经内镜胆道内支架放置术和鼻胆管引流术治疗各级急性胆管炎的效果比较

目的 比较经内镜胆道内支架放置术（ERBD）和经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）对各级急性胆管炎的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年6月在北京朝阳医院接受急诊经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）治疗的272例急性胆管炎患者资料,其中ERBD组143例,包括Ⅰ级（轻度）急性胆管炎63例,Ⅱ级（中度）51例,Ⅲ级（重度）29例;ENBD组129例,包括Ⅰ级（轻度）54例,Ⅱ级（中度）37例,Ⅲ级（重度）38例。分别比较两组总体患者和各级急性胆管炎患者的炎症缓解率、ERCP相关并发症发生率和引流干预率。结果 ERBD组和ENBD组总体炎症缓解率[89.5%（128/143）比94.6%（122/129）,χ2=2.399,P=0.126]及Ⅰ级[93.7%（59/63）比98.1%（53/54）,χ2=0.548,P=0.459]、Ⅱ级[90.2%（46/51）比94.6%（35/37）,χ2=0.125,P=0.724]、Ⅲ级患者炎症缓解率[79.3%（23/29）比89.5%（34/38）,χ2=0.657,P=0.418]比较,差异均无统计学意义。ERBD组和ENBD组总体并发症发生率[11.9%（17/143）比7.8%（10/129）,χ2=1.298,P=0.255]及Ⅰ级[9.5%（6/63）比7.4%（4/54）,χ2=0.006,P=0.939]、Ⅱ级[13.7%（7/51）比8.1%（3/37）,χ2=0.230,P=0.632]、Ⅲ级患者并发症发生率[13.8%（4/29）比7.9%（3/38）,χ2=0.144,P=0.705]比较,差异均无统计学意义。ERBD组和ENBD组总体引流干预率比较差异有统计学意义[10.5%（15/143）比3.1%（4/129）,χ2=5.699,P=0.017],Ⅰ级[6.3%（4/63）比1.9%（1/54）,χ2=0.548,P=0.459]、Ⅱ级患者引流干预率[9.8%（5/51）比5.4%（2/37）,χ2=0.125,P=0.724] 比较差异无统计学意义,但Ⅲ级患者比较差异有统计学意义[20.7%（6/29）比2.6%（1/38）,χ2=3.965,P=0.046]。结论 ENBD与ERBD对各级急性胆管炎的治疗具有相同的效果,但ENBD能够降低术后引流干预率。     

outcomes of preoperative endoscopic nasobiliary drainage and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage for malignant distal biliary obstruction prior to pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM To compare the outcomes of preoperative endoscopic nasobiliary drainage(ENBD) and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction prior to pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD). METHODS Data from 153 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage prior to PD between January 2009 and July 2016 were analyzed. we compared the clinical data, procedure-related complications of endoscopic biliary drainage(EBD) and postoperative complications of PD between the ENBD and ERBD groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses with odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(95%CIs) were used to identify the risk factors for deep abdominal infection after PD.RESULTS One hundred and two(66.7%) patients underwent ENBD, and 51(33.3%) patients underwent ERBD. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was less frequently performed in the ENBD group than in the ERBD group(P = 0.039); the EBD duration in the ENBD group was shorter than that in the ERBD group(P = 0.036). After EBD, the levels of total bilirubin(TB) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were obviously decreased in both groups, and the decreases of TB and ALT in the ERBD group were greater than those in the ENBD group(P = 0.004 and P = 0.000, respectively). However,the rate of EBD procedure-related cholangitis was significantly higher in the ERBD group than in the ENBD group(P = 0.007). The postoperative complications of PD as graded by the Clavien-Dindo classification system were not significantly different between the two groups(P = 0.864). However, the incidence of deep abdominal infection after PD was significantly lower in the ENBD group than in the ERBD group(P = 0.019). Male gender(OR = 3.92; 95%CI: 1.63-9.47; P = 0.002), soft pancreas texture(OR = 3.60; 95%CI: 1.37-9.49; P = 0.009), length of biliary stricture(≥ 1.5 cm)(OR = 5.20; 95%CI: 2.23-12.16; P = 0.000) and ERBD method(OR = 4.08; 95%CI: 1.69-9.87; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for deep abdominal infection after PD.CONCLUSION ENBD is an optimal method for patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction prior to PD. ERBD is superior to ENBD in terms of patient tolerance and the effect of biliary drainage but is associated with an increased risk of EBD procedure-related cholangitis and deep abdominal infection after PD.     

