Initial prevalence of anal human papilloma virus infection in liver transplant recipients

Although liver transplant recipients are at increased risk of human papilloma virus (HPV)‐related anal cancer, limited data are available regarding the initial prevalence of anal HPV infection in this population. Anal swabs collected from 50 liver transplant recipients within the first three postoperative weeks were subjected to real‐time polymerase chain reaction for detection of the four HPV genotypes: 6, 11, 16, and 18. Predictors of any, low‐risk, and high‐risk anal HPV infection were evaluated. Overall, the prevalence of any anal HPV infection was 18.0%, with the corresponding rates for high‐ and low‐risk HPV genotypes being 8.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Infection with any type of anal HPV was higher in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (P = 0.027), ≥3 sexual partners (P = 0.031), and alcoholic liver disease (P = 0.063). HBV infection was the only factor significantly associated with high‐risk HPV infection (P = 0.038). Male sex (P = 0.050), age ≥52 years (P = 0.016), ≥30 sexual partners (P = 0.003), age at first intercourse ≤18 years (P = 0.045), and time since first intercourse ≥38 years (P = 0.012) were identified as predictors of low‐risk HPV infection. These results indicate that HPV vaccination of liver transplant candidates and screening for anal HPV infection in high‐risk groups should be considered.     

High prevalence of anal high‐risk HPV infection among transwomen: estimates from a Brazilian RDS study

IntroductionAs the leading sexually transmitted infection worldwide, human papillomavirus (HPV) may disproportionately affect transwomen. We aimed to estimate anal HPV prevalence, especially focusing on high‐risk (hr)‐HPV types and evaluate their associated factors among transwomen living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.MethodsTranswomen enrolled in a respondent‐driven sampling (RDS)‐based survey conducted between August 2015 and January 2016 self‐collected anal samples, which were promptly stored at minus 80°C. After DNA extraction, HPV detection and genotyping were performed using the PapilloCheck test. We estimated HPV prevalences and evaluated the correlates of anal hr‐HPV infection using a regression logistic model.ResultsOut of 345 transwomen, 272 (78.8%) were included in this analysis (122 [44.9%] HIV‐positive). No participant had ever received HPV vaccination. Among participants enrolled, 212 (77.9%) were positive for any anal HPV type and 165 (60.7%) for hr‐HPV. Most common hr‐HPV were as follows: HPV16 (17.6%), HPV68 (14.7%), HPV39 (14.3%), HPV56 (12.5%), HPV51 (11.4%) and HPV52 (11.0%). HIV‐positive transwomen had three times the odds of having an hr‐HPV compared to HIV‐negative transwomen. Participants who had a current rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection had 3.7 times the odds of being coinfected with hr‐HPV. Among HIV‐positive transwomen, neither antiretroviral therapy use, undetectable viral load, current and nadir CD4 counts were associated with anal hr‐HPV infection.ConclusionsBrazilian transwomen in our study exhibit some of the highest population‐specific rates of HPV and hr‐HPV. There is an urgent need to elucidate the burden of HPV infection, prevalence of HPV‐related diseases and access to and uptake of HPV vaccination among transwomen, especially from low‐ and middle‐income settings.     

Sirolimus as the main immunosuppressant in the early postoperative period following liver transplantation: a report of six cases and review of the literature

The use of sirolimus as the main immunosuppressant in a calcineurin inhibitor-free regimen in the early postoperative period of liver transplantation (LT), when the incidence of rejection is the highest, has seldom been reported. We report six patients who received sirolimus in association with steroids only, at a median time of 10 days after LT (range 3-23). Tacrolimus, initially given as the standard immunosuppressant, was discontinued because of nephrotoxicity in three of these patients and neurotoxicity in the other three. Resolution of the neurological symptoms was observed in all cases and a marked improvement of the renal function in two of three patients. Two patients died, one of sepsis and the other of recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis, after 47 and 143 days respectively. Three patients developed acute rejection which responded to intravenous steroids. In this cohort of patients, the use of sirolimus appeared safe and provided an adequate prophylaxis against rejection, even though the drug was administered in the immediate postoperative period after LT.     

