经鼻内镜翼腭窝和颞下窝应用解剖学研究

目的探索经鼻内镜翼腭窝、颞下窝恒定的解剖标志,为手术处理该区域病变奠定基础。方法对11例尸头行鼻内镜侧颅底解剖学研究。经鼻内镜经中鼻道、蝶腭孔、上颌窦后壁入路,暴露翼腭窝及颞下窝的重要血管、神经及骨性解剖标志,并测量各解剖标志间的距离。结果经鼻内镜可恒定暴露蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、蝶腭神经节、眶下神经、卵圆孔、棘孔等重要侧颅底标志。鼻小柱基底到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、破裂孔的距离分别为（69±3）、（73±3）、（75±3）、（90±5）、（96±4）、（88±3）mm。结论经鼻内镜可显露翼腭窝及颞下窝重要解剖结构,且各解剖结构可通过相互之间的距离及位置在鼻内镜二维平面上互相定位,以更直观、安全的处理该区域的病变。     

鼻内镜下上颌窦入路鼻-颅底区域的解剖学分析

目的创建内镜下经上颌窦入路翼腭窝及颞下窝解剖模型,寻找内镜下咽旁间隙段颈内动脉的定位方法。方法 对100例成人行鼻、颅底CT扫描并用Mimics软件进行三维重建;在重建模型上分别测量犁骨后缘中点至颈内动脉相关解剖标志的角度和距离。同时对6具尸头于鼻内镜下经上颌窦联合入路解剖翼腭窝和颞下窝,以咽鼓管为中心向外、向后逐步暴露并定位咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。结果犁骨后缘中点至破裂孔、颈动脉管外孔、颈静脉孔的角度平均值分别为72.0°、57.6°、54.1°,犁骨后缘中点至以上各孔的距离平均值分别为13.65、31.81、32.5 mm,蝶骨角棘与颈动脉管外口前界平均距离为5.92 mm。结论鼻内镜下经鼻联合上颌窦开窗入路能充分的暴露翼腭窝和颞下窝结构。犁骨后根、蝶骨翼突、蝶骨角棘、卵圆孔和茎突是颈内动脉相关颅底解剖的重要标志;蝶骨角棘、骨性咽鼓管口为颈动脉管外口前界的重要骨性标志,术中不超越该界限有助于减少损伤咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路翼腭窝解剖学研究

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝的解剖学研究,为临床内镜下翼腭窝手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10具新鲜尸头采用内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝进行解剖,观测手术径路中重要标志及穿经血管神经结构,并观测翼腭窝内结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果：①翼腭窝及其周围结构解剖关系复杂,颌内动脉及其分支变异较大;②蝶腭孔、眶下管、圆孔和翼管是翼腭窝重要骨性标志,同时翼腭窝可作为进入颞下窝和蝶窦的通路。结论：①熟知翼腭窝及其周围恒定的解剖标志可保持方向感,提高手术安全性;②鼻内镜下经鼻腔外侧壁入路可充分暴露翼腭窝,视野清晰,术中对重要神经血管控制较好,可根据病变范围变通手术径路;③经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路可进入翼腭窝临近区域,处理临近区域病变。     

鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

翼管在内镜经鼻颅底手术中的标志作用

目的通过影像学和解剖学方法进行研究以明确翼管在鼻内镜经鼻颅底手术中的价值并为临床提供参考。方法选23具尸头行冠状位及轴位高分辨CT扫描,观察翼管及其与周围结构的关系,并测量相关距离。选其中3具经过动脉灌注的尸头,分别采用经上颌窦、经鼻至翼腭窝-海绵窦入路进行鼻内镜下的解剖学研究。结果高分辨CT能够清晰显示翼管形态、走行及其与周围结构的关系。所有翼管均位于颈内动脉管水平段或其以下层面。鼻内镜解剖与相应的影像学提示相同,翼管内容恒定地指向颈内动脉前膝;翼管和圆孔之间的距离标定了一个手术门户。结论翼管是内镜经鼻颅底手术的一个重要解剖标志,作为骨性管道,高分辨CT可以清晰显示翼管。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的外科解剖

