连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗急性肾功能衰竭

为了评价连续性肾脏替代治疗对急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的治疗效果,2年来对14例ARF患者行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗.10例(71.4%)患者恢复正常肾功能,4例死亡.治疗过程中血流动力学稳定,没有观察到明显不良反应.因此,CVVH是治疗重症ARF的有效手段.     

血液透析滤过治疗老年慢性肾功能衰竭的临床观察

目的 探讨血液透析滤过(HDF)和间歇性血液透析(IHD)治疗老年慢性肾功能衰竭的疗效、透析相关并发症发生率及对患者营养状况的影响.方法 将45例老年慢性肾功能衰竭患者随机分为治疗组(HDF组)23例,对照组(IHD组)22例,检测两组患者治疗前后血清尿素氮(Bun)、肌酐(Scr)、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白;观察皮脂肌肉消耗情况及胸腹水发生率;计算尿素氮清除率(kt/V);并对比两组病人并发症的发生情况.结果 治疗组病人kt/V＞1.2,对照组病人kt/V＜1.2,两组透析充分性比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组病人的血红蛋白、血清白蛋白水平显著高于对照组病人;治疗组病人皮脂肌肉消耗不明显;治疗组胸腹水发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 血液透析滤过能显著提高患者生活质量,为老年肾功能衰竭患者提供了一个更安全、更高效的治疗模式.     

连续性血液滤过治疗重型肝炎合并肝性脑病16例临床疗效观察

目的观察连续性血液滤过（CVVH）治疗重型肝炎合并肝性脑病的临床疗效。方法将32例重型肝炎合并肝性脑病患者随机分为两组。治疗组：内科综合疗法＋CVVH。对照组：内科综合疗法。治疗前后分别检测肝肾功能、血氨、TNF和IL-6等。结果治疗组、对照组患者的清醒率分别为75．0％和31．3％。CVVH治疗后血清尿素氮、肌酐、氨、TNF及IL-6比对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）。血清胆红素、TBA下降与对照组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。治疗组肝性脑病Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者的存活率明显高于Ⅲ-Ⅳ期（P〈0．05）。结论CVVH是辅助治疗重型肝炎合并肝性脑病的有效方法,早期治疗能进一步提高疗效。     

连续性静脉静脉血液滤过在心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭中的疗效及应用时机

目的 探讨连续性静脉静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭中的疗效及应用时机.方法 回顾性分析48 例心脏术后并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者的临床资料,按出现尿量减少(<0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1)至开始CVVH 治疗的时间间隔分为两组:A 组<4 h(27 例),B 组>4 h(21 例).分别对两组患者治疗前后的血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、胱抑素C(Cysc),以及CVVH 治疗时间、呼吸机使用时间、ICU 住院时间等指标进行比较.结果 两组患者经过CVVH 治疗后,BUN、Cr、Cysc 等指标均明显改善,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A 组的CVVH 治疗时间、呼吸机使用时间、ICU 住院时间较B 组患者短,死亡率亦较B 组低,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 CVVH 是治疗心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭的有效方法.及时诊断,尽早(出现少尿4 h 内)行CVVH 治疗,可明显加快ARF 患者肾功能恢复,减少并发症,减少住院时间,降低死亡率.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭

目的:探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭中应用的临床意义。方法:19例术后急性肾功能衰竭患者,采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗,比较治疗前后血电解质、尿素氮、肌酐的变化,以及全身水肿情况。结果:15例存活,4例死亡。存活患者血液滤过后尿素氮和肌酐均逐渐下降直至恢复正常,尿量分别于透析后2~11d恢复正常,透析后4~5h血钾可降至正常范围。所有患者透析后水肿得到明显改善。结论:连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过是治疗心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭的一种有效、方便而安全的方法。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗急性严重低钠血症