Prevalence and risk factors for early postoperative infection after liver transplantation

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors related to the development of infection soon after a liver transplant. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of 1000 liver transplants in adults between 1991 and 2004. Pre-, intra- and postoperative variables of recipients were analyzed in 2 groups according to whether infection did or did not develop. RESULTS: Infection developed in 151 patients. Bacterial infections were the most common type. Significant risk factors for infection in the multivariate analysis were sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.90); Child-Pugh stage (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.29-2,77); hepatitis C virus cirrhosis (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34-0.99); post-reperfusion syndrome (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.03-3.21); vena cava preservation technique (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.84); history of diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.34-4.22); respiratory distress syndrome (OR, 6.60; 95% CI, 1.16-37.45); pulmonary edema (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.44-3.86); renal dysfunction (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.89-5.60); acute renal insufficiency (OR, 20.24; 95% CI, 9.88-41.46); neurological alterations (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.94-5.821); postoperative bleeding (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.32-5.97); graft dysfunction (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.21-3.53); primary graft failure (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.33). CONCLUSION: Infection is a serious complication that continues to be difficult to control. Certain risk factors can be improved with careful management (kidney failure, pulmonary edema) or appropriate donor-recipient matching (initial dysfunction). Others, however, are inherent to the procedure (post-reperfusion syndrome, sex) or to immunosuppression, which acts as a true mediator of infection with regard to both its appearance and its clinical manifestation.     

肝移植术后患者早期呼吸机脱机延迟的术前及术中危险因素

Objective To evaluate the pre- and intra-operative risk factors associated with delayed weaning from ventilator during the early postoperative period in patients undergoing liver transplantation.Methods Two hundred and twelve patients (152 male, 60 female) aged 22-69 yr undergoing liver transplantation from Sept 2004to Aug 2006 were enrolled in this study and were divided into 2 groups according to the time when the patients were weaned from ventilator: normal weaning group (Group A, the patients weaned from ventilator within 24 h after operation) and delayed weaning group (Group B, the patients weaned from ventilator more than 24 h after operation). Routine anesthesia wes performed. Blood and blood products were transfused according to the guidelines for blood transfusion to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP)≥60 mm Hg during operation. Sixteen preoperative variables (age＞64 yr, gender, BMI ≥ 30kg/m2, PaO2＜75 mm Hg,pleural effusion, a history of asthma, smoking, drinking alcohol, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, encephalopathy＞grade 3, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, preoperative MELD score, serum albumin, ascites≥20 ml/kg and moderate hepatopulmonary hypertension) and 7 intraoperative variables (duration of operation, duration of anhepatic stage, transfusions of RBC,fresh frozen plasma (FFP), crystalloid and colloid, and urine output＜ 1 ml·kg-1·h-1) were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results There were significant differences in 9 preoperative variables (age ＞ 64 yr, PaO2＜75 mm Hg, pleural effusion,encephalopathy＞grade 3, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, preoperative MELD score, serum albumin, ascites≥20 ml/kg and moderate hepato-pulmonary hypertension) and 5 intraoperative variables (transfusions of RBC, FFP, crystalloid and colloid, and urine output＜1 mi·kg-1·h-1) between the two groups (P＜0.05 or 0.01). And logistic regression analysis showed that 5preoperative variables (age＞64 yr, PaO2＜75 mm Hg, encephalopathy ＞ grade 3, preoperative MELD score, and moderate hepato-pulmonary hypertension) and 2 intraoperative variables (transfusion of RBC and urine output＜1 ml·kg-1·h-1) were confirmed to be associated with delayed weaning from ventilator.Conclusion Such variables es age ＞ 64 yr, preoperative PaO2 ＜ 75 mm Hg, encephalopathy ＞ grade 3, preoperative MELD score, moderate hepato-pulmonary hypertension, transfusion of RBC during operation and urine output ＜ 1 ml· kg-1 · h-1 are associated with delayed weaning from ventilator during early postoperative period after liver transplantation.     

Human papillomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice

These guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice update the epidemiology and management of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in organ transplant recipients. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and is associated with cancers of the anogenital region. Increasing evidence suggests an association with head and neck cancers as well. Solid organ transplant recipients have a higher risk of HPV infection than the general population. Infection manifests as premalignant lesions, warts, or cancer of the cervix, penis, vulva, scrotum, and anal canal. Most are asymptomatic initially, so diagnosis can be difficult without screening. A vaccine is available though not effective in preventing all cancer‐causing strains. Organ transplant recipients should be screened for HPV‐associated cancers and appropriate therapy initiated in a timely manner. Further studies are warranted to delineate the most effective screening methods and therapeutic modalities, including whether changes in immunosuppression are effective in attenuating disease.     

