MR对肾癌Ⅰ期瘤栓的诊断价值

目的评价MR对肾癌1期瘤栓的诊断价值。方法22例经手术病理证实的肾癌患者,均于术前行MR检查,观察肾静脉内和下腔静脉内有无瘤栓及瘤栓的范围,并与手术结果进行对照。评价MR对肾静脉和下腔静脉的显示情况及对肾癌I期瘤栓的诊断准确性。结果22例患者,均为单侧肾癌。手术病理共发现8处肾静脉瘤栓,无下腔静脉内瘤栓。MR对肾癌的检出率为100%。MR对21支肾静脉显示清楚,1支肾静脉显示不清。在显示清楚的21支肾静脉中,MR诊断8支肾静脉内有瘤栓,13支肾静脉内无瘤栓,均与手术病理符合。1支显示不清的肾静脉内,手术未见瘤栓。MR对22支下腔静脉均显示清楚,未见瘤栓。22例肾癌中,9例行增强CT检查,对瘤栓的诊断正确7例,漏诊1例,误诊1例。16例行超声检查,对瘤栓的诊断正确13例,误诊2例,漏诊1例。4例行DSA检查,诊断正确4例。结论MR对肾癌Ⅰ期瘤栓的诊断准确性高,当术前MR对肾静脉显示清楚时,MR可作为术前I期瘤栓评价的金标准。     

基于多反转脉冲空间标记技术的非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像序列在评估移植肾血管解剖方面的研究

目的：评估基于多反转脉冲空间标记技术（SLEEK）的非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像序列在显示移植肾血管解剖方面的价值,并和彩色多普勒超声（CDUS）及手术记录结果进行对照。方法：对75名肾移植术后需要排除血管并发症的患者进行CDUS及SLEEK扫描,所有患者均签署知情同意书。由两名放射科专家对SLEEK 显示移植肾血管解剖结构进行评估,并将SLEEK结果与CDUS及手术记录进行对照。结果：75名肾移植患者均成功进行了 SLEEK 扫描及CDUS扫描。3名患者移植了2个肾脏,总共有78个移植肾进行了图像评估,所有患者的图像质量都是可以接受的。图像质量评分为优秀的占85％（66／78）,良好的占10％（8／78）,一般的占5％（4／78）。在检查移植肾血管吻合方式方面, SLEEK检查结果与手术记录完全吻合,发现72个肾脏被移植在右侧髂窝,6个肾脏被移植在左侧髂窝。移植肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合的有43个,移植肾动脉与髂内动脉端端吻合的有35个,所有78个移植肾静脉均与髂外静脉端侧吻合,结果与CDUS间差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。手术记录显示78个移植肾中有9个有副肾动脉,SLEEK发现了其中的8例,超声只发现了2例,SLEEK在检出副肾动脉方面明显优于CDUS（P＜0．05）。结论：基于SLEEK 的非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像被证明是显示移植肾血管解剖的一种可靠方法。SLEEK 可以作为评估移植肾血管的方法,尤其适用于肾功能不良的患者。     

下腔静脉造影在肾癌伴发下腔静脉癌栓切除术前评估中的应用价值

【摘要】 目的 评价下腔静脉DSA造影检查在肾癌伴发下腔静脉癌栓切除术前评估中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年1月在解放军总医院接受下腔静脉造影检查的连续97例患者,最终纳入共37例肾癌伴发下腔静脉癌栓手术治疗患者。2名具有5年以上临床经验的主治医师分别对下腔静脉造影图像及术前影像进行评价,根据评价标准,下腔静脉完全阻塞且主要侧支循环通路完善、主要侧支循环直径≥10 mm为侧支循环完善组,否则为侧支循环不完善组。分别记录两组患者手术方案选择。两组临床资料作差异性分析,计量指标根据正态分布与否用t检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验,计数指标用Fisher确切概率检验。采用Kappa系数分析2名观察者间评价一致性。 结果 CT、MR显示肾癌伴发下腔静脉瘤栓阻塞程度、侧支循环均有一定限度,下腔静脉造影能清晰显示下腔静脉瘤栓阻塞程度和侧支循环开放情况。37例患者中侧支循环完善组26例,其中14例（53.8%）行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除+下腔静脉瘤栓离断术,12例（46.2%）行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除+下腔静脉取栓术;侧支循环不完善组11例,全部（100%）行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除+下腔静脉取栓术。2名观察者间评价具高度一致性（Kappa=0.871）。两组间患者性别、Mayo分级、术中出血量差异有统计学意义,其余变量差异无统计学意义。结论 下腔静脉造影能准确判定肾癌伴发下腔静脉癌栓患者下腔静脉癌栓阻塞程度和侧支循环建立情况,对下腔静脉离断术或取栓术术式选择具有重要指导意义。     

