膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解的临床疗效

目的 探讨膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解的效果.方法 30例膝关节纤维性僵直患者采用膝关节镜前内、前外标准入路,在关节镜直视下将粗大的粘连带切断及清除,同时对合并关节外粘连的辅以髌骨外上小切口,将股中间肌切断.于术中及术后2周观察膝关节屈曲角度.结果 30例术中膝关节屈曲均达130°以上, 2周后26例膝关节屈曲达120°以上,3例达100°,1例达90°.手术时间30～60 min,无手术并发症发生.患者均获随访,时间6个月～3年.根据Teger膝关节评分标准:优26例,良4例.术后膝关节活动范围90°～140°,较术前平均改善74°.结论 膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解治疗既避免了单纯麻醉下推拿的盲目性,也大大减小了关节切开松解或股四头肌成形术的创伤,具有手术操作相对简单、安全、疗效好、术后并发症少等优点.     

游离髌骨移植修复骨巨细胞瘤术后膝关节缺损

目的　探讨游离髌骨移植对股骨下端或胫骨上端骨巨细胞瘤患者膝关节缺损的修复治疗效果。方法　本组共 9例股骨下端或胫骨上端骨巨细胞瘤患者 ,肿瘤侵袭关节软骨造成膝关节缺损 ,采用游离髌骨移植术对膝关节缺损进行修复。结果　患者随访 3～ 12 1个月 ,平均 6 5个月 ,无 1例复发转移 ,膝关节功能经综合评价效果优良 (8/ 9) ;膝关节屈伸活动范围 70°～ 12 0° ,平均 90° ;股四头肌肌力均达到 5级。1例患者术后 9年出现髌骨退行性改变。结论　对侵袭关节软骨的股骨下端或胫骨上端骨巨细胞瘤患者 ,行包括肿瘤在内的髁部大块切除后 ,游离髌骨移植是一种可行的膝关节修复方法。     

改良股四头肌成形术治疗膝关节僵直

引起膝关节僵直的原因很多,多见于股骨干中、下段骨折,股骨髁部骨折、髌骨骨折、胫骨髁骨折、膝关节内韧带损伤等,影响患者的生活及工作。我院从1994年～1998年收治膝关节伸直位僵直35例,应用改良的股四头肌成形治疗膝关节伸直位僵直20例,取得良好疗效。临床资料一、一般资料　本组20例,男16例,女4例,20～50岁,平均33岁。7例为股骨干中、下段骨折钢板螺丝钉内固定术后,4例为股骨髁骨折术后,2例为严重髌骨粉碎性骨折丝线环扎术后,2例为胫骨髁骨折术后,1例为膝内韧带严重损伤术后,4例为多发骨折术后。股四头肌成形术前膝关节能屈曲15°～70°,…     

关节镜下有限松解髌骨持续牵引治疗膝关节僵硬

膝关节僵硬是股骨和膝关节创伤或术后易出现的并发症，导致膝关节功能障碍，严重影响患者的生活质量。传统的治疗方法是行股四头肌滑动装置及膝关节内广泛松解。该手术创伤大，复发率高，效果欠佳。自1998年1月～2004年12月，笔者采用关节镜下切除股四头肌滑动装置及膝关节内粘连束带，术后持续髌骨骨牵引的方法治疗膝关节僵直21例，效果满意。     

重建外侧支持带滑动结构加髌骨牵引治疗膝关节僵直

目的研究重建外侧支持带滑动结构加髌骨牵引治疗膝关节僵直的方法与疗效。方法对１４例患者采用膝部前外侧切口重建外侧支持带并行髌骨牵引。结果随访１～２年,１４例膝关节术前屈曲５°～４０°,术后自动屈曲１００°～１４０°。结论可应用该术式治疗膝关节僵直患者。     

股骨髁上截骨矫形坚强内固定治疗成人膝关节屈曲畸形

[目的]探讨采用股骨髁上截骨矫形结合坚强内固定治疗成人膝关节屈曲畸形的方法和有效性.[方法] 自2002年4月～2008年8月行股骨髁上楔形截骨矫形内固定和早期功能练习治疗脊髓灰质炎后遗膝关节屈曲畸形127例141膝.其中男56例62膝, 女71例79膝;平均年龄为18.3岁(14～45岁).压腿行走83例,扶单拐行走35例,扶双拐行走9例;术前、术后拍摄负重位双膝关节正侧位片及双下肢全长像, 测量膝关节屈曲度并进行比较.术后观察手术并发症,随访了解骨愈合情况、膝屈曲畸形角度的变化和膝关节活动度.[结果]所有患者术后经过顺利,无血管神经损伤等并发症.术后随访1～6年,平均随访时间为1.5年.所有127例141膝随访时截骨端获得骨性愈合,无1例骨不愈合、畸形愈合和内固定失败.膝屈曲畸形均得到矫正,屈曲角度由术前的36.4°(18°～61°) 矫正到术后的2.8°(-5°～8°) ,平均矫正32.9°(18°～56°).末次随访时能自行(或在支具辅助下)行走108例,压腿行走6例,扶单拐行走10例,扶双拐行走3例;膝关节伸屈活动自如,无1例膝关节僵直发生.[结论]股骨髁上截骨矫形结合坚强内固定,术后早期行膝关节功能锻炼,是一种安全、有效的治疗成人膝屈曲畸形的方法.     

