“烟囱”技术在胸主动脉夹层腔内修复术中的应用分析

目的 探讨“烟囱”支架技术在近端锚定区长度不足的胸主动脉夹层的主动脉腔内修复术治疗中的应用.方法 回顾性观察2012年8月至2013年9月广东省人民医院17例近端锚定区长度不足的胸主动脉夹层患者使用“烟囱”技术进行主动脉腔内修复术治疗的临床资料.结果 男16例,女1例,Stanford B型主动脉夹层16例,Stanford B型主动脉夹层合并腹主动脉瘤1例.手术成功率为100％,支架释放后即时血管造影显示破口封堵完全,“烟囱”支架血流正常.随访3-16个月,中位时间12个月,无术后死亡患者.随访期间,患者出现左足乏力1例、头晕1例、胸闷痛2例、Ⅰ型内漏2例.无严重神经系统及脏器缺血并发症发生.术后主动脉计算机断层扫描血管造影（CTA）未见移位、明显内漏及“烟囱支架”闭塞等异常.结论 对于近端锚定区长度不足的胸主动脉夹层的患者,使用“烟囱支架技术”进行主动脉腔内修复是安全、有效的治疗方法.     

胸主动脉病变腔内修复术合并“烟囱”支架置入术后内漏情况分析

目的:探讨Standford B型主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足时,置入覆膜支架行胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)合并"烟囱"支架处理受累的左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉时,术中发生内漏的情况及其与病变位置之间的关系、手术疗效及预后。方法:回顾性分析2011-09至2015-07我院收治的Standford B型主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足的患者32例,采用置入覆膜支架行TEVAR合并"烟囱"支架治疗,观察术后即刻左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉显影、神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状、内漏情况,并术后随访3~46个月神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状、内漏情况。结果:32例患者TEVAR合并"烟囱"支架均成功。术后即刻左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉均显影良好,患者均未出现神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状,主动脉弓发生内漏7例,其中病变位于主动脉弓大弯侧6例,病变位于主动脉弓小弯侧1例。术后随访3~46个月,主动脉覆膜支架形态良好,"烟囱"支架内血流通畅,7例发生内漏患者中5例内漏逐渐减小、消失,2例持续存在。结论:Standford B型胸主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足时,"烟囱"支架可延长锚定区并保持左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉通畅,更为安全地拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证,达到微创、安全、有效的目的,但当破口位于主动脉弓大弯侧时,"烟囱"支架可能增加内漏发生几率。     

“烟囱”技术在主动脉弓部重建中的应用与思考

对于主动脉弓部疾病的治疗,由于受近端锚定区不足的限制,单纯的胸主动脉腔内修复术常无法保证弓上分支血管的血供。近年来,"烟囱"技术、"开窗"技术、分支支架技术、杂交手术的发展使得胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗累及主动脉弓部病变成为可能。其中,"烟囱"技术所使用的支架无需定制,特别适用于急诊手术或术中意外覆盖重要分支血管时的补救措施。本文从主动脉弓部疾病的治疗策略,"烟囱"支架的选择和Ia型内漏的防治等方面作一简述。     

胸主动脉钝性外伤的腔内修复治疗

目的 探讨腔内修复技术在治疗胸主动脉钝性外伤中的可行性和安全性.方法 回顾分析2010年2月至2013年12月期间7例胸主动脉钝性外伤患者的临床资料.术前CTA及术中造影评估病变,回顾术中技术成功率,死亡及截瘫等主要并发症的发生率.术后CTA随访明确有无内漏、支架移位等情况.结果 所有创伤都累及主动脉峡部,包括Stanford B型夹层1例、降主动脉假性动脉瘤6例.全部患者均接受覆膜支架腔内修复治疗,其中1例先行左-右锁骨下动脉转流术.术中6例部分或全部覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口.所有手术患者均获得技术成功,无死亡及截瘫发生.术后随访时间2～28个月,无左上肢缺血症状及神经系统并发症,支架无内漏及移位.结论 腔内修复治疗胸主动脉夹层安全、有效,可行性高.     

