伊曲康唑治疗深部真菌感染的疗效观察

伊曲康唑是一种广谱的三唑类抗真菌药,已广泛用于治疗各种真菌感染,目前国内外对伊曲康唑注射液在重症监护室中治疗危重病患者深部真菌感染的研究报道极少.本研究通过回顾分析ICU中应用伊曲康唑注射液治疗深部真菌感染患者的临床资料,评价伊曲康唑注射液在治疗深部真菌感染的疗效和安全性.     

伊曲康唑治疗肺部真菌感染的体会

应用伊曲康唑注射液治疗5例肺部真菌感染患者,治愈2例,好转1例,死亡2例。肺部真菌感染病死率高,常死于多器官衰竭。伊曲康唑治疗深部真菌感染安全有效。     

伊曲康唑注射液预防异基因外周血干细胞移植后早期真菌感染的临床观察

目的探讨用伊曲康唑注射液预防儿童重型β-地中海贫血异基因异基因外周血干细胞移植后早期真菌感染的疗效。方法对2008年3月-2010年2月,医院收治的36例儿童重型β-地中海贫血异基因外周血干细胞移植患者,早期真菌感染发生情况进行回顾性调查分析。结果伊曲康唑注射液预防组(n=28)的早期真菌感染率为10.7%,优于非伊曲康唑注射液预防组(n=8)的25.0%,但两组之间比较,差异无统计学意义;伊曲康唑不良反应少。结论静脉注射伊曲康唑预防儿童重型β-地中海贫血异基因外周血干细胞移植患者早期真菌感染是一种安全、有效的方法。     

两种治疗方法对肺结核合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的疗效观察

目的 评估两种治疗方法对肺结核合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的疗效.方法 将41例肺结核合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的患者随机分成两组,其中A组24例,应用两性霉素B脂质体与伊曲康唑序贯治疗:首先应用两性霉素B脂质体注射液静脉滴注,1次/d,疗程2周,后改用伊曲康唑胶囊口服,每次0.2 g,2次/d,疗程10周;B组17例,先应用两性霉素B脂质体注射液静脉滴注,用法同A组,后改用伏立康唑片口服,0.2 g/次,2次/d,疗程10周;两组总疗程均为12周;分别对两组的疗效进行统计分析.结果 B组治疗有效率为64.7％,A组治疗有效率为33.3％,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应用两性霉素B脂质体与伏立康唑序贯治疗肺结核合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的疗效较好.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合伊曲康唑治疗血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染的临床研究

目的观察分析重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合伊曲康唑胶囊治疗血液病中性粒细胞缺乏患者院内侵袭性真菌感染的临床治疗效果。方法选取从2012年3月-2013年3月收治的血液病中性粒细胞缺乏发生侵袭性真菌感染患者共52例,将其随机分为观察组和对照组各26例,观察组患者采用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合伊曲康唑作为主要的治疗方案,对照组患者单纯采用伊曲康唑治疗侵袭性真菌感染。结果患者治疗有效率观察组为76.9%,明显要高于对照组的42.3%,两组患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的白细胞计数和中性粒细胞计数在治疗后均提高,分别为(2.92±0.30)×109/L和(1.52±0.21)×109/L,明显要高于对照组患者(2.27±0.28)×109/L和(1.09±0.29)×109/L;两组中性粒细胞100~500/mm3患者治疗有效率均明显高于<100/mm3患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合伊曲康唑治疗血液病患者院内侵袭性真菌感染能取得满意的临床治疗效果,并有利于提高患者中性粒细胞和白细胞计数。     

伊曲康唑治疗恶性肿瘤合并侵袭性真菌感染的临床疗效

目的观察伊曲康唑治疗恶性肿瘤合并侵袭性真菌感染的临床效果及安全性。方法采用回顾性分析31例真菌感染的肿瘤患者,其中确定诊断10例,临床诊断15例,拟诊6例;全部病例均于诊断后给予伊曲康唑注射液治疗。结果总有效率为61.3%;确诊病例、临床诊断病例和拟诊病例的有效率分别为60.0%、80.0%和14.3%;临床诊断病例和拟诊病例的疗效之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其余各组间比较,差异无统计学意义。结论伊曲康唑治疗恶性肿瘤继发侵袭性真菌感染疗效确切,安全可靠,起效较快,在使用过程中需密切关注药物的不良反应。     