股四头肌成形术治疗股骨骨折术后膝关节僵直

目的:观察股四头肌成形术治疗股骨骨折术后膝关节僵直的治疗效果。方法:手术在股骨骨折愈合后进行,同时行股骨内固定物拆除术。把股内、外侧肌两旁分离出来,将股直肌与股中间肌分开,再将与股骨粘连且已纤维化挛缩之股中间肌分离出来,可以直接切除,也可以在髌骨上及股直肌起点下各1.5cm处作V-Y型延长,同时切除纤维化之髌上囊,切开髌骨两侧挛缩之支持带及阻碍膝关节屈曲的一切粘连因素。稳妥缓慢的屈曲膝关节。术后第1天起即应用下肢关节康复器行被动屈膝功能锻炼,活动次数与幅度逐日递增,同时鼓励患者主动进行屈伸膝关节功能锻炼。2周后拆线,开始练习屈膝下蹲。结果:本组29例顺利完成手术,随访时间为6个月～48个月,患肢屈膝活动度为90°～128°,平均115°,较术前平均增加71.4°,伸膝功能良好,另1例2次手术恢复良好。结论:在股骨骨折愈合后行股四头肌成形术,既能取出股骨骨折之内固定物,又能解除股中间肌与股骨间粘连及膝关节内粘连,是治疗股骨骨折术后膝关节僵直的较好方法。     

伸膝装置松解术后的护理

我院于１９９１年１月至１９９３年１２月，共收治膝关节纤维性强直病人２１例，由于重视术后护理，故疗效满意，现将护理体会介绍如下。临床资料　本组２１例中，男１６例，女５例；年龄２２～４５岁；１７例继发于股骨下段骨折，４例继发于髌骨和股骨髁间骨折术后；关节僵直持续时间最长９年，最短半年；术前膝关节主被动屈曲度最大１５°，最小５°，均有不同程度的股四头肌萎缩；术后膝关节主动屈曲度正常的１３例，屈９０°～１００°的６例，８０°～９０°的２例。术后护理１．麻醉与体位的护理：此手术全部采用硬膜外麻醉，故病人回…     

阔筋膜移位股四头肌成形术治疗膝关节僵直21例体会

自1982年4月～1994年3月我们采用股四头肌成形术、粘连松解、阔筋膜移位及早期正确的功能锻炼治疗膝关节僵直21例,效果满意,现报告如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 本组男18例,女3例;年龄20～45岁,平均28.岁。僵直原因:股骨髁上骨折16例,股骨髁间骨折3例,股骨下段慢性骨髓炎愈后2例。僵直时间:1～13年,平均2年8个月。术前患膝屈曲5°～40°。 1.2 手术方法 选择膝前内侧或前外侧“S”型切口,下端达胫骨结节水平。将阔筋膜切开约15cm×l2cm大小,下缘达膑骨上缘,并向对侧游离使其呈活页状以备用。切除已纤维化的股中间肌及髌上囊,切开髌骨两侧挛缩的支持带,稳妥而缓慢的屈曲膝关节,撕开较轻     

小切口结合关节镜松解治疗膝关节僵直

目的：探讨小切口结合关节镜松解治疗膝关节僵直的临床效果。方法：2007年7月至2009年8月,采用小切口结合关节镜松解治疗膝关节僵直18例,男15例,女3例;年龄27～56岁,平均33.6岁。原手术前伤病：股骨远端粉碎性骨折5例,其中1例为开放骨折,胫骨平台粉碎性骨折9例,髌骨粉碎性骨折2例,髌骨粉碎性骨折并腓骨小头粉碎性骨折、膝外侧复合结构损伤1例,浮膝损伤1例。松解术距离首次手术时间6～31个月,平均10.6个月。松解后按照Judet的疗效评定标准进行疗效评估。结果：全部患者获随访,时间3～25个月,平均11.4个月。患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未出现感染,无缝线开裂,无切口皮缘液化坏死。手术前膝关节屈曲30°～80°,平均（44.72±11.60）°,术后屈膝角度95°～135°,平均（109.17±10.31）°。按照Judet的疗效评定标准,优16例,良2例。结论：小切口结合关节镜松解治疗膝关节僵直可以减少膝部切口并发症,创伤小,可早期行膝关节功能锻炼,关节功能恢复快,是治疗创伤、手术后膝关节僵直的一种较好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.