目的探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的解剖学特点。方法采用鼻内镜对10例(20侧鼻腔)经10%福尔马林溶液固定的正常成人尸头标本的蝶腭动脉及其与相关结构的关系进行解剖,观察蝶腭孔定位,筛骨嵴的形态、大小及其与蝶腭孔的关系;测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘的间距以及筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距,观察蝶腭动脉分支及其走行。结果筛骨嵴略呈三角棘状骨性结构,表面粗糙,位于蝶腭孔的前上方。去除筛骨嵴后可见蝶腭动脉血管束从蝶腭孔中穿出,蝶腭动脉常有2~3支不等分支。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为(50.1±2.6)mm,筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距为(9.1±1.1)mm。结论蝶腭动脉在出蝶腭孔之前可能有分支;筛骨嵴位置固定,是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志。     

鼻内镜下颌内动脉翼腭段应用解剖及其意义

目的通过鼻内镜经鼻腔入路对颌内动脉翼腭段及其周围区域的解剖学研究,为临床鼻内镜下颌内动脉翼腭段区域手术提供解剖学基础。方法对10具(20侧)新鲜尸头经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对侧颅底翼腭窝区域进行解剖学观测,正中矢状锯开标本观测内镜下解剖标志及颌内动脉翼腭段分支变异及邻近血管神经结构。结果①颌内动脉翼腭窝段变异较大,颌内动脉翼腭段按顺序发出分支占25%(5/20),眶下动脉和上牙槽后动脉共干发出占50%(10/20),分别由颌内动脉发出占40%(8/20);颌内动脉同时发出眶下动脉、腭降动脉、蝶腭动脉占10%(2/20);眶下动脉和腭降动脉共干发出占10%(2/20);翼管动脉和圆孔动脉分别由颌内动脉发出及共干发出各占50%(10/20);②鼻内镜下能够较好的控制颌内动脉及其分支,对周围结构触动少。结论掌握颌内动脉翼腭段及其周围区域的解剖可降低鼻内镜下该区域手术的并发症,对于翼腭窝手术及治疗顽固性鼻出血有重要意义。     

翼腭窝鼻内镜临床解剖学研究

目的研究翼腭窝鼻内镜下临床解剖,为内镜下翼腭窝手术提供解剖学依据。方法10例(20侧)中国成人干性颅骨,用0°、25°Wolfe鼻内镜,在监视器下,分别从翼上颌裂、鼻腔以及底部不同角度观察翼腭窝结构。结果翼腭窝是一狭窄裂隙,由蝶骨体、蝶骨翼突和腭骨垂直板、上颌窦后壁共同围成,大小为(21.4±0.8)mm×(5.2±0.3)mm×(3.2±0.3)mm,从上面观察似三棱锥体型,上宽下窄。鼻内镜从翼上颌裂置入翼腭窝,可以观察到翼腭窝顶部眶下裂与位于其外侧3mm的圆孔,向下可见翼腭窝底部腭大孔与腭小孔。将鼻内镜置入鼻腔观察,咬除上颌窦骨性开口后方腭骨垂直部骨质并咬除上颌窦后内侧骨壁,0°鼻内镜可以窥及整个翼腭窝以及后壁全貌,后壁呈上宽下窄的梯形,见其内下方之翼管开口以及外上角之圆孔,二者之间有一明显的纵形骨嵴分隔。结论经鼻内镜下去除上颌窦口后部骨质以及部分上颌窦后内侧壁,可以完整显露整个翼腭窝的结构,表明翼腭窝范围的疾病可以采用鼻内镜处理。     

鼻内镜下翼腭窝区解剖观察

目的研究翼腭窝区解剖特征并测量有关解剖数据,为经上颌窦入路进行翼腭窝区域手术提供参考数据。方法鼻内镜下观测10具(20侧)成人尸头,选择上颌窦前壁内下(和内上)与内壁交角点、上颌窦自然口为基点。选择颌内动脉(又称上颌动脉)第一分支动脉根部、腭降动脉根部、圆孔外口、蝶腭孔为测量点。观察两者的间距及空间位置关系,确定观测结果的临床意义。结果三个基点与测量点的距离依次为48.33±3.35mm、44.62±4.11mm、60.31±2.73mm、51.16±2.86mm;21.52±2.13mm、18.92±2.56mm,23.15±2.37mm、18.99±3.25mm;14.62±1.82mm、12.16±1.63mm,17.48±1.41mm、3.50±1.20mm。结论经上颌窦进入翼腭窝的骨壁开窗位置应选择在上颌窦后壁的中上1/3处。上颌窦内口和上颌窦后壁内上与内壁交角点可以作为手术中重要的标志性结构。     