Diagnosis of the type of primary Budd-Chiari syndrome with 3D DCE MRA: a comparative study with Digital subtraction angiography

目的:探讨3D DCE MRA和DSA对原发性Budd-Chiari综合征的分型诊断能力.方法:回顾性分析46例行3D DCE MRA和DSA检查的原发性Budd-Chiari综合征患者的病例资料,所有患者经DSA证实至少有一支肝静脉或入右心房段及肝后段下腔静脉存在病变且无肿瘤、血栓等基础疾病.对所有患者的3D DCE MRA图像质量进行评价(1～4分,依次为优、良、中和差),以DSA检查作为金标准,评估3D DCE MRA诊断BCS的能力,包括检出静脉病变的总敏感度、特异度及诊断准确度,显示下腔静脉及肝静脉(肝左、肝右及肝中静脉)病变各自的敏感度以及发现副肝静脉的敏感度,采用Kappa检验评估这两种检查方法对BCS分型诊断的一致性.结果:46例中44例的3D DCE MRA图像质量评分为3～4分,仅2例图像质量为2分.3D DCE MRA正确诊断BCS 45例.46例患者共184支血管段中DSA共检出151支静脉病变,3D DCE MRA正确诊断141支、误诊2支,MRA发现静脉痛变的总敏感度为93.4％(141/151),特异度为94.0％(31/33);发现下腔静脉病变的敏感度为94.9％(37/39),发现肝右、肝中及肝左静脉的敏感度分别为94.1％(32/34)、92.3％(36/39)和92.3％(36/39);显示副肝静脉的敏感度为83.3％(25/30).3D DCE MRA对所有患者的分型诊断符合率为86.7％(39/45),且与DSA之间存在高度一致性(Kappa=0.667,P＜0.05).结论:3D DCE MRA可较准确地对原发性BCS进行诊断和分型,能够对患者的介入治疗方案的制订和导管入路的选择提供帮助.     

三维动态增强MRA与DSA对原发性Budd-Chiari综合征分型诊断的对照研究

目的:探讨3DDCE MRA和DSA对原发性Budd-Chiari综合征的分型诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析46例行3DDCE MRA和DSA检查的原发性Budd-Chiari综合征患者的病例资料,所有患者经DSA证实至少有一支肝静脉或入右心房段及肝后段下腔静脉存在病变且无肿瘤、血栓等基础疾病。对所有患者的3DDCE MRA图像质量进行评价(1～4分,依次为优、良、中和差),以DSA检查作为金标准,评估3DDCE MRA诊断BCS的能力,包括检出静脉病变的总敏感度、特异度及诊断准确度,显示下腔静脉及肝静脉(肝左、肝右及肝中静脉)病变各自的敏感度以及发现副肝静脉的敏感度,采用Kappa检验评估这两种检查方法对BCS分型诊断的一致性。结果:46例中44例的3DDCE MRA图像质量评分为3～4分,仅2例图像质量为2分。3DDCE MRA正确诊断BCS 45例。46例患者共184支血管段中DSA共检出151支静脉病变,3DDCE MRA正确诊断141支、误诊2支,MRA发现静脉病变的总敏感度为93.4%(141/151),特异度为94.0%(31/33);发现下腔静脉病变的敏感度为94.9%(37/39),发现肝右、肝中及肝左静脉的敏感度分别为94.1%(32/34)、92.3%(36/39)和92.3%(36/39);显示副肝静脉的敏感度为83.3%(25/30)。3DDCE MRA对所有患者的分型诊断符合率为86.7%(39/45),且与DSA之间存在高度一致性(Kappa=0.667,P<0.05)。结论:3DDCE MRA可较准确地对原发性BCS进行诊断和分型,能够对患者的介入治疗方案的制订和导管入路的选择提供帮助。     