经内镜鼻胆管引流术与经内镜胆道支架置入术在低位恶性梗阻性黄疸术前胆道引流效果比较的Meta分析

目的比较经内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)和经内镜胆道支架置入术(EBS)在低位恶性梗阻性黄疸术前胆道引流中的有效性及安全性。方法在中英文数据库中检索从建库至2020年8月发表的有关ENBD与EBS在低位恶性梗阻性黄疸术前胆道引流疗效对照研究的所有中英文文献,对纳入的研究进行质量评价和数据提取后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析,比较ENBD与EBS术前胆管炎发生率、术前胰腺炎发生率、支架障碍率、术前术后总并发症发生率、术后胰漏率的差异。结果最终纳入6项研究,包括1182例患者。Meta分析结果显示,在术前胰腺炎发生率、支架障碍率、术前术后总并发症发生率方面,ENBD组与EBS组比较差异均无统计学意义(OR分别为0.66、1.14、0.69,95%CI分别为0.44~0.99、0.56~2.31、0.41~1.15,P值分别为0.05、0.72、0.15)。但是,ENBD组相较于EBS降低了术前胆管炎发生率和术后胰漏率,差异均有统计学意义(OR分别为0.34、0.53,95%CI分别为0.23~0.50、0.32~0.88,P值分别为<0.00001、0.01)。结论对于诊断明确的低位恶性胆道梗阻患者,术前胆道引流使用ENBD优于使用EBS。未来需要更多的多中心大样本随机对照试验来验证这一结论。     

经鼻胆管引流术后胆汁培养及药敏结果分析

目的对经鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）引流的胆汁培养阳性的细菌种类、比例及其药物敏感性进行分析,旨在指导胆道感染时正确选用抗生素。方法收集2013年1月至2013年4月在消化内科行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）后行ENBD的患者,对胆汁培养和药敏试验的结果作回顾性分析。结果208例患者中,180例为良性疾病,28例为恶性疾病,共112例（53.8％）胆汁培养阳性。最常见的细菌为大肠埃希菌（46.8％）、屎肠球菌（15.9％）、肺炎克雷伯杆菌（10.3％）和奇异变形杆菌（4.8oA）等。14例为多种微生物生长。无论患者疾病的良恶性、是否术前诊断急性胆管炎、是否术前已使用抗生素,其胆汁培养阳性率差异均无统计学意义（58.9％比71.4％,51.7％比67.9％,54.5％比52.9％,P〉0.05）。有无胆道手术史患者,其胆汁培养阳性率差异有统计学意义（87.09／6比49.7％,P〈0.01）。革兰阴性菌对泰能等敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素等敏感。结论胆道手术史（包括ERCP及胆肠吻合）是胆道细菌生长的危险因素之一。胆道微生物的种类及药物敏感性,为临床经验性抗感染药物的选择提供了有力的依据。     