目的 :探讨应用连续性静脉 静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)治疗急性严重低钠血症 (ASH)的疗效。　 方法 :6例ASH患者 ,基础病变分别为慢性肾功能衰竭 3例 ,急性肾衰 (ARF)、妊娠子痫及骨折手术后各 1例。患者血钠均低于 115mmol/L。采用中心静脉留置导管建立血管通路行CVVH。滤器为AN69及AV60 0各 2例 ,HF12 0 0及FH66各 1例 ,每 2 4h更换一次。应用低分子肝素抗凝。　 结果 :CVVH平均治疗时间为 5 9 7(45 6～ 86)h。CVVH治疗中 ,患者血流动力学稳定 ,存活率 10 0 % ,6例意识模糊 ,其中 5例在治疗 12h后意识有所好转 ,2 4h对疼痛有反应 ,3 6h意识清楚 ;3例嗜睡及谵妄在治疗 2 4h后症状消失 ;1例抽搐在治疗 2 4h后症状消失 ;1例昏迷 96h后神志完全恢复正常 ,视乳头水肿消退 ,视网膜平复 ,一周后视力恢复正常。 6例中 3例转入维持性血液透析 ,3例完全康复。CVVH治疗后 ,6h、2 4h及 48h血Na+ 分别上升至 (115 0± 2 7)mmol/L、(12 9 2± 4 1)mmol/L、(140 3± 1 6)mmol/L ;纠正速度分别为 (2 5± 0 4)mmol/L·h-1、(1 2± 0 1)mmol/L·h-1及 (0 82± 0 10 )mmol/L·h-1。CVVH开始后 6h、2 4h及 48h血渗透质量摩尔浓度分别为 (2 45 0± 5 5 )Osmmol/kg、(2 72 7± 7 1)Osmmol/kg、(2 95 0± 4 2 )Osmmol     

糖尿病性慢性肾功能衰竭的血液透析护理干预

目的探讨糖尿病性慢性肾功能衰竭的血液透析护理方法。方法选取该院自2010年1月—2014年1月期间收治的84例糖尿病性慢性肾功能衰竭患者进行分析研究,随机分为2组,每组42例,对照组患者采用常规护理干预,观察组患者采用全面护理干预,对比两组患者临床并发症发生率。结果观察组患者低血压、高血压、失衡综合症、体温升高、凝血等并发症的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论采用全面护理干预措施对行血液透析的糖尿病性慢性肾功能衰竭患者进行护理,能有提高临床治疗效果,降低并发症发生率,安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在肝移植术后早期的临床应用

原位肝移植患者术后早期 (2 4～ 72ｈ)经常出现一过性少尿、轻度肾功能异常 ,文献介绍该过程多为自限性 ,主要治疗手段为限制入量并酌情使用利尿剂[1] 。但在一些重症患者中 ,此方案不利于术后营养支持和抗感染等治疗的实施 ,而且利尿剂有可能加重患者的内环境紊乱。为使这些肝移植患者平稳度过危险期 ,我们对肝移植术后早期急性肾功能不全的患者进行连续性静脉 静脉血液滤过 (ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｖｅｎｏｖｅｎｏｕｓｈｅｍｏｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ,ＣＶＶＨ)治疗 ,取得满意效果 ,现报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　临床资料　选取我院 2 0 0 0…     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者首次血液透析治疗预后因素分析

目的探讨慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者肾功能恶化首次血液透析治疗预后因素。方法接受首次血液透析230例CRF患者,随机分成脱离透析组和未脱离透析组,观察患者体重、平均动脉压、透析前生化指标(血红蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、血浆白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯)、不同原因(感染、心脑血管疾病、肾前性血容量不足、肾脏原发病、肾后梗阻、药物性、其他)诱发CRF恶化与透析预后的关系。结果脱离透析组体重、平均动脉压均低于未脱离透析组(P<0.05);血浆白蛋白高于未脱离透析组(P<0.05);感染、肾前性血容量不足、肾后梗阻引起CRF恶化者,脱离透析组显著高于未脱离透析组(P<0.05或P<0.01);肾脏原发病引起CRF恶化者,脱离透析组显著低于未脱离透析组(P<0.01)。结论体重、平均动脉压、白蛋白是引起CRF恶化及影响CRF患者首次透析的预后。     

高渗钠血液透析治疗慢性心力衰竭并发低渗性脑病12例分析

我院1998—02／2001-11共收治慢性心力衰竭并低渗性脑病12例，现总结报告如下。     

Lack of therapeutic effects of gabexate mesilate on the hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic hepatic failure