个体化三维数字模型辅助翼腭窝及颞下窝内镜解剖

目的研究个体化三维数字模型（three dimension digital manikin,3D DM）在内镜经鼻翼腭窝、颞下窝解剖中的应用。方法12例（24侧）成人头部标本灌注后经CT扫描,将图像导入3Dview软件,重建出3D DM,然后在3D DM辅助下对翼腭窝、颞下窝进行内镜解剖,对头部标本解剖与3D DM视野及相关测量进行比较。结果头部标本解剖与个体化3D DM下视野高度一致,相关测量间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论个体化3D DM为内镜下经鼻入路暴露翼腭窝、颞下窝提供详尽解剖数据,可以术前模拟翼腭窝、颞下窝解剖,对该手术入路的临床应用具重要指导意义。     

鼻内镜下经鼻翼突径路旁中线颅底手术

内镜颅底手术中选取合适的手术径路至关重要,视野暴露良好、避免重要血管神经损伤是两大原则,相对固定的解剖参考标志也是十分必要的。在内镜下经鼻腔入路旁中线颅底手术中,翼突根部、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、咽鼓管圆枕等解剖结构相对固定,可以互相作为参考。内镜经鼻翼突径路可以处理翼腭窝、颞下窝、海绵窦、Meckle腔、斜坡旁至海绵窦段颈内动脉、岩斜坡区域、岩尖区、咽鼓管区域、咽旁间隙上部。加强以翼突为解剖标志的内镜颅底手术,可以增加术中辨别的标志,并能以此为中心,向内、外扩展,充分利用其空间定位,增加术者在操作中的空间立体感,有助于内镜颅底手术的扩展。     

鼻内镜下咽旁间隙解剖研究

目的采用鼻内镜经鼻径路对咽旁间隙区域的重要血管、神经结构进行解剖,掌握其分布的规律,以寻找用于指导手术有效的解剖标志并测量相关的数据,从而为处理该部位病变的鼻内镜手术提供解剖依据。方法对福尔马林浸泡的尸头4例（8侧）,模拟鼻内镜下鼻径路咽旁间隙进行解剖。对手术入路的安全范围进行评估,并观测手术径路的重要标志和毗邻关系,测量相应的解剖数据。结果经鼻径路咽旁间隙前为咽鼓管,外为翼内板残端,上为蝶窦底、破裂孔,下为后鼻孔下缘,内为头长肌。翼管的长度、咽鼓管峡部与颈内动脉的距离分别为（14．50±1．77）m／n、（11．04±1．08）mm。结论鼻内镜下经鼻径路可以暴露咽旁间隙的茎突前间隙部分,在该区域保护颈内动脉是关键。该径路以颈内动脉（interal carotid artery,ICA）的外口和破裂孔两点连线水平作为上界,相对安全地暴露ICA的颈段。     

Endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa

BACKGROUND: The pterygopalatine fossa can be involved with a variety of infectious and neoplastic processes. This region can be entered endoscopically, but endoscopic landmarks to localize the neurovascular structures in the pterygopalatine fossa have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to describe the location of the neurovascular structures in the pterygopalatine fossa in relation to consistent intranasal landmarks. METHODS: Endoscopic dissections of cadaveric heads were performed. The locations of neurovascular structures in the region were defined. RESULTS: The sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) served as the primary intranasal landmark to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF). Mean distances from the SPF were measured with the following results: SPF to sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), 4 mm medially and 6 mm laterally; SPF to foramen rotundum (FR), 7 mm; and SPF to vidian canal (VC), 2 mm. The internal maxillary artery followed an irregular and inconsistent course, making it difficult to define a reliable landmark for its location in the fossa. CONCLUSION: Entering the PPF inferior to the horizontal plane of the SPF along a vertical line drawn inferiorly from the infraorbital canal will avoid injury to the major neural structures in the fossa. Because of the inconsistent course and location of the internal maxillary artery, this structure may be at risk no matter where the fossa is entered. These landmarks will allow the surgeon to enter the PPF with more accuracy and less patient morbidity.     

