老年非ST段抬高性急性冠脉综合征的处理原则

因非ST段抬高性急性冠脉综合征(NSTEACS)入住冠心病监护病房的患者中,老年患者占有相当的比例。由于老年患者通常冠脉病变较广泛和伴随合并症,使心血管事件危险性增加。而且还存在治疗不足:包括抗缺血、抗血栓和冠脉血运重建术[1]。ACC/AHA关于NSTEACS诊断和治疗的最新修正指南     

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist eptifibatide in acute coronary syndrome without elevation of ST segment

Clinical effects of glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa antagonist eptifibatide (Integrilin) and its inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation were studied upon administration of eptifibatide for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST segment elevation. Eptifibatide was introduced to 25 patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) according to the following scheme: two boluses with 10 min interval at the dose of 180 mg/kg followed by supporting infusion of 2 mg/kg per min for the first 24 hours and of 1.3 mg/kg for the next 48 hours. Comparative group in which GP IIb-IIIa antagonists were not used upon therapeutic treatment also included 25 patients. All patients received standard basic therapy. 11 patients from the control group and 13 patients from the group with administration of eptifibatide underwent coronary angioplasty during in hospital period. Eptifibatide completely inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation within the whole infusion period but after that platelet aggregating activity was quickly recovered--for more than 50% within 6 hours, and completely within 12 hours after the end of infusion. Eptifibatide administration in none of patients was accompanied with the development of dangerous side effects. Thrombocytopenia (50,000 platelets per mm3) was registered in one, and minor bleeding events--in 3 patients. The rate of unfavourable outcomes (MI, refractory or recurrent angina) within first 30 days was almost the same in eptifibatide and control group--32% (8 out of 25) and 36% (9 out of 25) respectively. Thus, despite the complete inhibition of platelet aggregation for 72 hours, eptifibatide administration failed to decrease the amount of adverse events upon treatment of patients with ACS without ST segment elevation.     

Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae and haemostatic factors in acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation

BACKGROUND: Various chronic infections, including Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), are regarded as one of the possible factors which initiates, progresses and exacerbates atherosclerotic process. The relationship between C. pneumoniae infection and haemostatic factors which also may promote atherosclerosis, has not yet been established. AIM: To assess the relationship between C. pneumoniae-specific IgA and IgG serum antibodies and haemostatic factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The study group consisted of 31 patients (17 males, mean age 62 years, and 14 females, mean age 60.6 years) with ACS and without ST segment elevation in whom antibodies to C. pneumoniae and such haemostatic factors as von Willebrand factor (vWF), thrombomodulin (TM), tissue plasmin activator (tPA), tPA inhibitor (PAI-1) and fibrinogen were measured. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with C. pneumoniae seropositivity was 35.4% in our study which is lower than that reported in literature. No significant relationship between vWF, TM, tPA and PAI-1 levels, and C. pneumoniae infection was found whereas a significant (p=0.05) relationship between C. pneumoniae-specific IgG antibodies and fibrinogen level was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Excluding fibrinogen, the presence of antibodies to C. pneumoniae is not associated with increased levels of haemostatic factors in patients with ACS without ST segment elevation.     

非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗的最佳时机

非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTEACS)中高危患者,早期介入和强化抗栓药物治疗是最佳选择,对于低危患者,早期介入或选择介入都可行。欧洲心脏病协会指南认为NSTEACS症状反复发作,并有高危因素,Grace风险评分>109分,推荐于发病72h内行介入治疗;Grace风险评分>140分,建议24h内行介入治疗;对并发难治性心绞痛、心力衰竭、恶性心律失常者建议发病2h内介入治疗。     

Update on pharmacological treatment of acute coronary syndrome without persistent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the elderly

The increase in cardiovascular disease prevalence with ageing has been attributed to several age-related changes such as changes in the vascular wall elasticity, the coagulation and haemostatic system and endothelial dysfunction, among other causes. There is a 50% increased mortality risk per 10-year increase in age starting at 65 years old. Here, we aimed to discuss pharmacological treatment in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without persistent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the elderly. The main aim of the ACS treatment in elderly people is at preventing ischemia, myocardial damage and complications. A meta-analysis suggests that invasive revascularization therapy is probably most useful in older patients. Dual antiplatelet therapy is currently the standard of care post-ACS. Platelet P2Y12 inhibitors are among the most commonly used medications worldwide, due to their established benefits in the treatment and prevention of arterial thrombosis. The main recommendation is to tailor antithrombotic treatment, considering body weight, renal function (Class I, level C) and careful evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidities, risk/benefit profile, quality of life and frailty when invasive strategies are considered (Class IIa, level A) on top of the different recommendations given for a general non ST elevation ACS population. It is obvious that potent P2Y12 inhibitors will continue to play an important role in pharmacological treatment for elderly ACS patients in the future.     