静脉内平滑肌瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨静脉内平滑肌瘤的影像学特征。方法回顾性分析5例病理证实为静脉内平滑肌瘤患者的临床资料和CT和MRI检查结果。结果 CT上肿瘤盆腔内部分呈不规则形块状或碎屑状,不均匀强化,伴静脉充盈缺损。全部5例肿瘤延伸至下腔静脉,3例经同侧或双侧髂静脉和髂总静脉至下腔静脉,另2例通过卵巢静脉、肾静脉延伸至下腔静脉,1例肿瘤局限于下腔静脉肝下段,4例扩展至右心房。MRI的特征是静脉内流空信号消失,代之以静脉内软组织信号。结论在子宫静脉、髂静脉或卵巢静脉内生长的蠕虫状肿块,可沿下腔静脉漂浮样延伸达心腔和肺动脉是静脉内平滑肌瘤病的显著特征。     

非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像技术在评估移植肾血管并发症方面的研究

目的:探讨基于多翻转脉冲空间标记技术(SLEEK)的非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像序列在显示移植肾血管并发症方面的价值.方法:对23例移植肾血管并发症患者行SLEEK及彩色多普勒超声扫描.由两位放射医师对SLEEK显示移植肾血管并发症情况进行评估,并将SLEEK结果与彩色多普勒超声、DSA及手术结果进行对照.结果:23例患者均成功进行了SLEEK扫描,其中移植肾动脉狭窄11例,移植肾动脉闭塞3例,移植肾动脉扭曲3例,移植肾静脉狭窄2例,动静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤1例,肌纤维发育不良1例.SLEEK检出了所有23例并发症,彩色多普勒超声检查出了其中19例,两者检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:基于SLEEK的非对比剂增强磁共振血管成像序列无创、无辐射,在显示移植肾血管并发症方面具有很高的应用价值.     

下腔静脉病变的螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨下腔静脉病变的螺旋CT及下腔静脉CT血管造影（CTP）的影像特点。资料与方法 40例肿瘤侵犯下腔静脉及下腔静脉病变,采用螺旋CT平扫、增强扫描及下腔静脉CTP检查,分析不同扫描模式及后处理图像所示病变的部位、范围、密度变化特点及侧支循环形成。结果 19例肝癌沿肝静脉侵犯下腔静脉,癌栓位于下腔静脉肝段及肝上段;邻近下腔静脉肝段的肝癌直接侵犯下腔静脉;6例轻度强化,未见明显侧支循环形成。9例肾癌沿肾静脉侵犯下腔静脉,癌栓位于肾上段,无强化,见肾包膜静脉侧支形成及性腺静脉增粗。5例下腔静脉血栓管腔狭窄或闭塞,呈节段性,壁不光整,可见条状或斑点状钙化,CTP后延迟扫描,病变段无明显强化,见明显的侧支循环。3例下腔静脉内血管平滑肌瘤病,起自子宫,沿卵巢静脉及髂静脉上行,经下腔静脉侵入右心房,病变密度较均匀,无钙化及坏死囊变,强化较明显,病变段附近见大量侧支循环形成。发育异常所致布一加综合征（Budd-Chiari syndrome）3例,表现为肝上段节段性狭窄,周围见大量的侧支循环形成。下腔静脉内平滑肌肉瘤1例,病变位于肝下段下腔静脉,呈节段性增粗,边缘不光整,密度不均,延迟CT扫描后不均匀强化,邻近见大量侧支循环形成。结论 下腔静脉病变的CT表现以充盈缺损、无或轻-中度强化、管腔狭窄及侧支血管形成为特征,下腔静脉CTP的三维重建能立体显示管腔狭窄和侧支血管,合理的CT扫描模式有利于病变的诊断和确定手术方案。     