Urgent endoscopic nasobiliary drainage without fluoroscopic guidance: A useful treatment for critically ill patients with biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) is routinely performed under fluoroscopic control. This is a report of our experience with urgent ENBD without fluoroscopic guidance in critically ill patients. METHODS: Twenty-six critically ill patients who underwent urgent ENBD for biliary obstruction were analyzed. ENBD was performed without fluoroscopic control because of high risk of transportation or inaccessibility of the x-ray facilities. A pig-tailed nasobiliary catheter was inserted into the bile duct with the help of a guidewire under endoscopic control to bypass the site of obstruction. Successful placement was confirmed by free flow of bile on aspiration via the nasobiliary catheter. RESULTS: A nasobiliary catheter was successfully placed in 23 patients (88%). Adequate bile drainage was achieved in 20 patients with an overall success rate of 77%. There were no procedure-related complications. The mortality rate for patients with successful biliary drainage was 10% (2 of 20), in contrast to 83% (5 of 6) for the group in which drainage was unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent ENBD is effective for patients with biliary obstruction. With experience, this procedure may be successfully performed in critically ill patients without fluoroscopic guidance at primary care hospitals or intensive care units where fluoroscopic facilities are not readily available.     

Endoscopic drainage of pyogenic liver abscesses with suspected biliary origin

OBJECTIVES: Pyogenic liver abscesses remain an important and life-threatening clinical problem but their causes and management have changed over the last two decades. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and the impact of an endoscopic approach in the management of liver abscesses with suspected biliary origin. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 16 patients suffering from pyogenic liver abscess, who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the setting of biliary diseases between January 1995 and December 2004. Nine patients had an underlying neoplastic disease; 13 had a history of biliary endoscopic maneuvers. When the collections were communicating with the biliary tree, an endoscopic drainage of the abscess was performed either by sphincterotomy, dilation, insertion of a nasobiliary catheter, or stenting. In noncommunicating liver abscesses associated with bile duct abnormalities, biliary decompression was obtained by insertion or replacement of biliary stents. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had liver abscesses communicating with the biliary system and underwent an endoscopic drainage of the cavity. Ten of these patients had an exclusive endoscopic drainage of the abscess, while four cases required additional percutaneous drainage. The two noncommunicating abscesses were associated with previous insertion of biliary stents; these were cured percutaneously after endoscopic stent replacement. Among the 16 patients, 13 had a rapid resolution of symptoms (81%). CONCLUSION: This initial clinical experience suggests that ERCP can demonstrate communications between the biliary tract and liver abscesses, and that an internal drainage of the cavity is feasible and safe.     

内镜下鼻胆管引流术与胆管支架置入术在肝门部胆管癌患者术前或姑息治疗前应用的疗效比较

目的比较内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)与胆管支架置入术(EBS)在肝门部胆管癌患者术前或姑息治疗前的应用疗效。方法选择2011-05～2019-05在河南科技大学第一附属医院内镜中心接受临时内镜下胆管引流术的肝门部胆管癌患者156例,根据患者治疗方式的不同分为ENBD组(112例)和EBS组(44例)。比较两组治疗前后的肝功能指标水平,以及术后引流管移位、导管堵塞、胆管炎、胆囊炎、肝脓肿、导管诱发的十二指肠溃疡和内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎并发症的发生率。结果两组术前碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);术后两组ALP、TB、ALT、GGT水平均降低,与同组术前比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。ENBD组患者引流管移位、胆管炎的发生率低于EBS组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);但两组导管堵塞、胆囊炎、肝脓肿、导管诱发的十二指肠溃疡、ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 ENBD和EBS均可显著改善患者肝功能情况,但ENBD的术后并发症发生率更低,可作为肝门部胆管癌患者术前或姑息治疗前首选的临时内镜下胆道引流方法。     

鼻胆管引流的应用及疗效分析

采用国产鼻胆管行内镜鼻胆管引流术（ＥＮＢＤ）７３例次，其中恶性胆道病变５０例，良性病变２３例，合并化脓性胆管炎１４例。置管成功率９３．２％，术后平均胆汁引流量３６１．７ｍｌ／ｄ，引流有效率７５．８％，显效率５８．１％。ＥＮＢＤ有较广的适应证，是一种简便有效的胆道减压引流方法，影响ＥＮＢＤ疗效的因素有病变性质、梗阻部位、引流部位及术后护理。     

Comparative study of catheter drainage and needle aspiration in management of large liver abscesses

Objective  

To compare the effectiveness of percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) and percutaneous needle aspiration (PNA) in the management of large (>10 cm diameter) liver abscesses.     

