Outcome of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: a nested case-control study

BACKGROUND: There are few data comparing the clinical features, management and outcome of penicillin-nonsusceptible (PNSP) meningitis patients with penicillin-susceptible (PSSP) meningitis patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, nested case-control study comparing cases with PNSP meningitis with controls with PSSP meningitis obtained from the Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT) cross-Canada surveillance study of invasive infections. RESULTS: There were 30 PNSP meningitis cases (10.1% of total) and 45 PSSP meningitis controls from 6 centers obtained from 297 meningitis cases in the IMPACT database from 1991 through 1999. Vancomycin was used for empiric therapy in no cases and controls in 1991 to 1993 and in all cases in 1999. A third generation cephalosporin was used in 93.3% of confirmed PNSP cases, and 70.0% also received vancomycin and/or rifampin. Penicillin was used in 66.7% of confirmed PSSP cases. PNSP cases were more likely than PSSP controls to have a second lumbar puncture (odds ratio, 4.1; P= 0.01). PNSP cases were treated with intravenous antibiotics for an average of 15.6 days compared with 12.3 days for controls ( P= 0.04). Among PNSP cases, those patients who did not receive empiric vancomycin were treated with intravenous antibiotics for an average of 18.5 days compared with 12.0 days for those who did receive empiric vancomycin ( P= 0.04). The overall mortality was 5.3%, and 36.6% of survivors had >or=1 neurologic sequelae, including 19.7% with hearing loss. In multivariate statistical models, PNSP was not a risk factor for intensive care unit admission or neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Management of suspected bacterial meningitis and confirmed meningitis in Canadian children changed in the past decade. Treatment of PNSP meningitis is significantly different from that for PSSP meningitis. These changes have occurred in response to the emergence of PNSP in Canada. Neurologic sequelae remain common after meningitis, but there are no differences between PNSP cases and PSSP cases.     

Risk factors for neonatal death in Recife: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: Neonatal mortality is the main cause of infant mortality in the city of Recife. The objective of the present study was to determine the major risk factors for neonatal death in Recife in 1995. METHODS: This is a case control study. Information was obtained from the mortality and live birth databases after validation of the data set, between January and December 1995. A sample of 456 cases and 2,280 controls was obtained after using the linkage technique between the two data sets. The difference in proportion was analyzed by the chi square test. The odds ratio was calculated as a risk measure, with a 95% confidence interval. The logistic regression technique was used to adjust potential confounding factors. RESULTS: 212 deaths (46.6%) occurred in the first 24 hours of life. We found that 358 (79.7%) of the cases presented low birth weight, with a 46-fold higher risk of death (CI =33.8-59.0 P<0.001) than those weighing >/= 2,500g. The major risk factors observed in the logistic regression analyses of the measure, listed in descending order, were: birth weight < 1,500g (OR= 49.6 CI= 22.6-108.7 P<0.001), 5-minute Apgar score < 7 (OR = 44.1 CI= 25.1-77.2 P<0.001), birth weight between 1,500 and 2,500g (OR= 8.2 CI= 4.8-14.0 P<0.001), gestational age < 37 weeks (OR= 4.3 CI= 2.6-7.1 P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among the studied variables, birth weight, gestational age, and Apgar score should be considered the main risk factors for the surveillance of neonatal death.     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征并发支气管肺发育不良风险基因巢式病例对照研究