Anatomic relationships between surgical landmarks in type b and type c infratemporal fossa approaches

Anatomic relationships of the structures exposed in type B and C infratemporal fossa approaches were studied in 20 temporal bones. The intrapetrous carotid artery (ICA), cochlea (CH), eustachian tube (ET), foramen spinosum (FS), foramen ovale (FO) and anterior foramen lacerum (AFL) were exposed by drilling of the glenoid fossa and base of middle cranial fossa. The relationships of the ICA with the cochleariform process (CP), CH, ET, FS, FO and AFL were noted along with associated measurements. The CP was lodged at a mean distance of 9.2 mm from the ICA genu. The ET was found to intersect the ICA. The mean distance of the ICA to the CH was 1.6 mm. The carotid canal was dehiscent on its horizontal portion in 30% of the bones studied and on its vertical portion in 5%. The periarterial venous plexus was found in 70% of the bones. No obvious branch was observed emerging from the vertical portion of the ICA. The FS was found to be a canal having a mean length of 5.8 mm. Received: 14 March 1996 / Accepted: 22 August 1997     

Endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa and the transpterygoid approach: development of a surgical instruction model

INTRODUCTION: The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) is a narrow space located between the posterior wall of the antrum and the pterygoid plates. Surgical access to the PPF is difficult because of its protected position and its complex neurovascular anatomy. Endonasal approaches using rod lens endoscopes, however, provide better visualization of this area and are associated with less morbidity than external approaches. Our aim was to develop a simple anatomical model using cadaveric specimens injected with intravascular colored silicone to demonstrate the endoscopic anatomy of the PPF. This model could be used for surgical instruction of the transpterygoid approach. METHODS: We dissected six PPF in three cadaveric specimens prepared with intravascular injection of colored material using two different injection techniques. An endoscopic endonasal approach, including a wide nasoantral window and removal of the posterior antrum wall, provided access to the PPF. RESULTS: We produced our best anatomical model injecting colored silicone via the common carotid artery. We found that, using an endoscopic approach, a retrograde dissection of the sphenopalatine artery helped to identify the internal maxillary artery (IMA) and its branches. Neural structures were identified deeper to the vascular elements. Notable anatomical landmarks for the endoscopic surgeon are the vidian nerve and its canal that leads to the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), and the foramen rotundum, and V2 that leads to Meckel's cave in the middle cranial fossa. These two nerves, vidian and V2, are separated by a pyramidal shaped bone and its apex marks the ICA. CONCLUSION: Our anatomical model provides the means to learn the endoscopic anatomy of the PPF and may be used for the simulation of surgical techniques. An endoscopic endonasal approach provides adequate exposure to all anatomical structures within the PPF. These structures may be used as landmarks to identify and control deeper neurovascular structures. The significance is that an anatomical model facilitates learning the surgical anatomy and the acquisition of surgical skills. A dissection superficial to the vascular structures preserves the neural elements. These nerves and their bony foramina, such as the vidian nerve and V2, are critical anatomical landmarks to identify and control the ICA at the skull base.     

不同内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度比较及其临床应用价值探讨

目的应用不同的内镜手术入路解剖翼腭窝及颞下窝,比较内镜下各手术入路的显露范围,为恰当选择内镜手术入路处理翼腭窝及颞下窝病变提供解剖学方面的依据。方法 4具8侧成人尸头标本,0°内镜引导下分别采取上颌窦后壁入路、扩大上颌窦后壁入路、鼻腔外侧壁入路、揭翻经上颌窦入路进行解剖学研究,观测各手术入路的有效显露范围。结果上颌窦后壁入路能显露翼腭窝上部和颞下窝内侧区深部;扩大上颌窦后壁入路在以上手术入路的基础上进一步显露翼腭窝下部;鼻腔外侧壁入路再进一步显露整个上颌窦和上颌窦底壁平面以上的颞下窝内外侧区;揭翻经上颌窦入路则能更进一步显露整个颞下窝。结论不同的内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度各不相同,以此为基础选择相应的手术入路处理不同范围的翼腭窝及颞下窝病变将有利于充分显露和有效切除病变,并尽可能避免不必要的手术损伤和并发症。