Hypogammaglobulinemia in the early period after liver transplantation in children

Data, on the kinetic and serum levels of immunoglobulins in the immediate post‐liver transplantation (LTx) period, are sparse with existing studies limited to adults or case reports of children. The aim of this study is to describe the phenomenon of hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) in the immediate post‐transplantation period among children undergoing LTx. A retrospective 10‐yr chart review was conducted of all children who underwent LTx at a fourth‐level pediatric medical center. Fifty‐seven, of the 76 children who underwent LTx, were included in the study. Seventeen (29.8%) (mean age, 6.8 ± 5.2 yr) had HGG (11‐IgG, 1‐IgG+IgA, 1‐IgG+IgM, 4‐IgG+IgA+IgM), detected at 2 to 25 d after transplantation. Abdominal fluid was drained for 5 to 42 d; the amount drained until detection of HGG measured 27–668 mL/kg. HGG was associated with increased infection rate 0.9 episodes/patient vs. 0.17 episodes/patient (p < 0.01) in children without detected HGG. In conclusion, HGG is not rare in the immediate post‐LTx period in children, and it may place patients at increased risk of infection. Further studies are needed to delineate the rate of occurrence, risk factors, and clinical implications of hypogammaglobulinemia in this patient population.     

男性包皮状态对女性伴侣宫颈HPV感染的影响

<正>本期刊登的南京医科大学附属南京妇幼保健院雷雨等的调查报告,回顾了2011年5月至12月来该院妇产科门诊就诊的女性人乳头瘤病毒(hu-man papillomavirus,HPV)感染状况及其与配偶阴茎包皮状态的相关性。调查问卷内容包括女性年龄、婚姻状况、近1个月内性生活次数、配偶是否包皮过     

肝移植术后感染的流行病学特征及危险因素

目前肝移植(LT)已成为终末期肝病和晚期肝癌患者的指南推荐治疗方法,其术后5年存活率接近60%~80%,但其术后感染却仍是影响肝移植患者生存率的主要原因,本文将对肝移植术后感染的病原学特点及危险因素进行综述,有望增加对术后感染的认识。     

肝移植术后多重耐药菌感染分布特征及危险因素

目的 探讨肝移植术后多重耐药菌感染的分布特征和危险因素，为制定更合理的感染控制策略提供依据。方法 收集西安交通大学第一附属医院2014 年1 月至2018 年12 月接受肝移植手术的患者临床资料，采集多重耐药菌感染相关数据，并通过单因素分析和多元Logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素。结果 431例肝移植患者中发生多重耐药菌感染53例，3例死亡与其相关。其中肺部感染最多见，占54.72%；耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CR-AB）是最常见菌株，占34.62%。术后ICU留置时间≥7 d（OR 2.303，95%CI 1.123～4.725，P=0.023）、急性肾功能衰竭（OR 4.573，95%CI 1.418～14.749，P=0.011）是发生多重耐药菌感染的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 多重耐药菌感染严重威胁肝移植患者的预后，缩短术后ICU留置时间、保护肾功能对于早期预防肝移植术后多重耐药菌感染尤为重。     

Infections in human liver recipients: different patterns early and late after transplantation

The first 49 consecutive patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation between 1984 and 1989 in our department were studied with regard to symptomatic and asymptomatic post-transplantation infections. The major infections carrying a risk of fatal outcome are presented. During the first 4 weeks, fungal and bacterial infections predominated, the percentages of patients affected being 27% and 35%, respectively. Eight patients (17%) suffered from bacterial septicemia, which in six cases was due to gram-negative micro-organisms. The bacterial septicemia was often associated with severe ischemic damage to the graft, rejection, or cholangitis. In addition, a concomitant invasive fungal infection supervened in seven out of eight septic patients, further aggravating the patients' condition. Seventeen of the 49 patients (35%) died after transplantation within 3.3 years. Infection was the cause of death in nine patients (18%), with bacterial septicemia and/or fungemia in eight of these. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease was the dominant cause of illness after the 1st month. While only 5 of the 49 patients developed CMV disease during the 1st month (10%), as many as 16 of the 40 recipients who survived beyond that time suffered from symptomatic CMV viremia (40%). CMV mismatching, i.e., the donation of a CMV-positive organ to a CMV-seronegative recipient, entailed the highest risk for CMV disease. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred within 4 months in 10% of the patients. The four liver recipients affected were among the 20 patients not receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis. None of the 28 patients who received this prophylaxis over a 12-month period developed this complication (P<0.05). The time-related panorama of infectious complications observed in this study has immediate clinical implications for the screening, prophylaxis, and therapy of infections following liver transplantation.     