胰岛素抵抗对非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者的影响

目的　探讨胰岛素抵抗 (IR)对老年非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)患者临床表现的影响。 方法　 70例老年非ST段抬高的ACS患者 ,分为血糖正常 (NGT)组、糖耐量低减 (IGT)组及糖尿病 (DM )组。所有患者详细询问病史 ,检测血肌钙蛋白 (CTnT)、血糖、血脂、空腹血胰岛素等 ,计算胰岛素敏感性指数 (IAI)。冠脉病变用冠状动脉造影 (CAG)分析 ,心功能用超声心动图测左室射血分数 (LVEF)评定。　 结果　IGT组与DM组间除空腹血糖及餐后 2h血糖、IAI有显著差异外 (P <0 0 1) ,其他均无显著差异 ;IGT组及DM组 (IR相对严重组 )与NGT组 (IR相对较轻组 )比较 :多支冠脉病变的发生率 (71 4%、67 7%比 2 5 0 % )、冠脉远端病变率 (4 2 9%、42 9%比 14 3 % )、心功能减退 (71 4%、76 2 %比 3 2 1% )、3 0d内心脏事件发生率 (3 3 3 %、2 8 6%比 3 6% )、CTnT阳性率 (4 7 6%、5 7 1%比 2 5 0 % ) ,均有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,而IGT与DM组间各项均无显著差异。　 结论 　IR相对较重患者多支病变的发生率明显升高 ,病变多呈弥漫性 ,远端血管病变发生率高 ,CTnT阳性率高 ,心功能较差 ,预后不良。     

ST segment elevation in lead aVR and coronary artery lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Recently, the prognostic value of ST segment elevation in lead aVR in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its relationship with significant stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCAS) and three-vessel disease have been highlighted. AIM: Analysis of the relationship between ST segment elevation observed in aVR lead and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS. METHODS: The study involved 134 patients with ACS, including 54 subjects with ST elevation in aVR (group A) and 80 patients without elevation of ST in the same lead (group B), aged 33-78 years, mean 59.9+/-9.7 years. The severity of coronary artery disease was compared between the two groups. The logistic regression model was used for the analysis of factors affecting ST segment in aVR, as well as LMCAS and three-vessel disease probability. RESULTS: In patients with ST elevation in aVR, three-vessel disease prevalence was two times higher (61.1% vs 35.0%; p <0.01), and LMCAS - three times higher (55.6% vs 17.5%; p <0.000001) than in those without ST elevation in aVR. Factors independently associated with ST elevation in aVR were LMCAS (OR 6.1; 95% CI 2.62-14.23; p <0.00005), ST segment elevation in V1 (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.34-6.86; p <0.01) and diabetes (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.17-7.15; p <0.05). The predictors of LMCAS were three-vessel disease and ST elevation in aVR, while the predictors of three-vessel disease were: LMCAS, diabetes, male gender and history of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation of the ST segment in aVR in the setting of acute coronary syndrome identifies patients with severe coronary artery disease. Only left main coronary artery disease, however, remains independently associated with ST segment elevation in aVR. Three-vessel disease and the left main coronary artery stenosis equivalent are not independent predictors of ST segment elevation in aVR of standard electrocardiograms recorded in patients with acute coronary syndrome.     

