TNP-470联合化疗抑制胶质母细胞瘤的实验研究

目的 探讨TNP-470联合化疗药物卡氮芥(BCNU)对人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的作用.方法 将人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞株注射至裸鼠皮下,第7天荷瘤裸鼠随机分为4组:TNP-470治疗组、BCNU治疗组、TNP-470和BCNU联合治疗组、对照组.测体质量及肿瘤大小,以山羊抗小鼠CD105多克隆抗体免疫组化染色计数肿瘤微血管密度(MVD).结果 治疗后第21天联合治疗组移植瘤体积[(108.93±17.63)mm3]明显小于TNP-470治疗组[(576.10±114.29)mm3]及BCNU治疗组[(473.01±48.04)mm3](P均＜0.01);各治疗组移植瘤体积均小于对照组[(1512.61±470.25)mm3](P均＜0.01);TNP-470治疗组与BCNU治疗组间移植瘤体积差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后第21天联合治疗组的抑瘤率(92.80%±11.37%)显著高于TNP-470治疗组(61.91%±6.29%)和BCNU治疗组(68.73%±9.65%)(P均＜0.01),TNP-470治疗组与BCNU治疗组间抑瘤率无统计学意义(P＞0.05).联合治疗组移植瘤MVD[(4.23 4±0.83)个/视野]明显低于TNP470治疗组[(5.70±0.85)个/视野]和BCNU治疗组[(8.60±0.87)个/视野](P均＜0.05);TNP-470治疗组移植瘤MVD显著低于BCNU治疗组(P＜0.05);各治疗组移植瘤MVD均较对照组[(11.32±1.50)个/视野]显著降低(P均＜0.05).结论 TNP-470联合化疗药物BCNU对人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长有显著抑制作用.     

TNP-470对人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞异种移植瘤生长的影响

目的探讨TNP-470对人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响。方法将人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞株(约含1×107个细胞)注射至裸鼠皮下,接种后第7天荷瘤裸鼠随机分为治疗组和对照组,分别于皮下注射等容量的TNP-470和含3%乙醇、5%阿拉伯胶及生理盐水的混悬液,隔日1次,共7次。治疗后第21天测体重及肿瘤大小,以山羊抗小鼠CD105多克隆抗体免疫组化染色计数肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)。结果①治疗后第21天治疗组移植瘤体积[(576.10±114.29)mm3]明显小于对照组[(1512.61±470.25)mm3](P<0.01);抑瘤率为(61.91±6.29)%。②治疗组移植瘤MVD[(5.70±0.85)个/视野]显著低于对照组[(11.32±1.50)个/视野](P<0.05)。③两组裸鼠体重于治疗前后均无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论TNP-470对人U-251胶质母细胞瘤细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长具有抑制作用而无明显毒副作用。     

CD105在胶质瘤组织中的表达及其意义

目的探讨CD105在胶质瘤组织中的表达及其意义。方法对58例胶质瘤和10例正常脑组织标本采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD105蛋白表达情况,同时与干细胞相关抗原(CD34)表达情况作对比分析。结果①正常脑组织CD105蛋白表达阴性,而各级胶质瘤组织均有CD105蛋白阳性表达。高倍视野(×200)下Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织CD105标染的微血管密度(CD105-MVD)分别为(6.33±2.97)个/视野、(10.69±2.88)个/视野、(19.13±5.14)个/视野和(25.13±5.51)个/视野,随病理分级提高逐渐增高(r=0.834,P<0.01),且不同级别各组间均差异显著(P<0.01)。②胶质瘤及正常脑组织均有CD34蛋白阳性表达。高倍视野(×200)下Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织CD34标染的MVD(CD34-MVD)分别为(10.60±4.72)个/视野、(16.65±4.40)个/视野、(28.53±7.72)个/视野和(38.95±7.98)个/视野,随病理分级升高逐渐增高(r=0.571,P<0.05),除Ⅰ级胶质瘤与正常脑组织[(9.80±3.52)个/视野]及Ⅱ级胶质瘤间CD34-MVD无明显差异(P>0.05)外,其他不同级别胶质瘤各组间差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。③CD105-MVD较CD34-MVD与胶质瘤病理分级具有更紧密的联系(u>1.96,P<0.05)。结论CD105优于CD34,可作为胶质瘤特异性血管内皮细胞标记物并用于测定肿瘤血管生成。     