Background and Aim: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in liver injury. Gabexate mesilate (GM, a protease inhibitor) inhibits inflammation by blocking various serine proteases. This study examined the effects of GM on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic liver failure. Methods: Acute and chronic liver failure (cirrhosis) were induced by intraperitoneal TAA administration (350 mg/kg/day for 3 days) and common bile duct ligation, respectively, in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to receive either GM (50 mg/10 mL/kg) or saline intraperitoneally for 5 days. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the Opto‐Varimex animal activity meter and hemodynamic parameters, mean arterial pressure and portal pressure, were measured (only in chronic liver failure rats). Plasma levels of liver biochemistry, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were determined. Results: In rats with acute liver failure, GM treatment significantly decreased the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.02), but no significant difference of motor activity, plasma levels of ammonia, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α or survival was found. In chronic liver failure rats, GM significantly lowered the plasma TNF‐α levels (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference of motor activity, other biochemical tests or survival found. GM‐treated chronic liver failure rats had higher portal pressure (P = 0.04) but similar mean arterial pressure in comparison with saline‐treated rats. Conclusions: Chronic GM treatment does not have a major effect on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with TAA‐induced acute liver failure and rats with chronic liver failure induced by common bile duct ligation.     

Recurrent hepatic portal venous gas in a patient with hemodialysis- dependent chronic renal failure

We report a case of recurrent hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG). A 51-year-old woman who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 19 years was admitted with abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the presence of HPVG, and bowel necrosis was confirmed at operation. After 1 year, the abdominal pain recurred. CT scans on the second admission also revealed HPVG; however, an exploratory laparotomy was negative. Recurring presentation of HPVG in the same patient has not been described previously.     

Lactitol in treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy

The efficacy and side effects of lactitol in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy was compared to that of other disaccharides in a meta-analysis of published randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The outcomes assessed were: (1) the rate of patients free from episodes of clinically detectable encephalopathy, and (2) the rate of patients free from one or more side effects in the different treatment groups. Four RCTs were eligible for analysis; in three lactitol was compared to lactulose, in one the alternative treatment was lactose in lactase-deficient patients. The methodological quality of these studies was high. Meta-analysis showed that lactitol was as effective as other disaccharides in the treatment of encephalopathy: pooled odds ratio was 0.83, 95% confidence interval was 0.38–1.82. Results were not sensitive to the use of alternative methods of counting and attributing events in these trials. Patients experienced fewer side effects during treatment with lactitol, but the pooled odds ratio was not statistically significant. In all studies lactitol was considered more palatable. Clinical effectiveness of lactitol, in long-term treatment of chronic encephalopathy, is similar to those of lactulose. It seems that lactitol has lower side effects than lactulose. Future RCTs with a double-blind design could be mainly aimed at evaluating the side-effect profile of the two disaccharides.This work was supported by grants from the Zyma S. A.     

Decreasing serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in predicting poor prognosis of acute hepatic failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Background: Background: We carried out a study to predict the prognosis of acute hepatic failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: We studied 25 consecutive patients with severe acute hepatitis. Severe acute hepatitis was defined as the development of acute hepatitis with a total serum bilirubin level of more than 15 mg/dl, prolonged prothrombin time (PT) of more than 5 s, and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). All patients were assessed for King's criteria. Positivity for King's criteria was defined as PT more than 100 s, or any three of the following: (age < 10 years or >40 years; cryptogenic or drug-induced hepatitis; jaundice for more than 7 days before the onset of HE; PT > 50 s; and serum bilirubin > 17.5 mg/dl). All but 1 patient had serial serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels measured every 1–2 weeks. Results: Eleven of 17 patients who died during the study met the King's criteria, whereas none of the surviving patients met the criteria. The sensitivity was 64.7% and the specificity, 100% for King's criteria in predicting a poor prognosis. In 16 of the 17 deceased patients, the AFP levels were reduced while their jaundice increased (sensitivity, 94.1%; specificity, 87.5%). All 17 deceased patients met the King's criteria and/or had reduced AFP levels while their jaundice increased (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 87.5%). Conclusions: Our observations suggest that the combined use of follow-up AFP levels and King's criteria is helpful in predicting the poor prognosis of severe acute hepatitis superimposed on chronic hepatitis B. Received: August 20, 2001 / Accepted: December 27, 2001     