增强MRI定量参数预测肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者侧支循环建立的价值

目的探讨基于增强MRI的定量参数预测肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者下腔静脉侧支循环建立的价值。方法回顾性连续收集2006年5月至2021年1月在解放军总医院第一医学中心接受肾癌并下腔静脉癌栓根治性切除术并行下腔静脉造影的患者67例。以下腔静脉造影结果为金标准分为侧支循环建立良好组(41例)和侧支循环建立不良组(26例)。于术前增强MRI图像上测量定量参数, 包括肿瘤最大径、双侧腰静脉最大径、癌栓长度、癌栓长径与短径。采用独立样本t检验或Mann-WhitneyU检验进行组间比较。运用二元逻辑回归分析获得侧支循环建立相关的独立危险因素, 并建立模型。对MRI定量参数和逻辑回归模型进行受试者操作特征曲线分析, 曲线下面积(AUC)比较采用DeLong检验。结果侧支循环建立良好组与侧支循环建立不良组间右侧腰静脉最大径、左侧腰静脉最大径、癌栓长度、癌栓长径、癌栓短径差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), 肿瘤最大径差异无统计学意义(t=0.30, P=0.766)。右侧腰静脉最大径、左侧腰静脉最大径、癌栓长度、癌栓长径、癌栓短径预测侧支循环建立良好的AUC(95%CI)分别为0.917(0.824...     

腹膜后生殖细胞瘤引起下腔静脉肿瘤性栓塞

肾脏、肾上腺及肝脏肿瘤所造成的下腔静脉肿瘤性栓塞是众所周知的并发症,但由于腹膜后生殖细胞瘤侵犯下腔静脉而形成肿瘤性栓塞至今尚未见报道,作者分析了3例,男性2例,女性1例。CT图象上可见下腔静脉及肾静脉腔内充盈缺损及其附近肿块阴影。第1例病人是由于生殖细胞肿瘤侵蚀肾静脉壁,进入肾静脉,然后进一步蔓延进入下腔静脉引起栓塞;另2例是由于肿瘤直接侵及下腔静脉并在腔内生长形成瘤栓。有时巨大肿瘤压迫下腔静脉,使血流减慢,亦可造成血栓形成。在临床上如能诊断出腹膜后恶性肿瘤是下腔静脉腔栓塞形成的原因,可避免采用一般的溶血栓疗法而耽搁疗     

Vena cava duplication — anomaly simulating neoplastic renal vein involvement

Routine investigation of the patient with renal cell carcinoma includes assessment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and renal veins for tumor thrombus. Embryologic abnormalities of the vena cava may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of tumor extension into the renal vein. Knowledge of possible venous variations will decrease this potential diagnostic error.     

磁共振三维血流成像在小儿腹部疾病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨对比剂增强自动触发磁共振三维血流成像(3D CE MRA)技术在小儿腹部疾病诊断中的价值。方法：2001年3月～2003年6月对临床拟诊腹部实体肿瘤和腹腔大血管病变的46例患儿行常规MRI扫描和3D CEMRA检查，年龄生后1天～14岁，平均4．8岁。腹部实体肿瘤40例，腹腔大血管病变6例。全部患者检查前行肘静脉穿刺并保留静脉通道．镇静睡眠后注射2～3倍剂量非离子型对比剂。扫描采用Smart Prep Angio。对比剂智能捕捉技术。结果：本组检查成功率97．83％。40例实体肿瘤中,3D CEMRA显示肿瘤起源2例，肿瘤侵犯和包绕腹主动脉11例，下腔静脉闭塞3例，肾动静脉受侵蚀闭塞6例，肾蒂受肿瘤牵拉变细3例，腹腔动脉干、肠系膜上动静脉及睥静脉移位共12例，门静脉及其左右肝内分支受侵犯3例。腹部大血管病变6例。结论：3D CEMRA技术对巨大腹膜后肿瘤的起源定位具有诊断价值。结合多方位的断面图像不仅可以了解腹腔重要大血管被肿瘤浸润包裹和推挤移位情况，而且可对肾脏受浸润破坏情况进行术前评估，从而为临床制定恰当的治疗方案提供比较可靠的影像学依据。3D CEMRA是无创显示体腔大血管病变的有效方法。     

