0.24 cm in the pelvic congestion syndrome group and 0.35 +/- 0.14 cm in the control group (p = 0.000). Polycystic changes of the ovary were present in 13 patients with pelvic congestion syndrome (40.6%) and four control subjects (11.4%). CONCLUSION: Sonographic findings of pelvic congestion syndrome were dilated left ovarian vein with reversed caudal flow, presence of varicocele, dilated arcuate veins crossing the uterine myometrium, polycystic changes of the ovary, and variable duplex waveform during the Valsalva's maneuver. Combined transabdominal and transvaginal sonography are potentially useful as a noninvasive screening tool for determining which patients with chronic pelvic pain may benefit from selective ovarian venography and transcatheter embolization.     

经腹与经阴道超声检查早早孕及宫外孕的临床意义

 目的 探讨经腹(TAS)及经阴道彩色多普勒超声(TVCS)诊断早早孕及宫外孕的临床意义.方法 对160例临床疑为早早孕,TAS不能确诊者109例进行TVCS检查,检出宫内早早孕101例,宫外孕7例.结果 TAS对早早孕及宫外孕诊断的灵敏度及特异度分别为32.1%(51/159)、100%(1/1).TVCS对早早孕及宫外孕诊断的灵敏度及特异度分别为95.6%(152/159)、100%(1/1).结论 TVCS在早早孕及宫外孕诊断中明显优于TAS;联合TAS与TVCS检查,可大大提高早早孕及宫外孕的检出率.     

Heterotopic pregnancy: value of transabdominal sonography

The authors report a case of an heterotopic pregnancy where the transabdominal US was more useful than endovaginal US. The embryon in this case was located in upper zone of the right iliac fossa, inaccessible to endovaginal US. Both methods are complementary.     

Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: endovaginal vs transabdominal sonography

During a 25-month period, 193 women with the clinical diagnosis of suspected ectopic pregnancy had transabdominal and endovaginal sonograms. Most had quantitative determinations of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Endovaginal sonography was diagnostic of ectopic pregnancy in 23 (38%) of the 60 patients with surgically proved ectopic pregnancies: transabdominal sonography was diagnostic in 13 patients (22%). All 83 intrauterine pregnancies were identified with endovaginal sonography, compared with 34 identified with transabdominal sonography. Endovaginal sonography was somewhat more helpful in the diagnosis of missed abortion and blighted ovum. Eighty endovaginal sonograms were classified as indeterminate as compared with 141 transabdominal studies. This indeterminate group included patients with complete abortions, ectopic pregnancies without sonographic evidence of an extrauterine gestation, incomplete abortions, and patients with subsequent negative serum levels. As in prior reports, endovaginal sonography was superior to transabdominal sonography in the evaluation of suspected ectopic pregnancies. Overall, endovaginal sonography was diagnostic in 113 patients, whereas transabdominal sonography was diagnostic in 52 patients. The finding of an extrauterine fetal pole or embryo was diagnostic for an ectopic pregnancy. Pelvic fluid, the appearance of the endometrium, and a single positive serum HCG determination were not helpful in making the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.     

经阴道与经腹部超声诊断异位妊娠的临床分析

为探讨经阴道与经腹部超声检查在异位妊娠诊断中的应用效果,我院于2010年2月～2011年9月对收治的异位妊娠患者分别采用经阴道超声(transvaginalsonography,TVS)和腹部超声(transabdominal sonography,TAS)进行检查,对比二者在诊断异位妊娠中的符合率,现将分析结果报     

Ectopic pregnancy: features at transvaginal sonography.

A retrospective review of the transvaginal sonograms of 50 women with laparoscopically confirmed ectopic pregnancy was performed to determine whether certain sonographic findings can be detected to confirm the diagnosis. Forty-seven of the 50 pregnancies were tubal. A tubal ring (a 1-3-cm mass consisting of a 2-4-mm concentric, echogenic rim of tissue surrounding a hypoechoic center) was seen in 23 of 34 (68%) ectopic pregnancies in which the fallopian tube had not ruptured, and the tubal ring could be distinguished from a corpus luteum cyst in most cases. Transvaginal sonography also depicted simple (n = 22) or particulate (bloody) (n = 13) peritoneal fluid associated with ectopic pregnancy. In each case in the series, at least one abnormal uterine, adnexal, or peritoneal finding was detected at transvaginal sonography. Because of its improved resolution of uterine and adnexal structures, transvaginal sonography is recommended as a means for detailed evaluation of patients suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy.     