覆膜支架治疗37例Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层的疗效分析

目的:分析覆膜支架腔内修复治疗Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层的临床疗效。方法:对2015年1月至2016年12月收治的37例因Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层行覆膜支架腔内修复术患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,其中男性29例,女性8例。术前诊断依据临床表现及CT血管造影(CTA),术中造影再次评估病变部位及解剖位置,切开股动脉,行覆膜内支架置入,封堵原发破口,手术成功后再次造影检查。结果:37例患者共置入支架37枚,全部获得成功。术中造影见少量内漏4例,3例经支架近端球囊扩张后内漏消失,1例无需特殊处理。患者临床症状均明显改善,降主动脉及腹主动脉真腔明显扩大。结论:采用覆膜支架腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型胸主动脉夹层安全、创伤小、恢复快,临床效果显著。     

合并迷走右锁骨下动脉的B型主动脉夹层的治疗体验

目的:总结术中支架人工血管植入术或胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗合并迷走右锁骨下动脉的B型主动脉夹层的初步经验。方法:2010年8月至2017年8月,我中心共收治合并迷走右锁骨下动脉的B型主动脉夹层17例,其中术中支架人工血管植入术7例,胸主动脉腔内修复术10例。结果:术中支架组和腔内修复组均无患者围术期死亡。术中支架组有1例患者术后7d发生胸骨哆开行清创术。腔内修复组无围术期并发症。术中支架组随访13~85个月,平均(54.86±27.01)个月,腔内修复组随访(12~89)个月,平均(51.10±24.71)个月。随访期间两组无死亡病例。结论:合并迷走右锁骨下动脉的B型主动脉夹层应根据不同的解剖特点和合并病变,选择术中支架人工血管植入术或胸主动脉腔内修复术。     

两段式覆膜支架治疗B型主动脉夹层的研究

目的:探讨两段式覆膜支架腔内修复术(TEVAR)治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层(TBAD)的疗效。方法:分析2013年3月至2015年3月间,在本中心采用两段式覆膜支架TEVAR术治疗的61例TBAD患者的临床影像及术后随访资料。适应证:1胸降主动脉段主动脉弯曲变形;2胸降主动脉存在多发破口;3主动脉远端锚定区真腔因假腔挤压而过细。结果:应用两段式覆膜支架TEVAR术治疗的TBAD共61例。术后平均随访(23.6±7.4)个月,围手术期死亡1例(1.6%),支架远端新发破口1例(1.6%),支架远端贴壁不良3例(4.9%),支架段假腔完全血栓化率91.8%(55/61),其中支架段假腔完全消失率41.8%(23/55),主动脉完全重塑率7.3%(4/55)。结论:采用两段式覆膜支架腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层实现了主动脉夹层腔内治疗远端锚定区的精确选择,近中期疗效安全满意,中、远期疗效尚需远期随访。     

腹主动脉病变腔内修复并发症及治疗

目的:总结腹主动脉病变腔内治疗的疗效,探讨并发症发生原因及防治措施。方法:2012年1月至2014年12月,连续性覆膜支架腔内修复术的腹主动脉病变患者224例,其中腹主动脉真性动脉瘤205例,腹主动脉假性动脉瘤5例,腹主动脉瘤破裂4例,腹主动脉穿通性溃疡4例,孤立性腹主动脉夹层2例,腹主动脉腔内修复(EVAR)术后二次介入治疗4例;男性206例,女性18例;年龄36~90岁,平均(69.0±9.2)岁。患者出院前,术后1、6、12个月及每年行主动脉CTA检查。统计不同时间段的并发症,计算其发生率及病死率。结果:术中无死亡,技术成功率100%。围手术期病死率及主要并发症率分别为0.9%(2/224)和10.3%(23/224)。围手术期主要并发症包括内漏13例、支架移位2例,瘤颈医源性夹层1例,脊髓缺血1例,入路血管损伤2例,外周血管血栓形成3例,严重低血红蛋白血症1例。随访12~48个月,随访期间病死率及并发症率分别为8.9%(20/224)和4.5%(10/224)。随访期间主要并发症包括内漏4例、间歇性跛行3例、外周血管血栓形成或闭塞2例及腹主动脉假性动脉瘤感染复发1例。结论:采用覆膜支架置入腔内修复术治疗腹主动脉瘤安全可靠,但严重并发症不客忽视。严格把握适应证、术前精确测量及术中细致操作可在一定程度上降低并发症发生。此外,应重视术后定期复查以及时发现并处理相关并发症。     

