胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸

目的 总结胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸的经验。方法 1994年1月至2003年10月，采用胸骨楔形切骨后缝合固定和肋软骨部分切除成形后缝合固定的方法治疗57例漏斗胸小儿，随访6个月～10年，内容包括胸廓外形、临床症状、胸部X线正侧位片。结果 无手术死亡，除1例术后6个月胸骨出现轻度下陷外，其余矫形效果满意，临床症状明显好转，术后漏斗指数FI与正常儿童差异无显著性。结论 胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸近、远期效果满意。     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸８例。手术要点在于充分游离腹直肌，切断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整，慎勿损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。８例术后胸骨凹陷完全矫正，胸廓外形恢复正常。经半年以上随访，患儿活动量明显增加，Ｘ线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸

目的探讨改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸以取得操作简便、创伤小、不易复发的手术方法。方法通过松解剑突后牵拉纤维束、矫正胸肋软骨反向关节畸形、胸骨前板V形截骨钢丝固定、斜形切除部分软骨牵拉固定等改进胸骨上举术方法治疗漏斗胸。结果1997年3月以来，治疗8例漏斗胸患儿，其中4例术前心率快者术中解除胸骨压迫后心率立即减缓。术中出血少，术后胸部形态恢复正常，活动能力明显改善。未出现气胸、感染等并发症。随访6个月～1年，未见畸形复发。结论改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸畸形是安全有效的治疗方法。     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸８例。手术要点在于充分游主腹直肌，断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整，慎铁损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。８例术后胸骨凹隐完全短正，胸廓外形恢复正常，经半年以上随访，患儿活动量明显增加，Ｘ线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例

目的 总结带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例的经验.方法 1998年2月至2008年5月手术治疗漏斗胸22例,均为男性,年龄4～20岁,漏斗胸指数均大于0.2.全组均采用保留双侧胸廓内动脉和带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌蒂的胸骨180°翻转方式,翻转后两侧胸廓内动脉及两侧带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌均呈十字交叉状置于胸骨前.结果 全组病例术后胸骨凹陷均得到完全纠正,胸廓外形满意,术后无一例发生胸骨缺血坏死,切口均Ⅰ期愈合.术中胸膜破裂16例(73%),术后并发症主要为胸腔积液2例(9.1% ),均痊愈出院.术后住院10～15d(平均12d),随访3个月～4年,未见复发.结论 带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸近远期效果满意.     

马方综合征重度胸骨畸形--漏斗胸一例

患者男,12岁.因前胸壁凹陷伴反复心悸、气促12年入院.患者出生后即有胸壁畸形,随生长发育逐渐加重,难以耐受剧烈活动,经常出现心悸、气促.父母双方家系中均未发现胸壁、脊柱畸形者.体检示瘦长体型,身高143 cm,体重23kg.胸廓扁平,前胸壁中下份向后凹陷,形成一漏斗状窝,其上下径10cm,左右径14cm,最深处后陷4cm.胸腰段脊柱呈"S"形侧弯.胸部X线片显示:胸骨后缘与脊柱前缘之间最短距离为1.8cm,胸廓指数(胸廓最凹陷处横径与纵径之比)为10.4.CT显示胸廓呈漏斗胸改变(图1).心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图显示:左心室增大,主动脉内径增宽,肺动脉干及右肺动脉内径明显增宽.经积极术前准备后,在气管内插管全身麻醉下行胸骨上举术.术中见胸廓壁薄,胸骨中下段明显后凹,第5～8对肋软骨明显畸形生长,向前下急剧倾斜下降.手术切除全部畸形(第5～8对)肋软骨和剑突,金属支杠横穿胸骨中下段交界处以上举胸骨,成形较满意.与一般漏斗胸患者相比较,该患者胸骨骨质明显较疏松,金属支杠穿过时较容易.术后患者恢复良好,气促、心悸等症状明显缓解.复查胸部X线片示胸骨后缘与脊柱前缘最短距离为6.0cm(图2),胸廓指数明显改善(由术前10.4转为术后3.1).术后随访6个月,未复发.     

胸骨截骨、嵌骨、凹陷肋软骨切除治疗漏斗胸六例

胸骨截骨、嵌骨、凹陷肋软骨切除治疗漏斗胸六例李应群赵光磊我科从１９９０年５月～１９９５年１１月手术治疗漏斗胸６例，男５例，女１例。年龄４～６岁。漏斗胸从胸骨角平面至剑突向后弯曲形成较深的凹陷；１例至剑突上胸骨又向前突起。６例均发育较差，凹陷容积最大１...     