经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流对恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果。方法 115例失去手术机会的恶性胆管梗阻患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管支架,其中48例行胆管塑料支架引流术,30例行胆管金属支架引流术,37例行胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流术;分析各组引流效果、成功率、早期并发症和胆管再堵塞发生情况。结果塑料支架组、金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)在手术后均有明显降低(P0.05);手术后1周金属支架联合鼻胆管组的TBIL和DBIL明显低于塑料支架组、金属支架组(P0.05),塑料支架组和金属支架组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月内金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组再堵塞的发生率明显低于塑料支架组(P0.05),金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);塑料支架组的手术成功率与金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),塑料支架组的早期并发症发生率明显高于金属支架联合鼻胆管组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管对于恶性胆管梗阻有确切的引流效果。     

Clinical significance of bile cytology via an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube for pathological diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures

Background/purpose

In patients in whom there is a suspicion of malignant biliary strictures, bile cytology via an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube (ENBD cytology) is often performed, in addition to aspirated bile cytology, brush cytology, and forceps biopsy, during the initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We aimed to reveal the significance of ENBD cytology for the pathological diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures.

Methods

We studied 214 patients with malignant biliary strictures. We performed aspirated bile cytology, brush cytology, and forceps biopsy in 93, 130, and 114 patients, respectively. ENBD cytology was performed one or more times in 79 patients. We examined the sensitivity of each sampling method, and analyzed the utility of ENBD cytology.

Results

The sensitivities of each sample acquisition method were as follows: 30% (28/93) for aspirated bile cytology, 48% (62/130) for brush cytology, 41% (47/114) for forceps biopsy, and 24% (19/79) for ENBD cytology. In 19 patients who showed positive ENBD cytology, other methods were performed in 11. Aspirated bile cytology, brush cytology, and forceps biopsy, were performed in 7, 5, and 6 patients, and the results were negative in 3 (43%), 2 (40%), and 1 (17%) patient, respectively. Three patients showed positive results only on ENBD cytology.

Conclusions

Although the sensitivity of ENBD cytology was inferior to that of the other methods used, ENBD cytology may contribute to the improvement of the total diagnostic sensitivity for malignancy.     

Duration of antibiotic therapy for cholangitis after successful endoscopic drainage of the biliary tract

BACKGROUND: Drainage of the obstructed biliary tree is the mainstay of therapy for patients with acute cholangitis; antibiotic therapy is complementary. It is unknown whether it is necessary to continue therapy with antibiotics once biliary drainage is achieved and signs of systemic inflammation have subsided. METHODS: Patients who presented with acute cholangitis and were successfully treated at ERCP were studied retrospectively. Patients were followed for 6 months after ERCP. RESULTS: Eighty patients fulfilled study criteria. In 46% of patients blood cultures grew microorganisms. All patients recovered from the episode under study. Antibiotic therapy after ERCP was given for a median duration of 3 days (range: 0-42). Forty-one patients received antibiotic therapy for 3 days or less, 19 for 4 or 5 days, and 20 patients longer than 5 days. The 3 groups were well-matched. In none of the patients did the index episode of cholangitis result in a secondary complication not present at the time of ERCP. The percentage of patients with recurrent cholangitis (24%) was not statistically different for the 3 groups (p = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: Short-duration antibiotic therapy (3 days) appears sufficient when adequate drainage is achieved and fever is abating.     

Double-catheter lavage combined with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement for infected pancreatic necrosis failed to percutaneous catheter drainage

Background

Infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a serious local complication of acute pancreatitis, with high mortality. Minimally invasive therapy including percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) has become the preferred method for IPN instead of traditional open necrosectomy. However, the efficacy of double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement after PCD failure is unknown compared with surgical necrosectomy.