Venous variants and anomalies on routine abdominal multi-detector row CT

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the types and prevalence rates of anatomic variations of the hepatic veins, portal vein, inferior vena cava and renal veins, and to establish statistical correlations between various anomalies and frequency differences between male and female using multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand one hundred and twenty patients (588 men, 532 women) were evaluated with routine abdominal CT. Frequencies of different variants were noted and compared, and correlations between three categories of variation were tested. RESULTS: In total, 1261 abdominal vein variants and anomalies were identified in 756 (67.5%) of 1120 patients. Six hundred and forty-two hepatic vein variants were detected in 468 (41.8%) patients. One or more inferior right hepatic veins were identified in 356 (31.8%) individuals, and tributary hepatic veins were detected in 147 (13.1%) patients. Portal vein variations and anomalies were observed in 307 (27.4%) cases. The most frequent of these was trifurcation (139 patients, 12.4%). A total of 311 inferior vena cava and renal vein variants were identified in 258 (23%) cases. Six patients (0.5%) exhibited inferior vena cava anomalies, 62 (5.5%) had circumaortic renal veins, 53 (4.7%) had retroaortic renal veins, and 210 (18.8%) had multiple renal veins. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abdominal vein variations is high, and routine abdominal CT demonstrates these abnormalities very well. The data suggest that hepatic vein variants and multiple right renal veins are more frequent in women than in men, and that hepatic vein variation is correlated with portal vein variation.     

三维动态增强磁共振血管成像在肝移植术前的应用

 目的探讨三维动态增强磁共振血管成像(3D DCE MRA)三期扫描技术,评价其在肝移植术前的诊断价值.方法对拟进行肝移植的183例患者进行术前3D DCE MRA成像扫描,采用Siemens Symphony 1.5T超导MRI扫描机,圆形极化相控阵体线圈,3D DCE MRA三期(动脉期、门脉期和静脉期)扫描技术,即对所得图像进行综合评价.结果全部病例均获得了满意的血管成像图像,肝动脉可显示2～3级分支,门静脉可显示2～5级分支,肝静脉可显示1～2级分支.183例肝移植患者,5例显示肝动脉变异,其中2例起自肠系膜上动脉,2例直接起自腹腔干,1例起自胃左动脉.单纯肝硬化门脉高压103例,其中,冠状静脉和食道胃底静脉曲张23例、脐周静脉曲张5例、肠系膜静脉曲张2例、脾门周围静脉曲张30例,门静脉玻璃样变性1例;原发性肝癌79例,5例肝动脉包埋、僵直、推移,2例肝内动-静脉瘘,门静脉右支癌栓23例,门静脉左支癌栓7例,门静脉主干癌栓3例,同时发生门静脉左右支癌栓的2例,MRA表现为门静脉呈半月形或杯口形缺损或不显影.7例肝静脉出现栓塞,5例下腔静脉受压推移,1例下腔静脉瘤栓.结论 3D DCE MRA三期扫描能很好的显示肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉系统病变,肝移植术前应用3D DCE MRA,基本达到临床要求,是术前血管评估的有效方法.     

三维对比剂增强MR血管成像诊断布加综合征的价值

目的观察三维对比剂增强MR血管成像（3DCEMRA）上布加综合征（BCS）的各种表现,并初步评价该项新技术的价值。方法33例BCS患者行3DCEMRA检查。23例为继发性BCS,分别继发于肝细胞癌（21例）、右肾上腺癌（1例）或血栓性静脉炎（1例）。10例为原发性BCS。观察肝静脉、下腔静脉（IVC）和门静脉的开放性,观察有无肝内外侧支、肝实质病变和门静脉一体静脉间曲张静脉。10例患者行下腔静脉造影术,2例行肝右静脉穿刺造影术,把3DCEMRA所获的诊断结果与造影相对照。结果3DCEMRA可显示BCS的各种表现。肝静脉表现包括：癌栓形成（19例）、肿瘤压迫（2例）、肝静脉未显示（4例）和局限性狭窄（4例）。IVC表现为严重狭窄或闭塞（10例）、肿瘤直接侵犯（2例）、癌栓形成（3例）、血栓性静脉炎（1例）和隔膜形成（3例）。9例显示肝内侧支形成,其中2例显示“蜘蛛网”征象。所见的肝外侧支包括扩张的奇静脉和半奇静脉（13例）,以及左肾一膈下一心包膈静脉侧支（2例）形成。2例患者发现门静脉左支闭塞,10例患者发生门静脉．体静脉间静脉曲张。3DCEMRA发现的肝实质病变有：尾叶增大（7例）、不均匀强化（18例）和并发肿瘤（18例）。12例3DCEMRA诊断结果均与造影结果一致。结论3DCEMRA能显示BCS的各种征象,并能帮助提供正确诊断。     

Pulmonary embolism—the initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma in a young woman