改良胸骨抬举术治疗儿童先天性漏斗胸268例

目的总结改良胸骨抬举术治疗儿童先天性漏斗胸268例的经验。方法2002年1月至2005年12月收治儿童漏斗胸268例中男213例，女55例；年龄2～16岁，平均（4．48±2．74）岁，其中2-3岁印例，3—6岁130例，6岁以上印例。均行改良胸骨抬举术，即胸壁横形小切口、断或不断胸骨、少切肋软骨、肋骨断端用丝线缝合、自行设计的钢板胸骨前悬吊固定。伴肺囊肿、大叶性肺气肿病儿同时行肺叶切除术；伴食管裂孔疝病儿同时行食管裂孔疝修补术；伴先心病病儿同时行先心病根治术。结果全组无死亡。术后除1例合并肺炎、2例皮下少量积液外，余恢复良好。所有病儿术后随访1～5年，除1例胸骨下段轻度凹陷外，余均有良好外观的胸廓。术后已取出钢板165例，均能维持原有胸廓形态。结论改良胸骨抬举术具有切口小、损伤轻、并发症少、疗效佳、固定牢靠、材料低廉，适用于任何类型的漏斗胸病儿，不失为目前治疗儿童漏斗胸的一种良好的手段。     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸8例。手术要点在于充分游离腹直肌,切断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整,慎勿损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。8例术后胸骨凹陷完全矫正,胸廓外形恢复正常。经半年以上随访,患儿活动量明显增加,X 线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

微创手术矫治儿童漏斗胸后胸廓骨重塑与临床疗效

目的探讨儿童漏斗胸微创手术矫治后胸廓骨的重塑及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年4月至2010年9月北京军区总医院74例漏斗胸患者经微创手术矫治的临床资料,其中男63例,女11例;年龄(11.90±8.50)岁,10岁11例。74例患者于全身麻醉下在两侧腋中线做切口,在电视胸腔镜下引导穿通器经胸骨后创出通道,并抬举胸骨成形后,再将制备好的支撑板置入胸骨后。术前和术后1周行胸部CT、胸廓CT三维重建,矢状位以胸椎体中心线为切线位,测量胸骨与胸椎体前缘的距离,并观察心脏移位恢复情况和胸廓外形。结果 74例均顺利完成手术,无手术死亡。使用1根矫形板66例(89.19%),使用2根矫形板8例(10.81%)。使用1根矫形板、年龄10岁的11例患者术后7 d胸骨柄下端和胸骨体各部位与术前比较均向前移位3.76～22.92 mm,11～17岁的55例使用1根矫形板患者胸骨体中间和下端与术前比较分别向前移位2.08 mm和10.42 mm,两者胸骨体下端较术前向前移位的距离比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.24,P0.05)。术后7 d时11～17岁使用2根矫形板患者胸骨柄下端和胸骨体各部位与术前比较向前移位4.19～15.03 mm。术后7 d胸部CT显示65例(87.84%)患者心脏位置恢复正常;用2根矫形板患者胸廓外观优于用1根者。随访74例,随访率100%;随访时间6～23个月,患者术前临床症状消失,胸廓外形饱满,心脏位置完全恢复正常。结论儿童漏斗胸微创手术矫治一次性成形具有良好的重塑性;随着年龄增加,矫治支撑胸骨的力也需要增加,且疗效满意。     

Acquired thoracic scoliosis following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum

The minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair as described by Nuss et al. is rapidly gaining acceptance as an effective method of repair of severe pectus excavatum deformities in the pediatric population. It potentially offers several advantages over previous techniques. The incidence of major complications of the procedure has been reduced by recent modifications including utilization of video-assisted thoracoscopy during placement of the Lorenz pectus bar as well as utilizing the pectus bar stabilizer that provides more rigid fixation of the strut. We report two cases of acquired thoracic scoliosis following minimally invasive repair of severe pectus excavatum deformity. This particular complication has not been reported in previous literature and warrants concern. In both cases the thoracic scoliosis slowly improved with physical therapy and range-of-motion exercises.     