背景：既往已有许多针对支气管肺发育不良（BPD）风险基因的研究,但不同研究遗传表型差异大,无法作为呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）并发BPD的遗传风险基因。 目的：筛选RDS并发BPD的遗传风险因素,明确其对RDS患儿预后的影响。 设计：巢式病例对照研究。 方法：以2016年1月1日至2021年8月1日在复旦大学附属儿科医院住院治疗、临床确诊RDS的患儿为队列人群,以是否并发BPD分为 BPD组和非BPD组。采用倾向性评分策略平衡2组胎龄,采用罕见变异关联性分析和功能富集分析,探索罕见变异基因富集的生物学过程,并筛选在BPD组中存在显著较多有害变异的候选风险基因。从GEO数据库检索RDS并发BPD高度相关基因表达数据,行基因表达模式的时间序列分析,验证本文高变异负荷基因的表达特征。 主要结局指标：RDS并发BPD风险基因。 结果：倾向性评分匹配后BPD组111例,非BPD组157例,2组的胎龄差异无统计学意义。基于2 742个背景基因显著富集的1 558个生物学过程（P<0.01）,蛋白质截断变异最显著富集的基因集与蛋白激酶活性有关（P=0.011）,BPD组中携带蛋白质截断变异的基因总数最多的是阳离子跨膜转运相关基因（P=0.027）。错义/非同义变异最显著富集的基因集与生长发育的调节有关（P=0.001）。BPD组中有26个基因的错义/非同义罕见变异负荷显著高于非BPD组（P<0.05）,其中3个基因（ARSB、B9D2和UVSSA）差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。通过GEO数据库数据验证,ARSB在重度BPD中显著低表达（P<0.001）,时间序列分析发现ARSB基因在重度BPD新生儿中表达模式与无/轻度BPD新生儿差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论：ARSB基因为RDS并发BPD的风险基因。     

母体高尿酸血症对妊娠结局和新生儿合并症影响的回顾性巢式病例对照研究

背景：高尿酸血症（HUA）患病率逐年增高,不仅与痛风、尿酸盐肾病和肾结石有关,还与内分泌代谢、心脑血管等系统疾病的发生和发展有关。 目的：探讨孕母妊娠晚期血尿酸水平与不良妊娠结局、新生儿尿酸水平及新生儿合并症的关系。 设计：回顾性巢式病例对照研究。 方法：以2020年1~12月在北京大学人民医院产检的孕母为队列人群,根据孕母妊娠晚期血尿酸水平分为HUA组和非HUA组,比较两组妊娠结局和新生儿临床结局。根据孕母妊娠晚期血尿酸水平（μmol·L-1）分为低浓度（<360）、中浓度（~420）和高浓度（>420）,采用线性回归和Logistic 回归模型分析孕母血尿酸水平与早产、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿的关系。孕母妊娠晚期尿酸值及新生儿生后24 h尿酸值相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析。 主要结局指标：孕母血尿酸水平与早产、低出生体重和小于胎龄儿的关系。 结果：共纳入孕母2 397例（新生儿2 581例）,HUA组216例（9.0%）,非HUA组2 181例。HUA组孕母所生新生儿出生体重低于非HUA组（2 925 g vs 3 260 g,P<0.001）,差异均有统计学意义;而早产（18.5% vs 8.9%）、低出生体重（23.1% vs 7.1%）、小于胎龄儿（29.2% vs 10.6%）和转儿科比例（19.9% vs 11.1%）均高于非HUA组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）。尿酸水平高浓度组孕母分娩的新生儿出生体重较低浓度组低54.0 g（95%CI：-106.5~-1.6,P=0.043）,发生早产的风险增加74%（OR=1.74,95%CI：1.08~2.8,P=0.023）,发生小于胎龄儿的风险增加85%（OR=1.85,95%CI：1.26~2.73,P=0.002）。新生儿生后24 h内尿酸水平与孕母妊娠晚期尿酸水平呈中等相关（r=0.613,P=0.000）。两组早产儿合并症差异无统计学意义。 结论：母体妊娠晚期HUA与早产、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿的发生相关。     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in paediatric wards: a nested case-control study