Ectopic pregnancy: Value of transabdominal sonography without deliberate bladder distention

We reviewed 19 consecutive patients with ectopic pregnancy in whom pelvic sonography demonstrated findings highly predictive of the diagnosis. The correct diagnosis was established by transabdominal sonography without attempting bladder distention in 12 patients (63%); the bladder was full in only one patient. Transabdominal sonography performed without waiting for the bladder to fill and thus with no delay or patient discomfort can establish the presence of ectopic pregnancy and obviate the need for transvaginal sonography in a substantial proportion of patients in whom the diagnosis can be made sonographically. In patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy, we recommend that transabdominal sonography without waiting for bladder distention be attempted before transvaginal sonography is performed.     

经阴道超声在早早孕诊断中的价值

目的探讨经阴道超声在早早孕诊断中的价值。方法79例临床疑诊早早孕者行经腹超声和经阴道超声检查,并与临床随访及手术结果进行对比分析。结果经阴道超声检查在早期宫内孕及宫外孕诊断中的符合率(96.9%,92.3%)均高于经腹超声检查(32.3%,38.5%,P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论经阴道超声在早早孕诊断中明显优于经腹超声。     

经阴道声像学造影在不孕症中的应用

经阴道声像造影术用于输卵管阻塞必不孕症的诊断和治疗．是近年来医学工作者采用的一种先进方法．我们采用此方法规察患者50例，取得良好效果，现报道如下。     

阴式与腹式卵巢良性肿瘤切除术的临床比较

目的探讨应用阴式手术治疗卵巢良性肿瘤的疗效。方法将131例卵巢良性肿瘤患者,分别行阴式手术(阴式组)和开腹手术(开腹组),观察两组手术效果及手术并发症。结果 阴式组手术并发症与开腹组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。阴式组术中出血量、手术时间、术后排气、术后平均住院日及术后镇痛剂使用例数均明显少于开腹组(P<0.01)。结论经阴式卵巢良性肿瘤手术是安全有效的,较经腹手术创伤小,恢复快,出血少,疼痛轻。     

阴道彩超诊断未破裂型宫外孕的临床分析

本文收集2010年8月～2011年8月我院32例未破裂型宫外孕患者临床资料[1～4],分析超声图像特点,提高诊断水平。1材料与方法本组32例患者,年龄22～36岁,平均28.5岁,均为已婚妇女,临床表现为不规则阴道流血、停经35～50天。尿HCG检查弱阳性8例、阳性24例。采用西门子G60多功能数字化彩超显像仪(CDFI)进行     

Transvaginal sonography: comparison with transabdominal sonography in the diagnosis of pelvic masses

In a retrospective study, we compared transvaginal sonograms with transabdominal sonograms in 67 women referred for evaluation of palpable pelvic masses. The diagnoses included ovarian cyst (27), endometrioma (12), complex cyst (four), dermoid (three), infection (three), ovarian malignancy (two), and uterine fibroid (three). The final diagnosis was made surgically in 41 patients (61%) and by a combination of sonographic and clinical correlation in the remaining patients. More information about the internal architecture or anatomy of the mass was provided by the transvaginal images than by the transabdominal scans in 51 (76%) of the patients. Transabdominal sonography did not provide more diagnostic information in any of the patients examined. Transvaginal sonography was helpful in obese patients, in those with a large amount of bowel gas, and in those unable to achieve adequate bladder filling. Six simple cysts and four complex pelvic masses were identified solely on transvaginal sonograms. The results suggest that transvaginal sonography has considerable advantages over conventional transabdominal sonography in the evaluation of pelvic masses in women.     

血清胸苷激酶1联合经阴道超声、宫腔镜对子宫内膜癌的早期诊断价值

目的:探讨血清胸苷激酶1(TK1)联合经阴道超声(TVS)、宫腔镜对子宫内膜癌(EC)的早期诊断价值。方法:选择疑似子宫内膜癌患者126例,分别行TVS、宫腔镜、血清TK1检查,以术后病理学检查为金标准,比较TVS、宫腔镜、血清TK1分别及三者联合鉴别诊断EC的特异度、敏感度、准确率、阴性及阳性预测值。结果:①经术后病理确诊EC 42例,良性病变84例;②3种方法联合鉴别诊断EC的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性及阴性预测值均显著高于TVS、TK1单独检查结果(均P<0.05);联合诊断的特异度、准确率、阳性预测值均高于宫腔镜单独检查(均P<0.05)。③ROC曲线分析,EC与非EC患者血清TK1水平临界值为2.015 pmol/L,AUC为0.774,渐进95%置信区间为(0.822,0.834),其敏感度、特异度分别为61.90%(26/42)、71.43%(60/84)。结论:血清TK1检测与TVS、宫腔镜联合应用有助于临床早期诊断EC。     