管腔内支架人工血管治疗急性胸降主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨管腔内支架替代传统手术治疗急性胸降主动脉夹层动脉瘤的可行性及效果.方法 从2003年6月至2005年6月,12例急性胸降主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者接受管腔内支架人工血管治疗.结果 12例患者无死亡.共放支架12支,胸降主动脉受压夹层真腔全部恢复正常管径,无中转手术.术后3个月、1年随访,行CTA检查未发现与支架有关的并发症.结论管腔内支架人工血管治疗急性胸降主动脉夹层动脉瘤是一种有效的治疗方法.     

复杂B型主动脉夹层的“烟囱”支架技术

目的探讨复杂B型主动脉夹层(TBAD)采用"烟囱"支架技术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析该院2013年3月至2015年3月赣南医学院第一附属医院心内二科30例复杂Stanford B型TBAD且采用"烟囱"支架技术行胸主动脉腔内修复(TEVAR)术患者的临床资料,采用放射免疫法测定手术前后机体应激指标〔血清皮质醇(Cor),血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)〕水平;采用免疫比浊法测定凝血指标〔D-D聚体(DD),纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)〕水平;采用化学发光法测定心功能指标〔肌钙蛋白(c Tn T),肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB),N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NTpro BNP)〕水平。结果 30例复杂Stanford B型TBAD患者TEVAR手术均取得成功,手术成功率为100%,"烟囱"支架释放后即刻血管造影显示破口完全封堵,"烟囱"支架血流正常,肺部感染6.67%(2/30),尿路感染3.33%(1/30)。随访结果显示,胸主动脉计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)显示无Ⅰ型内漏,"烟囱"支架通畅,无明显并发症。TEVAR术后机体应激指标(Cor、ACTH)、凝血指标(D-D、FDP)与心功能指标(c Tn T、CK-MB、NT-pro BNP)水平明显低于手术前(P0.05)。结论采用"烟囱"支架技术行TEVAR术治疗TBAD患者的近远期疗效显著,且显著降低术后机体应激程度,改善凝血与心功能水平,值得临床推广应用。     

覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征

目的 评价覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征的有效性和安全性。方法 2001年5月至2005年12月应用覆膜支架治疗57例急性胸主动脉综合征患者,其中急性主动脉B型夹层45例,穿透性粥样硬化性溃疡（PAU）或假性动脉瘤9例,创伤性胸主动脉瘤3例。建立数据库,分析其临床特点、疗效及随访结果。结果 57例患者覆膜支架置入技术成功率100％。5例有近端内漏,1例术中出现升主动脉夹层,未予特殊处理,随访结果良好;1例术后7天出现升主动脉夹层并发心包填塞死亡。5例PAU或主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者,在应用覆膜支架成功完全封闭破口后立即行冠状动脉介入治疗成功。1例出现术后一过性双下肢无力,经静脉滴注山莨菪碱和甘露醇2天后痊愈。1例支架覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口导致左椎动脉缺血,嗜睡2天后自行好转。术后重症监护病房时间1～8（平均3．5）天,术后平均住院10天。术后30天内死亡2例,1例死于升主动脉夹层破裂,1例死于急性肾衰竭。术后30天内死亡率3．5％。术后平均随访（25．3±13．1）（13—55）个月。1例于术后3个月死于大咯血,1例死因不明。1例因近端内漏行二次腔内修复术。5例患者因降主动脉覆膜支架远端再发现破口,行二次腔内修复术。术后截瘫发生率为0,无支架移位、狭窄等并发症。术后住院及随访期内总死亡率为7．0％。与传统手术相比,腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征具有创伤小、严重并发症少、住院时间较短的优势。结论 覆膜支架是治疗急性胸主动脉综合征优良且有效的方法,也可用于外科手术高风险患者,近中期随访结果良好,远期结果有待于进一步随访。     