We report a case of massive pulmonary embolus demonstrated on CT in a young woman presenting with dyspnea, with no known risk factors for embolism. Abdominal CT on further investigation showed a renal tumor invading the left renal vein and the inferior vena cava as the cause of the pulmonary embolus. In a patient presenting with pulmonary artery embolism without venous thrombosis, the differential diagnosis should include an occult tumor as the cause of the embolus. Electronic Publication     

Noncontrast 3D steady state free precession magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic central veins using nonselective radiofrequency excitation over a large field of view: initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) steady state free precession (SSFP) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using nonselective radiofrequency excitation for the assessment of thoracic central veins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients (17 males, 13 females, age range 22-76) with various cardiac and thoracic vascular diseases underwent free-breathing electrocardiogram-gated noncontrast SSFP MRA and conventional high-resolution 3D contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA of the thorax at 1.5 T. Two readers evaluated both datasets for findings: venous visibility and sharpness (from 0, not visualized to 3, excellent definition); artifacts; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in 8 venous segments including superior vena cava (SVC), supra-diaphragmatic inferior vena cava, bilateral brachiocephalic, proximal subclavian, and lower internal jugular veins. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test for overall image quality and vessel visibility, t test for SNR and CNR analysis, and kappa coefficient for inter-observer variability. RESULTS: 3D SSFP and CE-MRA were successfully performed in all patients. Scan time for SSFP MRA ranged from 5 to 10 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation, 7 +/- 2 minutes). Reader 1 (2) graded the overall image quality as excellent and good on SSFP MRA in 23 (25) and 7 (5) patients, and on CE-MRA in 22 (23) and 8 (9) patients, respectively. On SSFP MRA, readers 1 and 2 graded 234 (97.5%) and 233 (97.1%) venous segments with diagnostic definition (grades 2 and 3) (kappa = 0.69), respectively. On conventional CE-MRA, readers 1 and 2 graded 231 (96.3%) and 232 (96.7%) venous segments with diagnostic definition (grades 2 and 3) (kappa = 0.68), respectively. Segmental visibility and sharpness were higher for lower internal jugular veins on CE-MRA for each reader (P < 0.001). No significant difference existed for venous visibility and sharpness scores for other venous segments between the 2 techniques for both readers (P > 0.05). SNR and CNR values were lower for internal jugular veins on SSFP MRA (P < 0.001). No significant difference existed between SNR and CNR values for the other venous segments on SSFP and CE-MRA (P > 0.05 for all). The 2 readers demonstrated patent SVC Glenn shunt to main pulmonary artery (n = 3), patent extra cardiac Fontan shunt from inferior vena cava to pulmonary artery confluence (n = 2), and dilatation and thrombosis of SVC (n = 1) and right brachiocephalic vein (n = 1) on both datasets. CONCLUSION: Free breathing navigator-gated noncontrast 3D SSFP MRA with nonselective radiofrequency excitation provides high image quality and sufficient SNR and CNR for confident evaluation of thoracic central veins.     

Budd—Chiari综合征的MRI

目的：探讨Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析５例经腔静脉造影证实的Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现,并与腔静脉造影进行比较。结果：ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现如下：１、肝肿大,３例慢性者尾叶增大;２、肝静脉未显示,肝内血管呈逗点状;３、下腔静脉狭窄、阻塞和狭窄阻塞后扩张及血流信号异常,与腔静脉造影比较,ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ显示狭窄和阻塞的形态不够确切;４、肝外侧枝血管形成。结论：ＭＲＩ对Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征具有特征性的诊断价值,但不能取代腔静脉造影。     

Incidence and distribution of venous extension in 70 hypernephromas.

Angiographic, surgical, and pathologic observations of 70 patients with single hypervascular renal cell carcinomas were reviewed. To correlate size and location with extension into the renal veins or inferior vena cava, the tumors were divided into three groups on the basis of size. Of the 32 group 1 tumors (3--5 cm), four showed venous extension. Three involved only the right renal vein, while one extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Of the 24 group II tumors (5--7cm), 12 showed venous extension. Only one of these was confined to the right renal vein, while 11 extended through the renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Eight of the 13 group III tumors (greater than 7 cm) showed venous extension. Three of these were confined to the renal vein, while five extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. This investigation indicates that venous extension is more frequent with tumors of the right kidney and with tumors of larger size.