Aim: A high rate (48.6%) of extended spectrum beta‐lactamase production among Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL‐KP) clinical isolates in the paediatric wards of our hospital prompted the introduction of enhanced infection control measures, and after the implementation of these measures, we instituted a prospective surveillance programme, with a nested case‐control study to determine the risk factors for rectal colonisation by ESBL‐KP. Methods: Over a 1‐year period, rectal swabs from patients and samples from the environment and the hands of health‐care workers were cultured. Strain typing of ESBL‐KP isolates was performed using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Characteristics of patients who were colonised with ESBL‐KP during hospital stay were compared with those of patients who remained negative for ESBL‐KP. Multivariate analysis was performed with model‐building using stepwise logistic regression to determine independent risk factors for ESBL‐KP acquisition. Results: Forty (18.5%) of 216 patients became colonised with ESBL‐KP. The strongest independent predictors of ESBL‐KP colonisation were mechanical ventilation (odds ratio (OR): 4.28) and hospitalisation for longer than 14 days (OR: 6.97). Genotyping of the isolates indicated probable patient‐to‐patient transmission; however, we could not determine the route of this spread. During the study period, a 1.6% rate of ESBL‐KP clinical infection per 500 patient admissions was observed, in contrast to a 7% rate in the previous year. Conclusions: Prolonged length of stay and mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of ESBL‐KP colonisation. Enhanced infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship and screening for rectal carriage were associated with a substantial decrease in paediatric units.     

Children at risk of developing dehydration from diarrhoea: a case-control study

To identify the factors related to dehydration from diarrhoea, a hospital-based case-control study was carried out among under-2-year-old Bangladeshi children. The study compared 80 cases who had 'some' or severe dehydration with 160 age-matched controls who had 'no signs' of dehydration. All the cases and controls were examined and the mothers were interviewed in the hospital and followed at home on the 14th day of illness. Thirty-eight factors were studied for their probable influence on the development of dehydration. In bivariate analysis, 17 factors were found to be associated significantly with the development of dehydration and were treated with stepwise logistic regression analysis. A combination of vomiting, oral rehydration therapy at home, mother's dirty finger nails, and residing more than 3 km away from the hospital provided the maximum sensitivity (77.5 per cent) and specificity (91.2 per cent) for predicting development of dehydration. These prognostic factors would be helpful for community health workers to identify children at risk of developing diarrhoea-associated dehydration, and preventive strategies could be designed to alter the prognostic factors.     

新生儿先天性心脏病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨新生儿先天性心脏病（简称＂先心病＂）的类型及其可能的危险因素,为制定预防措施提供参考依据。方法采用1∶1配对病例对照研究方法,选取2011年5月至2013年12月在本院新生儿科住院治疗的先心病患儿为病例组,无先心病的患儿为对照组,对两组患儿的亲生父母进行统一问卷调查。对所有研究因素进行单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归分析.筛选出与先心病发生相关的危险因素。结果研究期间本院新生儿科共收治3682例患儿,病例组和对照组各纳入139例。139例先心病患儿以室间隔缺损为主（34.5%）,其次为房间隔缺损＋室间隔缺损（14.4%）、房间隔缺损（10.8%）和室间隔缺损＋动脉导管未闭（10.1%）。母亲孕前及孕早期糖尿病（OR=7.321）、孕早期服用抗生素（OR=6.996）、孕早期被动吸烟（OR=4.948）、先心病家族史（OR=3.252）和孕早期上呼吸道感染（OR=3.461）均是先心病发生的相关危险因素（P〈0.05）。结论应加强孕期健康教育,提高产前产后诊断水平,以早期防治先心病,从而有效降低先心病的发病率。     

先天性心脏病患儿术后谵妄危险因素的前瞻性巢式病例对照研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨儿童先天性心脏病术后谵妄的危险因素。方法选取2020年12月至2021年6月于中国医学科学院阜外医院完成先天性心脏病外科手术的患儿进行前瞻性巢式病例对照研究。将术后谵妄组(n=114)和非谵妄组(n=102)的临床资料进行比较,应用多因素非条件logistic回归分析探索先天性心脏病患儿术后谵妄的危险因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=0.951,P<0.001)、性别(OR=2.127,P=0.049)、每日有创导管留置数量(OR=1.490,P=0.017)、术后疼痛程度(OR=5.856,P<0.001)、术前陪护家长焦虑程度(OR=1.025,P=0.010)是先天性心脏病患儿术后谵妄的独立影响因素。结论年龄越小、男性、每日有创导管留置数量越多、术后疼痛程度越高、术前陪护家长焦虑程度越高的先天性心脏病患儿,发生术后谵妄的风险越高。     