Neurological complications after liver transplantation as a consequence of immunosuppression: univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors

Neurological complications (NCs) can frequently and significantly affect morbidity and mortality of liver transplant (LT) recipients. We analysed incidence, risk factors, outcome and impact of the immunosuppressive therapy on NC development after LT. We analysed 478 LT in 440 patients, and 93 (19.5%) were followed by NCs. The average LOS was longer in patients experiencing NCs. The 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year graft survival and patient survival were similar in patients with or without a NC. Multivariate analysis showed the following as independent risk factors for NC: a MELD score ≥20 (OR = 1.934, CI = 1.186–3.153) and an immunosuppressive regimen based on calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) (OR = 1.669, CI = 1.009–2.760). Among patients receiving an everolimus‐based immunosuppression, the 7.1% developed NCs, vs. the 16.9% in those receiving a CNI (P = 0.039). There was a 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year NC‐free survival of 81.7%, 81.1% and 77.7% in patients receiving a CNI‐based regimen and 95.1%, 93.6% and 92.7% in those not receiving a CNI‐based regimen (P < 0.001). In patients undergoing a LT and presenting with nonmodifiable risk factors for developing NCs, an immunosuppressive regimen based on CNIs is likely to result in a higher rate of NCs compared to mTOR inhibitors.     

Selective treatment of early acute rejection after liver transplantation: Effects on liver,infection rate,and outcome

To evaluate the results of selective treatment of biopsy-proven mild acute rejection episodes, we retrospectively studied 1-week liver biopsies of 103 patients with a primary liver graft in relation to liver function tests. The overall incidence of rejection was 35 %. In four patients the biopsy showed histological features consistent with rejection; in 27 patients it showed mild acute rejection (grade 1), and in 5 patients it showed moderate acute rejection (grade 2). Study group 1 consisted of 19 untreated patients with grade 1 rejection and group 2 of 8 treated patients with grade 1 rejection. At 30 and 90 days, no differences in liver function tests were found. The infection rate, histology after 1 year, and survival in the two groups did not differ. It may, therefore, be concluded that withholding treatment in histologically proven mild acute rejection is possible in selected patients based on histological, biochemical, and clinical criteria. This may reflect the functional diversity of morphologically similar lymphocytic infiltrates observed in graft biopsies showing features of mild acute rejection.Liver Transplant Group     

Selective treatment of early acute rejection after liver transplantation: effects on liver, infection rate, and outcome

Abstract To evaluate the results of selective treatment of biopsy-proven mild acute rejection episodes, we retrospectively studied 1-week liver biopsies of 103 patients with a primary liver graft in relation to liver function tests. The overall incidence of rejection was 35 %. In four patients the biopsy showed histological features consistent with rejection; in 27 patients it showed mild acute rejection (grade 1), and in 5 patients it showed moderate acute rejection (grade 2). Study group 1 consisted of 19 untreated patients with grade 1 rejection and group 2 of 8 treated patients with grade 1 rejection. At 30 and 90 days, no differences in liver function tests were found. The infection rate, histology after 1 year, and survival in the two groups did not differ. It may, therefore, be concluded that withholding treatment in histologically proven mild acute rejection is possible in selected patients based on histological, biochemical, and clinical criteria. This may reflect the functional diversity of morphologically similar lymphocytic infiltrates observed in graft biopsies showing features of mild acute rejection.     

肝移植术后患者早期呼吸机脱机延迟的术前及术中危险因素

目的 分析肝移植术后患者早期呼吸机脱机延迟的术前及术中危险因素.方法 2004年9月至2006年8月212例肝移植术患者,其中男性152例,女性60例,年龄22～69岁.术中常规麻醉管理,按输血原则输入血制品,并维持平均动脉压不低于60 mm Hg.记录16个术前变量和7个术中变量.术后24 h按第1次拔除气管导管时间分为正常脱机组和脱机延迟组.结果 两组间9个术前变量[分别为年龄＞64岁、PaO2＜75 mm Hg、胸膜渗出、Ⅲ级以上肝性脑病、合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎、晚期肝病模型(MELD)评分、血清白蛋白、腹水≥20 ml/kg和中度门肺高压]及5个术中变量[RBC输入量、新鲜冰冻血浆输入量、晶体液输入量、胶体液输入量和尿量＜1 ml·kg-1·h-1]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01).logistic回归分析显示,5个术前变量(年龄＞64岁、PaO2＜75 mm Hg、Ⅲ级以上肝性脑病、MELD评分和中度门肺高压)及2个术中变量(RBC输入量和尿量＜1 ml·kg-1·h-1)与术后脱机延迟存在相关性(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 5个术前变量(年龄＞64岁、术前PaO2＜75 mm Hg、Ⅲ级以上肝性脑病、MELD评分和中度门肺高压)及2个术中变量(RBC输入量和尿量＜1 ml·kg-1·h-1)是肝移植术后患者早期脱机延迟的危险因素.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the urinary tract of men with urethritis