Thoracic aorta endografts: variations in practice among medical specialists.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular stent-graft placement is emerging as a novel treatment option for patients with diseases of the descending thoracic aorta. However, currently no consensus guidelines exist to direct uniformity in stent-graft procedures as well as for pre- and postprocedural patient management, unlike that for the management of other cardiovascular disorder. Accordingly, the aim of the present survey was to assess variations in thoracic aortic stent-graft practice among different subspecialties in Germany. METHODS: An interdisciplinary questionnaire survey was conducted among 206 departments of vascular surgery, radiology, cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgery in Germany that actively performed aortic stent-graft placement. Data on preoperative procedure planning, logistics, practical/technical issues of stent-graft placement, and postoperative patient management were evaluated using a standardized, self-administered questionnaire comprising 29 items. Responses were tabulated for analysis. RESULTS: Of a total of 206 questionnaires, 184 (89.3%) were returned with 71 (38.5%) centers reporting to have performed thoracic aortic stent-graft placement (total number of procedures 2,267) through 1997 and 2003. The average number of stent-graft procedures per year was 7.4 (25-75% percentile, 2.05-10.75) at participating sites, with 49% of the respondents reporting <5 procedures per year. Treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms was the predominant indication for stent-graft placement, followed by type B-dissection. As anticipated, marked variability existed among the different medical specialties performing stent-graft procedures with respect to all aspects of the procedures including indication for treatment, choice of preoperative and intraoperative imaging modalities, technical equipment and perioperative management. The only consistent agreement was on the need for lifelong follow-up after stent-graft placement, with CT being the preferred imaging technique (90% of centers). CONCLUSION: The present survey documents an increasing adoption of endovascular stent-graft placement for patients with diseases of the descending thoracic aorta in Germany. Despite this, there is a lack of consensus among the different medical specialties performing stent-graft placement with respect to indications and technical execution of stent-grafting. Our data supports the need for consensus practice guidelines endorsed by medical professional societies for stent-graft procedure to standardize the growing number of thoracic stent graft procedures.     

108例支架近端锚定区不足患者胸主动脉覆膜支架置入术治疗分析

目的探讨胸主动脉覆膜支架置入术在支架近端锚定区不足时左锁骨下动脉的处理方法及支架直接覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口的安全性。方法回顾分析支架近端锚定区不足的108例胸主动脉病变(B型夹层94例,假性动脉瘤14例)左锁骨下动脉的处理方法、结果及并发症。2例行人工血管旁路联合覆膜支架置入术(杂交手术),其余患者直接行覆膜支架置入术,其中,完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口72例(A组),部分覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口34例(B组)。对比两组术后内漏、LSA显影、双上肢收缩期压差等结果。结果支架均顺利置入,术后除1例出现脑供血不足,死于呼吸循环衰竭,余患者均未出现神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状。A组左上肢收缩期血压低于右侧(84.8±44.0)mmHg和(130.8±21.4)mmHg,差异具有统计学意义;B组双上肢收缩期血压差异无统计学意义。随访(31.3±23.7)个月,仅A组中33例出现轻微左上肢乏力、麻木及头晕症状,无需手术处理。结论胸主动脉覆膜支架置入术中近端锚定区不足时,直接覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口以延长锚定区是可行的,特别是部分覆盖LSA开口更为安全;但必需严格把握适应证、仔细评估双侧椎动脉及颈动脉血供情况,对合并脑梗塞、呼吸睡眠暂停综合征等影响脑供血疾病的患者即使右侧椎动脉及双侧颈动脉血供良好,也不宜直接完全覆盖LSA开口。     