Transvaginal and transabdominal sonography: prospective comparison

Transvaginal (TV) and transabdominal (TA) sonography were compared in a prospective study. A total of 230 examinations (126 pelvic, 104 pregnancy) were performed on 215 patients, ranging in age from 14 to 80 years. The improved anatomic detail on TV scans yielded new information in 138 (60%) examinations and better visualization of pelvic structures in 51 (22%) examinations. There was no important difference in diagnostic information provided by the two imaging modalities in 36 (16%) cases, and TV images were worse in five (2%). The clinical diagnosis was altered on the basis of TV sonographic findings in 54 (24%) cases and confirmed with certainty in 166 (72%). Diagnostic problems posed by TA scanning were not resolved by TV scanning in ten (4%) instances. Statistical analysis indicated that TV scanning was significantly better than TA scanning in the visualization of gestational sac contents (P less than .005), detection of fetal heart motion (P less than .001), and evaluation of the endometrial canal in the retroverted or retroflexed uterus (P less than .001). TV scanning was significantly better than TA scanning in visualization of the ovaries in patients with uterine leiomyomas (P less than .005) but not significantly better in peri- and postmenopausal patients (P greater than .05).     

Sigmoid diverticulitis: value of transrectal sonography in addition to transabdominal sonography

OBJECTIVE. Overlying intestinal gas often impairs transabdominal sonographic assessment of the lower sigmoid colon. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of transrectal sonography in addition to transabdominal sonography for the evaluation of sigmoid diverticulitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Eighty-six consecutive patients with clinically suspected acute sigmoid diverticulitis were referred for transabdominal sonography as the initial imaging method. In 46 patients, transrectal sonography was performed in addition to transabdominal sonography if pain was localized to the mid lower abdomen and if a disease process could not be visualized or could be only partially visualized on transabdominal examination. An end-firing 5-9-MHz endocavitary probe was used for transrectal sonography. RESULTS. Thirty-four of 50 patients with a final diagnosis of sigmoid diverticulitis underwent both transabdominal and transrectal sonography. In 20 patients, transrectal sonography showed relevant additional information: six diagnoses of diverticulitis were established on transrectal sonography alone. Transrectal sonography revealed one perforation, five abscesses, and three fistulous complications that were not shown on transabdominal sonography. In the remaining five patients, correct diagnoses were supported on transabdominal examinations, but only transrectal sonography could show an inflamed diverticulum. In 10 patients, transrectal sonography revealed signs of diverticulitis but no relevant information in addition to the results from transabdominal sonography. Four false-negative and two false-positive results were revealed with transrectal sonography. CONCLUSION. Transrectal sonography is accurate for confirming clinically suspected acute colonic diverticulitis when the lower sigmoid colon is affected. It helps avoid false-negative results and defines the severity of disease in the lower sigmoid colon better than transabdominal sonography alone. Transrectal sonography can increase the sensitivity of sonography for diagnosing sigmoid diverticulitis.     

输卵管妊娠血液动力学改变的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的对比分析输卵管妊娠（tubal pregnancy，TP）时双侧输卵管动脉血流，探讨彩色多普勒血流显像（color Doppler flow imaging，CDFI）诊断输卵管妊娠的价值。方法临床拟诊宫外孕患者40例，于术前行经阴道超声（transvaginal scanning，TVS）检查，CDFI显示双侧子宫动脉输卵管支血流，用脉冲多普勒检测收缩期最大流速（peak systolic velocity，PSV）、舒张末期流速（end diastolic velocity，EDV）、平均流速（time averge mature，TAMAX）、搏动指数（pulsatility index，PI）及阻力指数（resistivity index，RI），并进行统计学处理。结果40例均确诊为TP，其中33例黄体位于患侧，输卵管动脉血流信号较健侧丰富，色泽明亮鲜艳，血流频谱呈单向高舒张期、低阻特征，EDV、TAMAX明显高于健侧，PI、RI则明显低于健侧（P〈0．05），PSV双侧差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；5例黄体位于健侧者，所有参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2例TP破裂出血者，患侧EDV、TAMAX均低于健侧，且PI、RI高于健侧。结论经阴道CDFI监测输卵管动脉血流有助于TP的早期定性和定位诊断。