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the genital and urinary tract of men with urethritis. Methods: Cell samples were collected from the penis, urethra and urine of 142 men with urethritis. A HPV test was performed on the samples using the modified GP5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction method, and the HPV genotype was determined using a HPV GenoArray test. Results: Out of 142 urethritis patients, HPV was detected in 48% (68 cases), and high‐risk HPV was found in 32% (46 cases) of patients, on their penis or in the urinary tract (urethra or urine). HPV was detected in 31% in the penis, 20% in the urethra and 24% in the urine, while high‐risk HPV was identified in 23% in the penis, 12% in the urethra and 11% in the urine. Among the HPV‐positive men, 66% had HPV infection in the urinary tract where the most common HPV types were HPV6, HPV16, HPV18 and HPV58. Single HPV‐type infection was more frequently found in the urinary tract (89%) than in the penis (65%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Similar to the penis, the urinary tract represents a common HPV infection site in men with urethritis.     

术前MELD评分和术后CD14^＋／HLA—DR测定在肝移植术后感染预测中的意义

目的：探讨原位肝移植术前终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分和术后CD14^＋单核细胞人自细胞DR抗原（CD14^＋／HLA-DR）表达率的变化在术后感染预测中的临床意义。方法：按美国胸科医师协会／危重病医学会的定义,将83例肝移植术后患者分为非感染组、感染组、感染性休克组,分别测定3组患者术前血胆红素、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值（INR）、血肌酐,计算MELD评分,并动态检测术后CD14^＋／HLA—DR表达率,分析其在感染监测中的价值。结果：感染组和感染休克组术前血胆红素、INR、血肌酐和MELD评分均显著高于非感染组（P〈0．01）,CD14^＋／HLA-DR表达率均显著低于非感染组（P〈0．01）。感染组和感染休克组之间比较,上述指标均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。感染发生后,感染组、感染性休克组的CD14^＋／HLA—DR值显著下降,与非感染组比较,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;感染最重时两组的CD14^＋／HLA—DR值均降到最低值,与非感染组比较,差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：术前MELD评分和术后CD14^＋／HLA—DR表达率是监测肝移植术后感染发生及判断预后的良好指标。对术前高MELD评分或术后可疑感染的患者,动态监测CD14^＋／HLA-DR表达率对病情判断和治疗调整均有较好的指导意义。     

Graft‐versus‐host disease after orthotopic liver transplantation: multivariate analysis of risk factors

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a rare, fatal complication following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). To date, several risk factors have been proposed, but reports on these factors have been inconclusive. This is a retrospective, case–control study of prospectively collected data from 2775 OLTs performed at our institution. Eight cases of GVHD after OLT were diagnosed on the basis of the patient's clinical characteristics, and the findings were confirmed with skin and colonic biopsies. Each case was matched to three controls based on the diagnosis of liver disease, recipient's age, and blood group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with the development of GVHD after OLT. The univariate and multivariate analyses identified two main risk factors associated with development of GVHD in OLT recipients, a difference between recipient and donor age of >20 yr, and any human leukocyte antigen class I matches. Taking these two risk factors into consideration while matching prospective donors and recipients may reduce further incidence of GVHD in OLT patients. However, further studies are recommended to validate these findings.     

肝移植术后早期急性肾衰竭的危险因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后早期急性肾衰竭(acuterenalfailure,ARF)的危险因素。方法以临床资料完整的362例肝移植患者为研究对象,按术后早期(术后1个月内)有否发生ARF分为ARF组(71例)和非ARF组(291例)。对两组的36项围手术期可能危险因素进行单因素分析,并对单因素分析中P<0.05的变量进行Logistic逐步回归分析。结果经单因素分析,术前肝性脑病、术前血清肌酐(Scr)水平、术前血红蛋白水平、术前凝血酶原活动度、术前总胆红素水平、终末期肝病模型(modelforend-stageliverdisease,MELD)评分、总手术时间、术中失血量、术中输血量、术中尿量、术中低血压及术后合并感染等因素,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.001)。对上述12项指标进行Logistic逐步回归分析,结果显示术前Scr水平增高[比数比(oddsra-tio,OR)=0.92]、术前凝血酶原活动度低(OR=1.015)、MELD评分高(OR=1.588)、术中出血量多(OR=1.012)、术后合并感染(OR=12.260)与肝移植术后发生ARF密切相关(均为P<0.05)。结论术前Scr水平增高、凝血酶原活动度低、MELD评分高,术中失血量多和术后合并感染是肝移植术后早期ARF的独立危险因素。