知母皂苷对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的作用

目的研究知母皂苷对D 半乳糖所致小鼠学习记忆能力下降和各项衰老指标的对抗作用 ,以期探讨知母皂苷的抗衰老作用机制。方法以D 半乳糖衰老模型小鼠为实验对象 ,以其体质量、免疫器官质量、肝脑丙二醛 (MDA)和脂褐素 (LF)的含量、全血谷胱苷肽过氧化氢酶 (GSH PX)、红细胞过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和脑中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的活力、脑中谷氨酸水平为指标 ,全面考察知母皂苷的抗衰老作用。结果知母皂苷 (10 0、2 0 0、4 0 0mg·kg-1,ip) ,能对抗连续 6周给予 5 0g·L-1D 半乳糖 (0 0 2 5mL·g-1)所致小鼠脑组织中LPO、LF含量的升高 ;提高全血GSH PX、红细胞CAT和脑中SOD的活力 ;对抗小鼠体质量、脾脏及胸腺指数下降。结论知母皂苷能有效地对抗D 半乳糖所致的小鼠多项衰老指标的出现 ,促进衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力     

褪黑素对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的作用

目的　研究褪黑素 (melatonin ;MT)对D 半乳糖所致小鼠各项衰老指标的对抗作用 ,以期探讨MT的抗衰老作用机制。方法　D 半乳糖衰老模型小鼠为实验对象 ,以其体重、免疫器官重量 ,肝、脑丙二醛 (malondialdehyde ;MDA)和脂褐素的含量 ,全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (glutothineper oxidase;GSH Px)、红细胞过氧化氢酶 (catalase;CAT)和脑中超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutase;SOD)的活力 ,脑中谷氨酸水平以及骨髓多染红细胞微核形成为指标 ,全面考察MT的抗衰老作用。结果　MT(0 5、1 0mg·kg-1,ip)能对抗连续 6周给D 半乳糖 (15 0mg·kg-1,sc)所致小鼠肝、脑组织MDA、脂褐素含量的增加和骨髓细胞微核的形成 ,明显抑制脑中谷氨酸含量的升高 ,提高全血GSH Px、红细胞CAT和脑中SOD的活力 ,并阻抗小鼠体重及胸腺指数下降。结论　MT能有效地防止D 半乳糖所致的小鼠多项衰老体征的出现 ,改善小鼠的机能状态。对衰老的松果腺学说提供有力的支持     

莲子多糖对衰老模型小鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的　观察莲子多糖对D 半乳糖所致衰老小鼠抗氧化作用的影响。方法　用D 半乳糖所致衰老小鼠进行实验。结果　莲子多糖可显著提高衰老小鼠血SOD,CAT、GSH-PX活力,显著降低血浆、脑及肝匀浆LPO水平。结论　莲子多糖有较好的抗衰老作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的实验研究

目的：研究骨髓间充质干细胞是否具有抗衰老作用。方法：采用5％D-半乳糖（0．25ml／10g）连续8周皮下注射建立衰老小鼠模型,并于模型建成后给予骨髓间充质干细胞输注。检测间充质干细胞治疗前后衰老相关指标：小鼠体重,免疫器官重量,肝组织、血清SOD活力和MDA含量,全血GSH—Px活力的变化,全面考察骨髓间充质干细胞的抗衰老作用。结果：骨髓间充质干细胞能对抗D-半乳糖所致小鼠肝组织和血清中MDA含量的升高,提高肝和血清SOD、全血GSH—Px的活力,并对抗小鼠体重、胸腺及脾脏指数下降。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞能改善D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的衰老相关指标,提示具有抗衰老作用。     

当归对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠抗氧化系统的研究

目的：探讨了不同剂量的当归对D－半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。方法：测定D－半乳糖（D－gal）诱导的亚急性衰老小鼠大脑皮层SOD活性、LPF含量、Ca^2 -ATP酶活性，观察当归对上述指标的影响，同时不同的给药剂量间进行了比较。结果：当归能明显提高小鼠大脑皮层SOD、Ca^2 -ATP酶活性，降低LPF含量，当归高剂量抗衰老效果较理想。结论：当时可明显提高衰老小鼠抗氧化能力，具有抗衰老作用。     

延胡索总生物碱对D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠相关指标的影响

目的探讨延胡索总生物碱(YHS)对D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠相关指标的影响。方法以D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠为实验动物,检测小鼠的学习记忆能力及脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性。结果延胡索总生物碱能使D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠记忆恢复正常,能升高脑组织中SOD、CAT、ChAT的含量,降低AChE的含量。结论延胡索总生物碱有抗衰老的作用。     

降糖复方对亚急性衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化作用

目的：研究由葛根、鱼腥草、鬼箭羽三味中药组成的复方对D-半乳糖诱导的衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化作用。方法：采用D．半乳糖诱导小鼠衰老模型,以其体重变化、血清与组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与谷胱甘肽过氧物酶（GSH—Px）活力为指标,考察药物对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。结果：降糖复方（14、7g／kg,i．g．）能对抗D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠血清与组织中MDA含量的升高,提高其中SOD与GSH．Px活力,并能抑制小鼠体重的下降。结论：降糖复方能有效地对抗D．半乳糖所致小鼠的氧化损伤,具有一定的抗氧化作用。     

芦荟多糖对衰老模型小鼠的影响

目的 探讨芦荟多糖抗衰老作用的特点、方法应用，D-半乳糖所致小鼠衰老模型作为研究对象、观察指标有血SOD，CAT及GSH-Px活力，血浆、脑匀浆及肝匀浆LPO水平，胸腺、脾脏及脑的组织形态。结果 芦荟多糖可显著提高D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠血SOD，CAT及GSH-Px活力，降低血浆、脑匀浆及肝匀浆LPO水平；显著结抗衰老模型小鼠胸腺、脾脏及脑组织的萎缩，使胸腺皮质厚度增加、皮质细胞数增加，脾小结增大及淋巴细胞数增加。结论芦荟多糖有好的抗衰老作用。     

通圣胶囊抗衰老作用研究

连续45dig给子亚急性衰老小鼠通圣胶囊，可使小鼠脑单胺氧化酶－B（MAO－B）活力降低，肝过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力提高，肝丙二醛（MDA）及脂褐质（LF）含量降低，提示通圣胶囊有抗衰老作用。     

芦荟多糖对衰老模型小鼠的影响

目的探讨芦荟多糖抗衰老作用的特点。方法应用D半乳糖所致小鼠衰老模型作为研究对象。观察指标有血SOD,CAT及GSHPX活力,血浆、脑匀浆及肝匀浆LPO水平,胸腺、脾脏及脑的组织形态。结果芦荟多糖可显著提高D半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠血SOD,CAT及GSHPX活力,降低血浆、脑匀浆及肝匀浆LPO水平;显著结抗衰老模型小鼠胸腺、脾脏及脑组织的萎缩,使胸腺皮质厚度增加、皮质细胞数增加,脾小结增大及淋巴细胞数增加。结论芦荟多糖有好的抗衰老作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.