造影剂对慢性肾功能不全患者的肾毒性

目的：研究慢性肾功能不全患者造影剂相关性肾病（CAN）的发生率和临床特征,探讨内皮素（ET1）和一氧化氮（NO）在CAN中的作用。方法：观察13例原有慢性肾功能不全患者造影前后血清肌酐（SCr)及尿ET1和NO水平变化。CAN诊断标准为造影后SCr较基础值增加25％和88．4μmol/L。结果：使用造影剂后SCr均升高较基础值净增90．6－736μmol/L(平均254．6μmol/L）。CAN的发生率为615％。SCr上升峰值时间为第3－7天（平均5天）;恢复至基础水平的时间为第10－45天（平均20天）,6例患者SCr未恢复至基础水平。造影后尿ET1水平显著增高,NO水平下降,ET1／NO水平显著增高（P均小于0．01）。结论：慢性肾功能不全患者使用造影剂后肾均加重,ET1和NO的失衡可能在造影剂肾病的发病中起重要作用。     

乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的多因素分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的危险因素,以便于临床早期干预,减少肝性脑病的发生.方法 收集976例乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者的基础临床资料(性别、年龄、家族史、肝硬化、糖尿病、腹腔感染、肺部感染、肝肾综合征、上消化道出血)和临床检测指标[白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、直接胆红素、ALT、AST、Y-谷氨酰转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、胆固醇、胆碱酯酶、血钾、血钠、肌酐、国际标准化比值(INR)、甲胎蛋白、HBV DNA、白细胞计数、血红蛋白和血小板],进行单因素和多因素回归分析,筛选乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者肝性脑病发生的危险因素.结果 多元logistic回归分析结果显示,上消化道出血(回归系数为0.993,比值比为2.699,95％可信区间为1.567～4.651)、肺部感染(回归系数为1.043,比值比为2.839,95％可信区间为1.680～4.797)、INR(回归系数为0.257,比值比为1.293,95％可信区间为1.220～1.370)、AST(回归系数为0.001,比值比为1.001,95％可信区间为1.000～1.001)和肝硬化(回归系数为0.569,比值比为1.815,95％可信区间为1.112～2.965)是影响肝衰竭患者肝性脑病发生的危险因素.结论 上消化道出血、肺部感染、INR延长、AST升高以及肝硬化是诱发肝衰竭患者发生肝性脑病的重要危险因素.     

Evidence against a role for endotoxin in the hepatic encephalopathy of rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endotoxin has been proposed to participate in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. However, there is no published data concerning the effects of endotoxin neutralization on the degree of hepatic encephalopathy. The present study investigated the effect of chronic intraperitoneal injection of polymyxin B, a neutralizing antagonist of endotoxin, on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fulminant hepatic failure. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g were used. Fulminant hepatic failure was induced by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (350 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Two series of rats were designed to compare the effects of low dose (0.1 mg) or high dose (0.2 mg) intraperitoneal polymyxin B administration versus normal saline (NS) on hepatic encephalopathy. The injection was twice daily started from 2 days prior to TAA administration and lasted for 5 days. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the counts of motor activity in an Opto-Varimex animal activity meter. Plasma levels of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (an index of liver injury) were measured by Limulus assay and the ELISA method, respectively. RESULTS: Neutralization of endotoxin by either low dose or high dose polymyxin B administration did not significantly alleviate the degree of hepatic encephalopathy, as represented by the counts of motor activities (P > 0.05). Plasma levels of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were comparable between rats treated with polymyxin B or NS (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings do not support the notion that endotoxin plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in rats with TAA-induced fulminant hepatic failure.     

Hepatic stimulator substance activity in animal model of fulminant hepatic failure and encephalopathy

Hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) is a known liver-specific but species-nonspecific growth factor. In the present study we examined the activity of the endogenously produced HSS in an established experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and encephalopathy, induced by repeated injections of thioacetamide (TAA). FHF was induced by three consecutive intraperitoneal injections of TAA (400 mg/kg body weight) in rats, at time intervals of 24 hr. The animals were killed at 0, 6, 12, or 18 hr following the last injection of TAA. The rate of tritiated thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA, the enzymatic activity of liver thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), and the assessment of mitotic index in hepatocytes were used to estimate liver regeneration. HSS extract obtained from the livers of TAA-treated rats, sacrificed at the above-mentioned time points was tested for its activity. Increased HSS activity was noted in all TAA-treated animals, presenting a peak at 12 hr following the third TAA dose, suggesting active participation of this growth factor in hepatocyte replication in this animal model of FHF and encephalopathy. It may also be suggested that up-regulation of HSS activity could be used in future as a therapeutic approach in FHF.