胶质瘤组织中CD105与Ki-67表达的相关性

目的探讨胶质瘤组织中CD105与Ki-67表达的相关性。方法对58例胶质瘤和10例正常脑组织标本采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD105和Ki-67蛋白表达情况,并分析其相关性。结果①正常脑组织CD105蛋白表达阴性,而各级胶质瘤组织均有CD105蛋白阳性表达。高倍视野(×200倍)下Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织CD105标染的微血管密度(CD105-MVD)分别为(6.33±2.97)个/视野、(10.69±2.88)个/视野、(19.13±5.14)个/视野和(25.13±5.51)个/视野,随病理分级提高逐渐增高(r=0.834,P<0.01),且不同级别胶质瘤间差异显著(P<0.01)。②Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织Ki-67标记指数(Ki-67LI)分别为(4.20±1.30)%、(5.32±2.08)%、(9.88±3.24)%和(22.25±6.68)%,随病理分级升高逐渐增高(r=0.872,P<0.01),与正常脑组织比均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。除Ⅰ、Ⅱ级胶质瘤间无明显差异(P>0.05)外,其他各级别胶质瘤间均相差显著(P<0.01)。③CD105-MVD与Ki-67LI呈显著正相关(r=0.699,P<0.01)。结论胶质瘤组织中CD105-MVD与Ki-67LI有显著相关性,提示其可作为判断胶质瘤恶性程度的指标。     

重组VEGF165-PE38融合基因对裸鼠移植性人胶质瘤血管生成的抑制作用

目的 研究血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)和铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(PE)融合基因的真核表达载体对裸鼠移植性人脑恶性胶质瘤血管生成的影响,探索抗肿瘤血管生成的新方法.方法 采用裸鼠背部皮下注射U251细胞建立移植性恶性胶质瘤模型,9 d后按随机数字表法将裸鼠分为未治疗组、PBS组、空质粒组、重组质粒组,采用HE染色观察肿瘤组织的形态学变化.免疫组织化学SP法检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAF)、CD31、PE的表达.分析肿瘤组织的微血管密度(MVD). 结果 注射后第16天重组质粒组裸鼠移植瘤体积明显小于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重组质粒组裸鼠移植瘤MVD低于其他3组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);重组质粒组裸鼠肿瘤组织PE呈阳性表达,而在空质粒组、PBS组及未治疗组均为阴性表达. 结论 VEGF165-PE38融合基因的表达产物对人脑恶性胶质瘤有明显的抑制作用,并能抑制肿瘤新生血管生成,可能为一种有效抗肿瘤血管治疗的新策略.     

诺帝对人恶性胶质瘤裸鼠原位移植瘤FPR、VEGF表达的影响及意义

目的观察诺帝对人恶性胶质瘤裸鼠原位移植瘤甲酰化肽受体(FPR)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响,探讨其在抗胶质瘤血管生成的治疗意义。方法脑立体定向注射技术复制人U87胶质母细胞瘤裸鼠脑原位移植瘤模型,接种7d后,随机分为空白对照组,生理盐水对照组和诺帝治疗组,诺帝治疗组按27mg/kg行腹腔注射进行治疗。观察处理前后动物生存、移植瘤生长状态以及移植瘤组织病理学形态变化,分别采用间接免疫荧光染色结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术、免疫组织化学技术观测FPR、VEGF的表达变化。结果空白对照组和生理盐水组、诺帝治疗组肿瘤体积分别为(1.040±0.263)mm3、(0.880±0.212)mm3和(0.195±0.054)mm3,治疗组较对照组明显缩小,抑瘤率为81.25%。三组FPR表达分别为(57.473±3.072)、(54.332±1.298)和(40.499±2.216),三组VEGF定量测定的积分光密度值(IOD)表达分别为(154.763±4.635)、(149.139±1.494)和(133.784±5.143),治疗组FPR、VEGF蛋白表达显著减弱(P<0.05)。结论诺帝能降低FPR和VEGF表达了可能是抗胶质瘤血管生成作用的重要分子机制之一。     

胶质瘤中CD105与VEGF表达的相关性

目的探讨胶质瘤组织中CD105与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的相关性。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测58例胶质瘤和10例正常脑组织标本中CD105和VEGF蛋白表达情况,并分析其相关性。结果①正常脑组织CD105蛋白表达阴性,而各级胶质瘤组织均有CD105蛋白阳性表达。高倍视野(×200倍)下Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织CD105标染的微血管密度(CD105-MVD)分别为(6.33±2.97)个/视野、(10.69±2.88)个/视野、(19.13±5.14)个/视野和(25.13±5.51)个/视野,且与病理分级呈正相关(r=0.834,P<0.01),不同级别各组间均差异显著(P<0.01)。②VEGF在正常脑组织中表达阴性,而在Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织阳性细胞率分别为(15.00±3.39)%、(20.26±9.64)%、(36.19±10.75)%和(55.94±11.69)%,且与病理分级呈正相关(r=0.836,P<0.01)。除Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级胶质瘤间无明显差异外,其余各组间均有明显著差异(P<0.01)。③CD105-MVD与VEGF阳性细胞率呈显著正相关(r=0.671,P<0.01)。结论胶质瘤组织中CD105-MVD与VEGF阳性细胞率有显著相关性,可作为判断胶质瘤恶性程度的指标之一。     