带膜内支架治疗胸主动脉瘤

目的 探寻治疗胸主动脉瘤的新术式。方法 10例胸主动脉瘤病例，其中7例行单纯带膜血管内支架(stent-graft)治疗，3例夹层破裂(De Bakey I)患者行象鼻手术加带膜血管内支架置入术。结果 7例带膜血管内支架治疗组，5例成功，1例失败，1例术后死亡；3例夹层破裂手术病例均成功，恢复顺利，无并发症。结论带膜血管内支架为治疗胸降主动脉瘤的一种有效可靠方法；象鼻手术结合带膜内支架是治疗De BakeyI型的新方式，可降低手术并发症及术后病死率。     

Endovascular stent-graft repair of aortic dissection

Between October 2000 and January 2002, 9 consecutive male patients with subacute or chronic aortic dissection underwent stent-graft placement. The indication for surgery was continuous pain or aneurysm development. One patient had a type A dissecting aortic aneurysm with a primary tear in the ascending thoracic aorta; the other 8 had type B dissection. Placement of an endovascular stent-graft was technically successful in 8 patients, and one underwent an open procedure for abdominal aortic fenestration. The entry site was sealed and the false lumen disappeared in 8 cases, and thrombosis of the false lumen was obtained. Rupture of an iliac artery dissecting aneurysm occurred in one patient 2 days after stent-graft placement; abdominal aortic fenestration with prosthetic replacement of the distal abdominal aorta was performed. One patient died of myocardial infarction 3 days after the stent-graft procedure. During a mean follow-up period of 7 months (1-16 months), one patient died of acute myocardial infarction at 11 months. It was concluded on the basis of these short-term results that endovascular repair of aortic dissection is a promising treatment, and abdominal aortic fenestration is a useful adjuvant procedure.     

Stent-graft treatment of infected aortic and arterial aneurysms.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of endovascular stent-graft repair of infected aortic and arterial aneurysms. METHODS: Eight patients (5 men; mean age 56.6 years, range 30-85) with infected saccular aneurysms in the brachiocephalic artery (n=1), proximal descending thoracic aorta (n=1), infrarenal abdominal aorta (n=3), common iliac artery (n=1), and common femoral artery (n=2) were treated with stent-graft placement and intravenous antibiotic treatment for at least 6 weeks followed by case-specific administration of oral suppressive antibiotics. All patients were considered to be in the high-surgical-risk group. RESULTS: Exclusion of the infected aneurysm was successful in all patients. However, 2 patients died within 30 days of uncontrolled sepsis, and 1 patient died at 6 months after rupture of a persistently infected aneurysm (37% mortality rate). Over a follow-up that ranged to 8 years, the 5 survivors showed complete resolution of the infected aneurysms; no stent-graft infection was observed during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The acceptable technical and clinical success of endovascular aneurysm repair makes this a promising treatment for infected aortic and arterial aneurysms. However, it is crucial that the infection is treated adequately prior to stent-graft placement.     

Self-Expanding Endovascular Stent-Graft Implant for Treatment of Descending Aortic Diseases

Abstract Background: Aneurysms and dissections involving the descending thoracic aorta and the distal portion of the aortic arch are difficult to resolve surgically. The introduction of endovascular self-expanding stent-grafts has simplified the operation. Given the complications associated with their peripheral placement, we explored the feasibility of surgical insertion. Methods: Thirteen patients underwent surgical insertion of a stent-graft into the aortic arch via longitudinal aortotomy. Six patients had aneurysms (ruptured in two, and seven dissections (acute in two, ruptured in one). Five patients also underwent associated procedures including aortic valve replacement (one), ascending aorta replacement (two), arch replacement (one), and coronary artery bypass (one). Results: There was one intraoperative death due to ascending aortic dissection, and two hospital deaths due to multiple complications. Of ten patients discharged, one died 3 months postoperatively. The remaining survivors are well, and imaging studies confirmed adequate correction of the aortic disease. Conclusions: The use of this technique simplifies the operation and treatment of particular cases of aortic disease. The observed morbidity and mortality are due to factors independent of the technique.     