先天性漏斗胸的微创外科治疗

目的：探讨微创手术治疗先天性漏斗胸的临床疗效及美容效果。方法：采用胸腔镜辅助或胸骨后肋软骨离断、部分切除，TC4钛合金钢板胸骨后支撑矫正治疗24例漏斗胸患儿。结果：达到畸形胸廓矫正和胸壁外表及完整性美观美容。结论：微创手术是治疗先天性漏斗胸的理想的美容手术方式。     

Stiffness reduction of the rib cage to perform a minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair: biomechanical evaluation

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESTo study the influence of sternal transection and costal chondrotomies on the stiffness and stresses in the rib cage of adult patients undergoing Nuss pectus excavatum procedure. METHODSFour pectus excavatum models with different Haller indexes were created by parameterizing a 3D model of a rib cage obtained based on a computed tomography scan of a patient with no pectus deformity. Using the finite element method, insertion of intrathoracic bars into all models was simulated in 3 conditions, namely, non-intervened, transverse sternal section and costal chondrotomies. Stiffness, stress distribution and maximum stresses for each case were obtained and compared.RESULTSTransverse sternotomy provided a reduction of 44% to 54% in the stiffness of the rib cage, depending on the Haller index analysed, while chondrotomies promoted a stiffness reduction of 70%. Stress distribution in the rib cage followed similar pattern for all the tested Haller index, but the maximum stress decreased by 36% when performing a transverse sternotomy, whereas when performing costal chondrotomies, it decreased by 47%.CONCLUSIONSComputational results report that transverse sternotomy reduces appreciably the stiffness of the rib cage, while costal chondrotomies promote even a higher stiffness reduction. Thus, these surgical procedures could improve the clinical outcomes of adult patients undergoing a pectus excavatum repair.     

Surgical correction of pectus excavatum and carinatum

The author presents three decades of experience in the management of anterior chest wall deformities. During this period more than 800 operations were performed on patients with pectus excavatum and carinatum. In this series, there was no death and serious complications were rare. The author believes that the principles on which surgical treatment of pectus excavatum should be based are as follows: (1) bilateral removal of the "culprit" costal cartilages, (2) adequate mobilization of the sternum and correction of the sternal positional deformity by transverse osteotomy, (3) stabilizing the corrected position of the sternum with a substernal "hammock" support. Using this technique the author developed new surgical techniques for the correction of different varieties of chest wall deformities: Pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum with xiphoid angulation, horizontal pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus carinatum, chondrosternal prominence with chondrogladiolar depression, and recurrent pectus excavatum. The present method applied for correction of pectus excavatum utilizes the above principles and a substernal Marlex mesh support with bilateral muscle coverage. For carinatum repair, the author routinely uses positional correction of the sternum and sternal shortening. Patients who have significant pectus deformities should undergo surgical repair, preferably between one and eight years of age.     

Anterior chest wall deformities and congenital heart disease

Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum usually exist as isolated abnormalities. Only 19 cases of associated congenital heart defects have been reported. Significant complications related to uncorrected pectus excavatum have been described either during or after cardiac operations. Therefore we reviewed our experience with these coexisting lesions to assess the risk of surgical repair of chest wall deformities before and after correction of congenital cardiac anomalies. Among 20,860 infants and children with congenital heart disease seen at our institution, 36 (0.17%) had associated anterior thoracic deformities, 22 of whom underwent surgical correction of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum. Ten of these 22 patients had pectus repair after a cardiac operation. Pleural or pericardial entry was avoided in all and none required a blood transfusion. Ten other patients had pectus repair either before cardiac repair (five patients) or without a subsequent cardiac operation. Another patient had a cardiac operation performed through a median sternotomy both before and after pectus repair, and the remaining patient, early in the series, had simultaneous banding of the main pulmonary artery and repair of pectus excavatum complicated by chest wall instability and a lethal intrathoracic hemorrhage. The experience indicates that congenital chest wall deformities can be safely and effectively repaired after early correction of congenital heart defects through a median sternotomy, although repair of the chest wall deformity after cardiac surgery also gives good results. However, in children who require an extracardiac conduit for repair of their congenital heart defect, we recommend initial repair of the pectus excavatum followed at 6 weeks or later by repair of the cardiac lesion to eliminate possible extrinsic compression of the conduit by the depressed sternum. We avoid simultaneous cardiac and pectus excavatum repair because of potential associated major complications.     

Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸

目的 总结Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸经验.方法 2004年6月至2011年9月18例复发性或胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸Nuss手术者中男12例,女6例;年龄3.1 ～14.8岁,平均(8.8±4.0)岁;体重11 ～55kg,平均(30.2±14.8)kg.10例为开放式漏斗胸矫治术后复发病例,8例为其他胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸.16例畸形为对称性,2例为非对称性.CT检查Haller指数5.4±3.4.手术均在胸腔镜辅助下完成.结果 全组均成功实施手术.所有患儿均置入1根钢板.17例置入右侧固定片,1例置入双侧固定片.16例矫形效果为优良,2例良好.矫形效果与初次Nuss手术相比,早期优良及良好率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后胸腔引流管放置1～4天.1例钢板移位于术后5个月行Nuss修正,重新固定移位之钢板.1例心脏穿孔出血,术中紧急行扩大胸骨正中切口,直视下修补心脏破口,术后复查超声心动图,心脏功能正常,无神经系统并发症.1例术后当天气胸合并皮下气肿,1例术后3天胸腔积液,此2例均行胸腔闭式引流后治愈.12例钢板拆除,钢板滞留24～45个月,拆除者10例保持优良,2例良好,无复发病例.结论 Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸效果良好.     

Technical considerations in the surgical management of pectus excavatum and carinatum

During the past 25 years, 650 operations have been performed on 608 patients for anatomically significant pectus excavatum or carinatum deformities of the anterior chest wall. There were no deaths in this series, and serious complications were very rare.We conclude that repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum deformities should include the following operative steps: (1) adequate mobilization of the sternum and correction of its abnormal angulation by transverse osteotomy; (2) adequate bilateral removal of the involved costal cartilage; and (3) securing the corrected position of the sternum with the patient's own living tissue, retaining its blood supply and using it as an internal support.Using these principles, new surgical procedures were developed for the correction of: symmetrical pectus excavatum, asymmetrical pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum with xiphoid angulation, pectus carinatum without xiphoid angulation, asymmetrical pectus carinatum, chondromanubrial prominence with chondrogladiolar depression, and recurrent pectus excavatum.We recommend surgical correction for patients in whom the deformity is significant and no contraindication exists. The ill effects of this condition should not be underestimated.     

Chest wall deformities

BACKGROUND: Pectus deformities and atypical costal anomalies are congenital thoracic wall defects that can cause a marked cosmetic defect with attendant psychological trauma and limited physical performance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 43 patients with chest wall deformities, 24 (55.8%) were pectus excavatum, 13 (30.2%) pectus carinatum and 6 (14%) atypical costal anomalies, in the last sixteen years. There were nine female and 34 (79.1%) male patients. The mean age of the patients was 14.4 years (range, 5 to 23). Scoliosis (13.5%), Poland's syndrome (5.4%), Marfan's syndrome (5.4%), neurofibromatosis (2.7%), atrial septal defect (2.7%) and mitral valve prolapse (13.5%) were associated with pectus deformities. The modified Ravitch's technique was used in pectus cases. Concomitant surgery was performed in two patients with pectus carinatum. RESULTS: The complications of pectus deformity repair were pneumothorax (24.3%), wound infection (8.1%), and local tissue necrosis (2.7%). There was no major recurrence, while minor recurrence rate was 10.8%. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION: Timely surgical procedures for the treatment of pectus deformities result in an excellent cosmetic outcome and improve cardiorespiratory function, providing both physical and psychological benefits.     

Improved chest wall fixation for correction of pectus excavatum.

Pectus excavatum, the most common congenital chest wall abnormality, is manifested by deformity of the costal cartilages resulting in a depressed and often rotated sternum. Although there are conflicting data to support and reject the concept that physiologic improvement can be a consequence of surgical repair, correction is frequently indicated for aesthetic improvement alone. The most popular current repair involves resection of abnormal costal cartilages, sternal osteotomy and mobilisation, followed by fixation of the sternum in the corrected position. Improved fixation techniques have evolved, but generally have not employed current concepts of rigid fixation. The correction of pectus excavatum using reconstruction plates incorporates the benefits of rigid fixation, while allowing custom chest wall contouring and sternal reorientation. Reconstruction plate fixation of the sternum should be considered during correction of pectus excavatum in adult and adolescent patients.     

Treatment of flaring of the costal arch after the minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair (Nuss procedure) in children

Flaring of the costal arch may be part of the pectus excavatum deformity. This aspect will in rare cases be even worsen after the Nuss repair. This remaining deformity can be treated with a minimal subperichondral partial resection of the costal arch cartilage. In 5 patients, this additional technique regained good to excellent results.