RNA干扰AKT2的表达对胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤替莫唑胺敏感性的影响

目的研究RNA干扰丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶2(AKT2)对脑胶质瘤移植瘤的替莫唑胺疗效的改变。方法构建胶质瘤裸鼠成瘤模型,瘤内注射和腹腔内给替莫唑胺(TMZ)药物,以替莫唑胺化疗药物和AKT2短发夹结构RNA(AKT2-shRNA)表达载体对成瘤后的裸鼠瘤体进行联合干预治疗,进而观察并测量各组裸鼠肿瘤体积大小。DNA断裂的原位末端标记法(TUNEL)测定并计算分析各组裸鼠成瘤后肿瘤组织细胞的凋亡的变化。结果空白对照组、替莫唑胺化疗组、TMZ+阴性对照组、TMZ+AKT2干扰组裸鼠瘤体体积分别为:(669.34±98.73)mm3、(399.86±55.26)mm3、(383.81±34.01)mm3、(297.72±41.49)mm3;瘤体质量分别为:(1.25±0.26)g、(0.72±0.11)g、(0.69±0.07)g、(0.52±0.07)g。TMZ+AKT2干扰组其肿瘤体积及瘤体质量都明显小于空白对照组、替莫唑胺组和TMZ+阴性对照组,有显著性差异(P0.05)。TUNEL实验结果显示:空白对照组、替莫唑胺化疗组、TMZ+阴性对照组、TMZ+AKT2干扰组裸鼠瘤体凋亡指数分别为:7.15%±1.04%、25.26%±2.71%、26.63%±3.46%、42.81%±5.97%。TMZ+AKT2干扰组其肿瘤凋亡情况明显高于空白对照组、替莫唑胺组和TMZ+阴性对照组,结果有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 RNA干扰AKT2能够显著提高裸鼠胶质母细胞瘤对TMZ化疗的敏感性。     

pEGFP-ING4抑制裸鼠皮下人U87移植瘤生长及肿瘤血管生成

目的 探讨pEGFP-ING4对裸鼠体内人U87细胞移植瘤生长及对肿瘤血管生成的影响.方法 将成功构建的18只人U87细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为pEGFP-ING4和pEGFP-C2转染组及PBS空白对照组3组,测量各组肿瘤的体积变化,荧光显微镜观察转染瘤体内绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的表达情况,免疫组织化学SABC法检测微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD).结果 荧光显微镜下pEGFP-ING4 组和pEGFP-C2组均观察到GFP表达,接种后第21d、28d、35d各组皮下肿瘤体积(mm3)为:PBS 组(201.8±19.3,418.9±26.4,622.1±51.3),pEGFP-C2 组(197.6±18.9,398.4±20.4,593.7±48.7),pEGFP-ING4 组(138.9±8.4,198.7±21.5,293.2±31.6),肿瘤接种后在同一时间点内,pEGFP-ING4 组肿瘤体积明显小于另外两组(P<0.05);MVD检测(个/mm2):PBS 组(15.83±0.98),pEGFP-C2 组(15.83±1.62),pEGFP-ING4 组(4.17±1.17),与另外两组比较,pEGFP-ING4 组MVD明显降低(P<0.01).结论 ING4基因能够明显抑制人U87细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长,抑制胶质瘤血管的生成可能是其抗肿瘤的重要机理之一.     

胶质瘤中CD105与VEGF、Ki-67表达的相关性

目的探讨胶质瘤中CD105与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、Ki-67表达的相关性。方法对58例胶质瘤和10例正常脑组织标本采用免疫组化法检测CD105、VEGF、Ki-67蛋白表达情况并分析其相关性。结果①在正常脑组织中CD105、VEGF和Ki-67均表达阴性,且与各级胶质瘤的表达相差显著(P<0.01)。②Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤CD105标染的微血管密度(CD105-MVD)分别为(6.33±2.97)个/视野、(10.69±2.88)个/视野、(19.13±5.14)个/视野和(25.13±5.51)个/视野,不同级别的胶质瘤间差异显著(P<0.01),且其表达与病理分级呈正相关(r=0.834,P<0.01)。③Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤VEGF阳性细胞百分率分别为(15.00±3.39)%、(20.26±9.64)%、(36.19±10.75)%和(55.94±11.69)%,除Ⅰ、Ⅱ级之间外,其余各级别胶质瘤间相差显著(P<0.01),且其表达与胶质瘤病理分级呈正相关(r=0.836,P<0.01)。④Ⅰ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤Ki-67标记指数(Ki-67LI)分别为(4.20±1.30)%、(5.32±2.08)%、(9.88±3.24)%和(22.25±6.68)%,除Ⅰ、Ⅱ级之间外,其余各级别胶质瘤间相差显著(P<0.01),且其表达与胶质瘤病理分级呈正相关(r=0.872,P<0.01)。⑤CD105-MVD与VEGF阳性细胞百分率、Ki-67LI均呈显著正相关(r1=0.671,r2=0.699,P<0.01)。结论胶质瘤中CD105-MVD与VEGF阳性细胞百分率、Ki-67LI均有显著相关性,提示其可作为判断胶质瘤恶性程度的指标。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.