Double-barrel technique for endovascular exclusion of an aortic arch aneurysm without sternotomy.

PURPOSE: To report the use of commercially available stents and a stent-graft in coaxial orientation to extend the proximal limits of endografting within the aortic arch. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man was found to have an asymptomatic 7-cm saccular aortic arch aneurysm, extending distally from the origin of the left carotid artery and involving the left subclavian artery; there was only 11 mm between the innominate artery orifice and the aneurysm. The patient was deemed to be high risk for open surgical repair due to a history of 2 prior sternotomies and the requirement for hypothermic circulatory arrest. A "double-barrel" stent-graft strategy combining retrograde placement of an innominate stent with thoracic stent-graft implantation into zone 0 was successfully executed. The patient has continued to fare well after 10 months on close follow-up. CONCLUSION: The "double-barrel" stent technique may extend the limits of thoracic endografting by preserving the aortic arch branches while avoiding the need for sternotomy. Using this technique, proximal fixation can be obtained well into the ascending aorta using commercially available devices.     

Endoluminal stent-graft placement for acute rupture of the descending thoracic aorta.

AIMS: To investigate the results of endovascular stent-graft placement for the treatment of acute perforating lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 31 consecutive patients underwent interventional treatment for perforating lesions of the descending aorta. In 21 cases (group A), the aortic perforation was due to rupture of a descending thoracic aneurysm or dissection, whereas 10 patients (group B) were treated for traumatic transection of the descending aorta. A total of 42 endoprostheses were implanted. The implantation procedure was successful in all cases without peri-interventional complications. In one case, implantation of a second endoprosthesis became necessary due to type I endoleak. Overall, the 30-day mortality was 9.7%. As all three deaths occurred in group A, the mortality rate in this group was 14.3% versus 0% in group B. Similarly, postinterventional complications were more prevalent, with 28.6% in group A (renal failure n = 4; stroke n = 2) versus 10.0% in group B (renal failure n = 1). No paraplegia and no further deaths or ruptures occurred during follow-up (mean 17 months). CONCLUSION: Interventional stent-graft placement is an effective treatment option for the emergency repair of descending aortic perforations.     

Elective stent-graft treatment of aortic dissections.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively review 8 years' experience with stent-graft treatment of aortic dissections at a single institution. METHODS: Forty-six patients (31 men; mean age 59 years, range 38-88) underwent stent-graft treatment for 9 Stanford type A and 37 type B aortic dissections (9 acute phase, 13 subacute, 24 chronic). Custom-designed self-expanding stainless steel Z stents covered with polytetrafluoroethylene were used (n=20) until low-profile modular stent-grafts became available for percutaneous delivery (n=26). RESULTS: Endovascular stent-graft deployment was technically successful in 44 (96%) patients; the 2 failed cases owing to intraprocedural migration and graft torsion were converted to surgery. There were 5 type I endoleaks for a clinical success (entry tear exclusion) of 85% (39/46). Complications included 3 cases of transient renal failure, 2 puncture site pseudoaneurysms, 1 guidewire-induced new intimal tear (converted), and 2 cases of stent-induced saccular aneurysms (1 converted). Follow-up at a mean 34 months (range 12-96) showed complete resolution of the thoracic false lumen in 14 (74%) of 19 acute/subacute patients treated successfully; 3 (16%) showed a reduced thoracic false lumen diameter. In the 23 chronic-phase patients treated successfully, 8 (35%) had complete resolution of the thoracic false lumen, and 11 (48%) showed size reduction. Enlargement of the abdominal aortic false lumen due to persistent flow into re-entry tear(s) occurred in 3 (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Stent-graft treatment is a feasible and effective treatment modality in aortic dissection. However, close follow-up is mandatory to monitor new intimal tear, saccular aneurysms, or enlargement of the abdominal aortic false lumen.