Risk factors for development of dehydration in young children with acute watery diarrhoea: a case-control study

In a case-control study to understand the risk factors for development of life-threatening dehydration, a total of 379 children comprising 243 cases (moderate or severe dehydration) and 136 controls (non or mild dehydration) up to 2 years of age suffering from acute watery diarrhoea were studied. By univariate analysis, the presence of vibrios in stool, withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea, not giving fluids, including oral rehydration solution (ORS), during diarrhoea, frequent purging (> 8/ day), vomiting (> 2/day) and undernutrition were identified as risk factors. However, by multivariate analysis after controlling for confounders, withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea (odds ratio (OR) = 6.8, p < 0.00001) and not giving ORS during diarrhoea (OR = 2.1, p < 0.006) were identified as significant risk factors. The confounding variables which also contributed significantly to increasing the risk were age (≤ 12 months; OR = 2.7, p = 0.001), frequent purging (> 8/day; OR = 4.1, p < 0.00001), vomiting (> 2/day; OR = 2.4, p = 0.001) and severe undernutrition (%median <60 weight-for-age of Indian Academy of Paediatrics classification; OR = 3.1, p = 0.001). We feel that these findings will be useful for Global and National Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programmes for formulating intervention strategies for preventing death due to diarrhoeal dehydration.     

新生儿红细胞增多症危险因素病例对照研究

目的：新生儿红细胞增多症发病因素复杂,以往多采用单因素分析法进行研究,该文以多因素分析法分析其独立危险因素,并分析因素间的交互作用,为该病防治提供依据。方法：采用病例对照研究对新生儿红细胞增多症27种危险因素进行调查,对单因素分析中有显著性意义的因素进行非条件logistic回归分析,并以加法模型理论分析因素间的交互作用。结果：单因素分析显示妊高征、窒息、宫内窘迫、小于胎龄儿、胎膜早破、早产、胎盘早剥、多胎妊娠、低出生体重等9个因素有显著性意义(P<0. 05);非条件logistic回归分析显示窒息(OR=7. 8255)、胎膜早破(OR=2. 7007)、妊高征(OR=2. 8313)、早产(OR=7. 7394)、低出生体重(OR=7. 4803)为红细胞增多症的独立危险因素;交互分析显示,低出生体重和小于胎龄儿、低出生体重与宫内窘迫、早产与小于胎龄儿之间存在正交互作用(交互指数大于1)。结论：该病的发生与多种独立危险因素有关,多个危险因素并存亦加大了该病发生的可能性,临床上应加强对相关危险因素的监测和处理。     

新生儿肠道病毒感染并发出血-坏死性肝炎回顾性巢式病例对照研究

背景 出血-坏死性肝炎(HNC)是新生儿肠道病毒感染的严重并发症之一,早期识别困难,病情进展迅速,病死率高.目的 分析新生儿肠道病毒感染并发HNC的临床特点,为早期识别和积极治疗HNC提供依据.设计回顾性巢式病例对照研究.方法 纳入2010年1月至2020年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院收治的新生儿肠道病毒感染患儿,收集患儿...     

微生态制剂防治新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎病例对照研究

目的：探讨新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的危险因素及应用微生态制剂(培菲康)预防NEC发生的有效性。方法：对2002年1月至2005年5月住院治疗的2528例新生儿分为微生态制剂预防组与非预防组,观察两组NEC的发病率;以确诊NEC的患儿为病例组,非NEC新生儿为对照组进行病例对照研究。结果：预防组1182例中6例诊断为NEC,发病率0.51%;非预防组1346例中19例发生NEC,发病率为1.41%,两组差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。条件Logistic回归分析提示:胎龄、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病、败血症及病情危重程度是危险因素;微生态制剂的应用是保护因素。结论：避免NEC的危险因素,预防性应用微生态制剂能够降低NEC发病率。     