某院近10年儿童侵袭性真菌感染状况分析

目的探讨某院近10年儿童侵袭性真菌感染状况,为医院提升治疗儿童侵袭性真菌感染患儿疗效提供科学依据。方法选取2006年7月-2016年7月医院儿科收治的侵袭性真菌感染患儿106例,统计每2年儿童侵袭性真菌感染的数量分布、感染病原菌的危险因素、分布和来源及临床症状、主要真菌病原菌的耐药性。结果 106例侵袭性真菌感染儿童共分离出真菌109株,儿童侵袭性真菌感染的总例数呈逐年上升趋势,其中,每年感染最多的菌落均为白念珠菌;影响儿童侵袭性真菌感染的危险因素包括广谱抗菌药物、激素的使用、中心静脉插管、血液系统肿瘤、胃肠手术以及留置导尿管;儿童侵袭性真菌感染中以念珠菌为主,包括白念珠菌33株(30.3%)、光滑念珠菌13株(11.9%),热带念珠菌12株(11.0%)以及克柔念珠菌9株(8.3%),其次为新隐球菌18株(16.5%),链格孢子菌7株(6.4%)以及曲霉菌11株(10.1%);儿童侵袭性真菌感染的来源主要为泌尿道和呼吸道,新隐球菌的主要来源为脑脊液;白念珠菌对伊曲康唑和氟康唑耐药性较强,对5-氟胞嘧啶较敏感,新隐球菌对伊曲康唑和氟康唑耐药性较强,对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B较敏感;儿童侵袭性真菌感染临床症状中以咳嗽、体温不稳定、喘息最为常见,偶尔有患儿伴随腹痛、腹胀和咳血的症状。结论儿童侵袭性真菌感染无临床特异性,对于其感染的相关危险因素且抗菌药物治疗无效的患者,需要更加深入地寻找真菌感染证据,对于确定真菌感染的患者应给予5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B治疗,以期降低儿童侵袭性真菌感染率,提高治疗效果。     

卡泊芬净经验性治疗白血病并发真菌感染的临床疗效分析与评价

目的 评估卡泊芬净经验性治疗白血病并发真菌感染的疗效分析及不良反应.方法 选择2009年1月-2011年10月医院白血病并发真菌感染的50例患者,分为卡泊芬净及伊曲康唑两组,每组25例,卡泊芬净组给予卡泊芬净经验性治疗,伊曲康唑组给予伊曲康唑抗真菌治疗,两组治疗时间均持续至体温恢复正常后5d或疗程达14 d或连续痰涂片阴性后3d;对两种药物的疗效和不良反应进行观察和评价.结果 卡泊芬净和伊曲康唑在治疗白血病并发真菌感染中,总有效率分别为88.0％和64.0％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组比较后发现,卡泊芬净较伊曲康唑不良反应少,耐受性好.结论 在白血病并发真菌感染的治疗中,卡泊芬净较伊曲康唑疗效更好,不良反应更少,患者耐受性更好,是治疗白血病并发真菌感染安全有效的药物.     

伊曲康唑治疗糖尿病深部真菌感染的疗效观察

目的评价伊曲康唑治疗糖尿病患者深部真菌感染的疗效及副作用。方法以伊曲康唑治疗临床确诊的糖尿病合并深部真菌感染患者18例，评价伊曲康唑的疗效及副作用。结果痊愈13例，显效2例，好转1例，无效（死亡）2例。在治疗过程中，发生不良反应4例。结论伊曲康唑治疗糖尿病患者深部真菌感染疗效确切、不良反应轻微，值得在临床上推广使用。     

血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染病原学及危险因素

目的了解血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的现状,分析真菌耐药情况及感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2006—2010年某院血液病科合并感染的患者1 246例次,对IFI患者病原学特点及危险因素进行分析。结果真菌感染281例次,分离真菌162株,感染部位以呼吸道(134株,占82.72%)为主。4种主要酵母菌为白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌;2006—2009年均以白假丝酵母菌为主,2010年非白假丝酵母菌超过白假丝酵母菌。4种主要酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的总耐药率分别为5.15%和4.41%,6株克柔假丝酵母对氟康唑和伊曲康唑全部耐药,未发现对伏立康唑耐药的菌株。真菌感染的独立危险因素为合并糖尿病、粒缺时间14 d。结论血液病患者非白假丝酵母菌感染比例增加,出现了耐氟康唑和伊曲康唑的非白假丝酵母菌,需采取综合措施积极预防及早期治疗IFI患者。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.