Isolation of Aspergillus in three 2009 H1N1 influenza patients

OBJECTIVES: To describe the association of Aspergillus with influenza. DESIGN/SETTING/SAMPLE: Three case reports of ICU patients with influenza complicated by the isolation of Aspergillus species are described and a review of the literature on the topic was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Severe influenza cases can be complicated by Aspergillus infection.     

Pandemic H1N1 influenza

The 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus that has targeted not only those with chronic medical illness, the very young and old, but also a large segment of the patient population that has previously been afforded relative protection - those who are young, generally healthy, and immune naive. The illness is mild in most, but results in hospitalization and severe ARDS in an important minority. Among those who become critically ill, 20-40% will die, predominantly of severe hypoxic respiratory failure. However, and potentially in part due to the young age of those affected, intensive care with aggressive oxygenation support will allow most people to recover. The volume of patients infected and with critical illness placed substantial strain on the capacity of the health care system and critical care most specifically. Despite this, the 2009 pandemic has engaged our specialty and highlighted its importance like no other. Thus far, the national and global critical care response has been brisk, collaborative and helpful - not only for this pandemic, but for subsequent challenges in years ahead.     

C反应蛋白在新型A/H1N1流感中的意义

目的探讨C反应蛋白(CRP)在新型A/H1N1流感(简称甲流)的临床应用价值。方法检测45例甲流患者CRP、白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞计数百分比(N),痰培养及X线胸片,同时给予奥司他韦抗病毒及抗感染治疗,并比较这些指标治疗前后的的变化。结果甲流患者治疗前血清CRP显著高于治疗后(P0.01),而WBC及N在治疗前后变化不大(P0.05)。结论CRP升高不仅可以提示重症甲流及预后。是甲流一个良好的观察指标,比WBC更敏感。     

甲型H1N1流感患者免疫学指标分析

目的分析甲型H1N1流感患者免疫学指标的特点。方法以明确诊断的87例甲型H1N1流感患者为研究对象,比较疾病急性期、恢复期部分免疫学指标变化情况,并进行统计学分析。结果在病程急性期,淋巴细胞总数、GIN＋T淋巴细胞、CD8＋T淋巴细胞及B淋巴细胞计数明显下降。随着病情的恢复,以上指标均明显上升;总补体溶血活性CH50在整个病程中均处于较高水平。结论在甲型H1N1流感病程中,机体细胞免疫起着重要作用。     

257例甲型H1N1流感患者血气分析

目的分析257例甲型H1N1流感患者血氧代谢的临床特征及转归。方法分析我院257例甲型H1N1流感患者。结果 257例患者病情划分为普通型181例(70.4%),重症型38例(14.8%),危重症型38例(14.8%),动脉氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数三组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。存活患者与死亡患者两组比较,发现PaO2,二氧化碳分压(PCO2),和氧饱和度(SO2)以及氧合指数在两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低氧血症甲型H1N1流感患者病情加重和预后不良的指标,治疗中应密切监测血气分析结果,出现低氧血症应该尽早呼吸支持治疗。     

Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes,Peru

Objectives

We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru.

Design

Two‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period).

Sample

Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period.

Main outcome measures

We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru.

Results

Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.     

妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感危重症临床特点分析

目的分析妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感危重症的临床特点。方法分析2009年5月15日-12月20日我院收治的6例甲型H1N1流感危重症孕妇的临床表现、实验室检查及治疗等相关资料。结果6例年龄22．27（24．7±2．1）岁;发病时孕周25～36（30．5±3．5）周,均为妊娠晚期发病;4例痊愈出院,2例死亡。主要症状有发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、咳血痰。HGB和ALB明显下降,LDH、d～HBDH和CRP均明显升高,T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3＋／CD4＋／CD8＋）细胞计数均下降。6例均合并肺炎和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress svndrome,ARDS）,其中4例接受机械通气治疗,3例同时接受体外膜肺氧合治疗。3例行急诊剖宫产手术,1例因胎死宫内后自行分娩出死胎,其余2例继续妊娠。结论甲型H1N1流感可能导致孕妇病情加重,妊娠晚期患者易进展为危重症。危重症特征性表现为咳血痰和呼吸困难。合并肺部感染和ARDS的危重症患者大多需要机械通气治疗,其病死率较高。     