Clinical and laboratory features of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can cause significant morbidity and mortality but can be difficult to identify, particularly in neonates without vesicular rash. OBJECTIVE: To determine the unique clinical and laboratory features of neonates with and without HSV infection admitted to Texas Children's Hospital during a 14-year period. METHODS: An historic case-control study of all hospitalized neonates with laboratory-confirmed HSV infection and a restricted sample (ratio 1:4) of HSV test-negative hospitalized neonates. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical and laboratory factors associated with neonatal HSV infection. RESULTS: Forty cases and 160 comparison subjects were identified. The following factors were associated with neonatal HSV infection by univariate analysis: maternal primary HSV infection, maternal fever, vaginal delivery, prematurity, postnatal HSV contact, vesicular rash, hypothermia, lethargy, seizures, severe respiratory distress, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, elevated hepatic enzymes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocyosis and proteinosis. Factors not associated with neonatal HSV infection were fever, total peripheral white blood cell count, and red blood cells in the CSF. For neonates presenting without vesicular rash, maternal fever, respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation, and CSF pleocytosis were independently associated with HSV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of the newly appreciated features of maternal fever, respiratory distress, and thrombocytopenia might improve the detection of neonatal HSV infection. Clinical and laboratory factors typically associated with neonatal HSV infection were confirmed to be maternal primary HSV infection, vaginal delivery, prematurity, neonatal seizures, vesicular rash, elevated hepatic enzymes, and CSF pleocytosis.     

The incidence and risk factors of neural tube defects in Izmir, Turkey: a nested case-control study

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Izmir, Turkey, and to evaluate risk factors that may be associated with NTD-affected pregnancies. A nested case-control study was carried out in all hospitals in Izmir. Controls were matched with cases on an individual basis according to the newborn's age and hospital in which they were born. There were 56 newborns with NTD out of 36,331 deliveries in Izmir hospitals in 2000. The incidence of NTD was 1.5 per 1000 births. Forty-four cases and 88 controls were analyzed for risk factors. According to chi-square analysis, maternal education, paternal education, maternal nutritional status, maternal drug usage, and presence of maternal chronic diseases and acute infections during pregnancy were found significantly different between case and control groups.     

Bullous myringitis: a case-control study

Prior studies have shown that bullous myringitis (BM) accounts for <10% of acute otitis media (AOM) cases, and that the distribution of viral and bacterial pathogens in BM is similar to that in AOM without BM, except for a relative increase in the proportion of Streptococcus pneumoniae in BM. We studied 518 cases of AOM in children aged 6 months to 12 years. Using tele-otoscopy to assist the diagnosis, we identified 41 cases (7.9%) with BM. Children who had AOM with BM were older than AOM patients without BM (median age: 4.3 years vs 18 months). We compared 41 cases of AOM with BM to 41 control cases of age-, race-, and gender-matched AOM patients without BM. When compared with this matched control group, children with BM had more severe symptoms at the time of diagnosis and were more likely to have bulging of the tympanic membrane in the quadrants that were not obscured by the bulla. Children with AOM and BM may require aggressive pain management. Although parents and clinicians may agree that a watchful waiting approach is appropriate for older children with mild AOM, children experiencing painful AOM with BM may not be successful candidates for a watchful-waiting approach, because parents may resist postponement of antibiotic therapy in children who are more symptomatic.     

Cranial MRI in neonatal hypernatraemic dehydration

Severe neonatal hypernatraemia is a life-threatening electrolyte disorder because of its neurological complications. These are brain oedema, intracranial haemorrhages, haemorrhagic infarcts and thromboses. There are few reports concerning the radiological findings in the central nervous system in severe neonatal hypernatraemia. Cranial MRI findings in hypernatraemia have been reported in an older child, but have not been described in newborn infants. We report the cranial MRI findings in a newborn infant with acute renal failure and severe hypernatraemia. Received: 29 April 1999 Accepted: 15 November 1999