氯吡格雷对非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者炎症的影响

目的探讨氯吡格雷对非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者炎症因子的近期及长期影响。方法采用病例对照研究，接受介入治疗的非ST段抬高的ACS患者被分成两组，两组均接受标准治疗，其中A组（72例）服用氯吡格雷（波立维）75mg／d共1年，B组（93例）服用氯吡格雷75mg／d共6个月，分别检测两组在服药前及服药后第1、3、6、12个月的高敏C反应蛋白（hSCRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）等炎症标记物水平。结果与治疗前比，两组患者在治疗后第1、3、6个月时的CRP、IL-6均明显降低，但两组间CRP等同期比较无明显差异；第12个月时A组CRP、IL-6仍继续下降，B组CRP等轻度升高，且显著高于A组患者。结论氯吡格雷具有独立的抗炎作用，长期与阿司匹林等合用可进一步降低炎症水平。     

Non-revascularisation of acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation

National therapeutic strategies in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) required revaluation, especially with regards to reperfusion. RICO is an observatory of ACS in the C?te d'Or district. Between January 1st 2001 and April 31st 2003, the cases of 706 patients with ACS and persistent ST elevation or appearances of left bundle branch block eligible for revascularisation (admitted < 12 hours after onset of symptoms and no contra-indications to thrombolysis), were reviewed. The number of revascularised patients was 488 (69%) and 218 (31%) were not revascularised. Thrombolysis was the most commonly used method of revascularisation (66%) in this district: 34% underwent primary angioplasty. Multivariate analysis showed only three independent predictive factors of non-reperfusion during the acute phase. They were: age (> or = 75 years) (p < 0.001), left bundle branch block (p = 0.002) and hospital admission > or = 6 hours after onset of symptoms (p < 0.001). These results confirm the utility of developing networks to improve the efficacy of management and reduce the delay before hospital admission. They also identify specific population groups, the elderly for example, who require specific therapeutic strategies for coronary revascularisation in ACS.     

ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征并高血压患者心电图特征对近期预后影响

目的探讨高血压患者首发ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)心电图特征及对临床预后影响。方法选自1985年1月~2004年12月收治ST段抬高ACS合并高血压367例,另选血压正常ACS 60例对照。观察心电图指标及临床特征。结果观察组心房终未电势(PTFv1)负值增大(-0.04±0.01)mm.s,ΣST抬高振幅(21.7±4.2)mm,Q波导联数(6.7±1.3)个导联,QTc间期(450.5±50.2)ms;对照组为(-0.02±0.01)mm.s,(12.1±2.9)mm,(4.0±0.8)个导联,(410.6±36.3)ms(P<0.05~P<0.01)。观察组并发左心室肥厚35.2%,梗死后心绞痛45.5%,泵衰竭39.5%,严重心律失常57.5%,住院病死率30.8%,均高于对照组5%,18%,15.0%,26.7%,8.3%(P<0.05~P<0.01)。结论高血压是影响ACS预后高危因素之一,心电图指标改变明显,提示ACS预后差,有效控制高血压是预防心脏事件发生的重要措施。     

Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation in a patient with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--a case report

Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation in a patient with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A case of a 46-year-old male with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardioverter-defibrillator implanted due to a history of syncopal sustained ventricular tachycardia, is presented. The patient had undergone coronary angiography two years before current hospitalisation which showed normal coronary arteries. This time the patient was admitted to the hospital due to a typical chest pain. ECG showed predominantly paced QRS complexes and negative T waves in V2-V6 which were present on ECG recorded a few months earlier. Troponin I plasma concentration was significantly elevated. Coronary angiography revealed critical stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery which was successfully treated with angioplasty and stent implantation. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are discussed.     

不同性别急性冠状动脉综合征患者的临床特征与预后

目的 比较不同性别非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉(冠脉)综合征(NSTEACS)患者临床特征和介入治疗对预后的影响.方法 814例NSTEACS患者,随机接受早期(＜24 h)或延迟(＞36 h)介入治疗,随访6个月,主要联合终点为死亡、心肌梗死(MI)和卒中.结果 女性患者年龄较大、更多有高血压、糖尿病、冠心病史和慢性心绞痛史.但入院时心肌标记物升高者较少,现吸烟者少.女性患者冠脉造影非阻塞性病变的比例高,左主干和(或)3支病变的比例与男性相似.经多因素回归分析,既往MI和严重冠脉病变为女性发生主要终点事件的独立预测因素.严重冠脉病变,延迟介入及至少3种冠心病危险因素是男性发生主要终点事件的独立预测因素.结论 不同性别NSTEACS患者影响预后的因素不同,严重冠脉病变为预后的独立预测因素,早期介入治疗有益于降低男性患者180 d心血管病事件风险,但对女性患者预后无影响.