Methods

A total of 27 cases of IPN patients with failure PCD between Jan 2014 and Dec 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Fifteen patients received double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement, and 12 patients underwent open necrosectomy. The primary endpoint was the composite end point of major complications or death. The secondary endpoint included mortality, major complication rate, ICU admission length of stay, and overall length of stay.

Results

The primary endpoint occurrence rate in double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement group (8/15, 53%) was significantly lower than that in open necrosectomy group (11/12, 92%) (RR?=?1.71, 95% CI?=?1.04 – 2.84, P?<?0.05). Though the mortality between two groups showed no statistical significance (0% vs. 17%, P?=?0.19), the rate of new-onset multiple organ failure and ICU admission length of stay in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in open necrosectomy group (13% vs. 58%, P?=?0.04; 0 vs. 17, P?=?0.02, respectively). Only 40% of patients required ICU admission after percutaneous debridement, which was markedly lower than the patients who underwent surgery (83%; P?<?0.05).

Conclusions

Double-catheter lavage in combination with percutaneous flexible endoscopic debridement showed superior effectiveness, safety, and convenience in patients with IPN after PCD failure as compared to open necrosectomy.

     

Endoscopic-ultrasound-guided endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses

OBJECTIVE: Surgery is the traditional treatment for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses, but morbidity and mortality are still too high. Minimally invasive approaches have been encouraged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the endoscopic-ultrasound-guided (EUS) endoscopic transmural drainage of these pancreatic collections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective review of consecutive cases from a single referral centre, cystogastrostomy and cystoduodenostomy were created with an interventional linear echoendoscope under endosonographic and fluoroscopic control by the endoscopic insertion of straight or double pigtail stents. RESULTS: Fifty-one symptomatic patients (33 men; mean age 58 years) were submitted to 62 procedures from January 2003 to December 2005. EUS-guided drainage was successful in 48 (94%) patients. Only three patients needed surgery. There were two procedure-related complications managed clinically. During a mean follow-up of 39 weeks, recurrence due to migration or obstruction of the stent was 17.7%. All these cases were submitted to a new session of endoscopic drainage. There was no mortality. Complications were more frequent in patients with a recent episode of acute pancreatitis (38.5% versus 10%; p=0.083). The endoscopic approach was not more hazardous for abscesses in regard to complications rate (19% versus 16.6%; p>0.05). In abscesses, a nasocystic drain did not decrease the complications rate (27% versus 13%; p=0.619), but the placement of 2 stents did decrease this rate (18% versus 20%; p>0.05), although increased it in pseudocysts (40% versus 13%; p=0.185). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transmural drainage is a minimally invasive, effective and safe approach in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses.     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by combined percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with local tumor treatment

AIM: To evaluate the utility of local tumor therapy combined with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant obstructive biliary disease. METHODS: A total of 233 patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated in our hospital with PTBD by placement of metallic stents and/or plastic tubes. After PTBD, 49 patients accepted brachytherapy or extra-radiation therapy or arterial infusion chemotherapy. The patients were followed up with clinical and radiographic evaluation. The survival and stent patency rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent chemotherapy (11 cases of hepatic carcinoma, 7 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy), and 14 patients received radiotherapy (10 cases of cholan-giocarcinoma, 4 cases of pancreatic carcinoma), and 13 patients accepted brachytherapy (7 cases of cholangio-carcinoma, 3 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy). The survival rate of the local tumor treatment group at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 95.92%, 89.80%, and 32.59% respectively, longer than that of the non treatment group. The patency rate at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 93.86%, 80.93%, and 56.52% respectively. The difference of patency rate was not significant between treatment group and non treatment group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that local tumor therapy could prolong the survival time of patients with malignant biliary obstruction, and may improve stent patency.