儿童甲型H1N1流感63例临床观察

目的 探讨儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行特征、临床特点及实验室指标.方法　对我院收治的63例儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行病学史、临床表现、实验室指标、治疗及转归进行回顾性总结分析.结果　多数患儿有流感患者接触史,症状以发热(高热为主)、咳嗽及咽痛为主.实验窜检查:全部患儿ALT、肾功能及血钾均正常,部分患儿CK、LDH及α-...     

Differences in clinical features between influenza A H1N1, A H3N2, and B in adult patients

OBJECTIVE: The differences in clinical features between influenza A H1N1, A H3N2, and B in the past three influenza seasons were examined. METHODOLOGY: Patients with respiratory symptoms who consulted Kurume University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan, from January to March in 1999, 2000, and 2001 were included. Based on virological and serological findings, the influenza patients were divided into the above three groups for comparison of symptoms and laboratory data. RESULTS: PATIENTS: (n = 196) included 54 with influenza A H1N1, 98 with A H3N2, and 44 with B. Mean ages in the groups were 33 +/- 8.4 years, 41 +/- 15.2 years, and 29 +/- 9.8 years (influenza B patients tended to be younger). Fever was much greater in the A H3N2 group (38.6 +/- 0.46 degrees C) than in the A H1N1 or B groups. This was also true for laboratory indices of viral infection. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, epigastralgia, and diarrhoea were prominent in influenza B. Myalgia was common in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza A H3N2 infection was more severe than A H1N1 or B in terms of fever, leukopenia, and C-reactive protein. Myalgia and other symptoms such as fever, headache, general malaise and sore throat were equally frequent in influenza A H3N2, A H1N1, and B infections. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in influenza B.     

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as a presenting manifestation in young patients infected with H1N1 influenza virus

Introduction

The new strain of influenza A (H1N1) 2009, often referred to colloquially as “swine flu”, which was first detected in April 2009, raised to a pandemic of which the impact was not completely predictable. As reported, numerous cases with severe respiratory failure were also seen among young previously healthy people.

Patients

In the present study, we report eight cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 admitted to our medical intensive care with severe respiratory failure between November and December 2009 and in January 2011. All patients were older than 30 but younger than 50 years, had clinical and radiological evidence of an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and needed invasive ventilatory support.

Results

Six of the eight patients had no relevant underlying disease; one had a pre-existing idiopathic lung fibrosis and another had a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an abuse of alcohol and an adiposities grade 3. Four patients needed an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) due to severe respiratory failure with global respiratory insufficiency that could not be treated by conservative ventilatory support. The one patient with a pre-existing lung fibrosis died shortly after lung transplantation despite use of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. One other patient died due to a subarachnoidal bleeding under the anticoagulatory regime during ECMO therapy. The adipose COPD-patient died due to septic shock with multiple organ failure without possibility for ECMO support.

Conclusions

The clinical course of severe cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009-infection is markedly different from the disease pattern seen during epidemics of seasonal influenza. Most of the patients admitted to our intensive care unit due to influenza A (H1N1) 2009 associated ARDS were previously healthy young people.     

甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者临床和影像学表现分析

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎临床和影像学表现。方法分析本院2009年9～2010年3月临床确诊24例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者临床和影像学资料。结果 18例胸片均表现为肺纹理增多,6例表现为单肺斑片状影。CT显示6例单侧肺部炎性渗出影,12例双侧肺部炎性渗出影,4例弥漫性棉絮状病变;2例实质间质混合渗出。12例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者出院1个月做CT检查,7例完全恢复正常;3例斑片状密度增高影2月后复查CT完全吸收;2例纤维条索影。结论影像学表现对于确定病变范围、病程发展变化和治疗后动态观察具有非常重要的参考价值。     

甲型H1N1流感418例临床、实验室特点及预后

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感临床、实验室特征及预后情况。方法分析我院2009年5月—2010年1月收治的418例甲型H1N1流感患者的临床和实验室资料,总结其临床和实验室特征及预后情况。结果青壮年为易感人群。症状以发热、咳嗽、咽痛等为主,体征以咽部充血、扁桃体肿大等为主要表现。临床分型以普通流感为主。实验室检查显示血WBC、血清铁、血清磷、CK和CH50有明显变化。咽拭子甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸转阴天数中位数为5d。418例均治愈出院。结论甲型H1N1流感病情温和,血清铁可作为早期预警指标。     

H1N1 swine origin influenza infection in the United States and Europe in 2009 may be similar to H1N1 seasonal influenza infection in two Australian states in 2007 and 2008

Background The population‐based impact of infection with swine origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection was not clear in the early days of the epidemic towards the end of May 2009. Australia had seven confirmed cases by 22 May 2009. We aimed to compare available data on swine origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection overseas with seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in Australia to assist with forward planning. Methods Data on infection with seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus in patients recruited through sentinel general practices in Victoria and Western Australia in 2007 and 2008 were compared with early publications on infection with swine origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in the United States and Europe. Results Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection was predominantly a disease of younger people, regardless of whether the virus was of swine or human origin. The median age of infection with swine origin virus was 20 years in the United States and 22 years in Spain, while the median age of infection with human origin virus was 18 years in Western Australia and 23 years in Victoria. Conclusions The median age of infection with influenza A (H1N1) virus was around 20 ± 3 years, independent of the origin of the H1N1 virus but a higher proportion of swine origin influenza infections occurred in people aged 10–18 years. This is at least partially explained by biased sampling among surveillance patients, although it may also reflect a different infection pattern.     

271例甲型H1N1流感心肌酶学结果分析

目的分析甲型H1N1流感心肌酶学的变化特征。方法分析我院2009年收治的271例甲型H1N1流感病例心肌酶学的变化。结果 1、随着疾病的加重,心肌酶CK、CK-MB及LDH均值明显升高,LDH异常例数明显增多,异常均值明显升高,组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);CK及CK-MB异常例数及异常均值随疾病加重而有所增加,但组间比较无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。2、病毒转阴时心肌酶CK、CK-MB及LDH恢复则随疾病加重而减慢;LDH异常例数减少程度及异常均值下降幅度均随疾病加重而减慢,组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);随疾病的加重CK及CK-MB异常例数减少程度及异常均值下降幅度亦有所减慢,但组间比较无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论甲型H1N1流感心肌酶学CK、CK-MB及LDH异常例数随疾病的加重而明显增多,异常均值随疾病加重而明显升高。     

甲型H1N1流感与其他类型流感的临床对比初步分析

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感的临床特点。方法2009年8月～11月流感样病例中甲型H1N1流感106例与其他类型流感63例进行对比分析,比较两组病例是否存在差异。结果甲型H1N1流感组平均年龄低于其他类型流感组、平均病程短于其他类型流感组,差异有显著性(P0.05);两组病例均以高热(39℃)、咽痛、咳嗽、全身酸痛为常见症状,差异均无显著性(P0.05);两组病例外周血象中白细胞总数均不升高,差异无显著性(P0.05);两组患者在病程前后1周内均有较高的传染情况,差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论甲型H1N1流感以青壮年为多见,可以人传染人,常见症状为高热(39℃)、咽痛、咳嗽、全身酸痛,很难从症状、外周血象上与其他季节性流感区分,预后良好,短期内自愈。