实时荧光PCR技术在预防性健康检查沙门菌与志贺菌检测中的应用

目的将实时荧光PCR技术应用于食品及公共场所从业人员肛拭标本的沙门菌与志贺菌检测,评价其作为快速检测方法的适用性。方法采集肠道门诊粪便与肛拭标本分别利用实时荧光PCR法与传统培养法进行平行对照实验,验证实时荧光PCR法的灵敏度与特异度;然后将此法与列联表结合应用于从业人员肛拭标本的检测。结果 515份肠道门诊标本的检测结果表明,实时荧光PCR法阳性率高于培养法(P0.05),沙门菌与志贺菌的灵敏度均为100.00%,特异度分别为98.98%、97.02%。检测2013年采集的从业人员肛拭标本21 590份,检出沙门菌18株,阳性率为0.83‰;未检出志贺菌。实时荧光PCR法检出率高于2014年同期传统培养法检出率。结论实时荧光PCR技术有助于提升预防性健康检查中沙门菌与志贺菌的检出率,而且特异度强、灵敏度高,兼具时效性与客观性,适合基层实验室对从业人员进行沙门菌与志贺菌的快速筛查。     

实时荧光PCR快速同时检测从业人员沙门菌和志贺菌结果分析

目的 了解双重实时荧光PCR快速同时检测从业人员沙门菌和志贺菌的效果.方法 采集从业人员肛拭子样本,用双重实时荧光PCR法检测沙门菌和志贺菌,检出的疑似阳性样本按国标法进行培养鉴定.结果 采用双重实时荧光PCR反应体系共检测从业人员39 974人次,荧光PCR检测出沙门菌阳性41份,阳性率1.22‰,培养法检测出31份,阳性率为0.78‰,沙门菌荧光PCR检测法的灵敏度为100％,特异性为99.95％.荧光PCR检测出志贺菌10份,阳性率为0.25‰,培养法检测出3份,阳性率为0.08‰,志贺菌荧光PCR法的灵敏度为100％,特异性为99.98％.从样品处理到检测结果仅需要时间2h～ld.结论 双重实时荧光PCR检测体系快速、灵敏度高、特异性强,可用于从业人员体检的快速诊断和肠道传染病的初筛,为肠道传染病的分子流行病学调查提供新的检测手段.     

沙门菌和志贺菌双重实时荧光定量PCR的应用效果评价

目的研究沙门菌和志贺菌双色实时荧光PCR法的应用价值。方法收集2017年8月到2018年4月深圳市西丽人民医院临床肛拭子样本2700份,运用双色实时荧光PCR法检测沙门菌与志贺菌,统计阳性检出率,并与培养法的检测结果进行对比。结果 2700份样本中,培养法检出沙门菌与志贺菌阳性分别为2株、0株,检出率分别为0.07%、0.00%,双色实时荧光PCR法检出沙门菌与志贺菌阳性分别为6株、3株,检出率分别为0.22%、0.11%,双色实时荧光PCR法检出率高于培养法,对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双色实时荧光PCR法检测沙门菌和志贺菌的临床效果显著,具有较高的特异性、敏感度及准确率,值得临床推广与应用。     

环介导技术在感染性腹泻沙门菌检测中的应用与研究

目的建立并应用环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)检测肠道门诊感染性腹泻中的沙门菌。方法通过在线软件Primer Explorer V5设计针对沙门菌的保守区引物,建立LAMP检测方法,采用荧光定量PCR法、LAMP法和分离培养法,对本院2015年肠道门诊137例患者的粪便标本进行检测。对建立的方法进行特异度、灵敏度试验,与荧光定量PCR法和培养法进行比对。结果 137份标本中,荧光定量PCR法检出28份阳性,LAMP法检出28份阳性,分离培养法检出23份阳性。3种方法的检测结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LAMP对6株沙门菌属扩增的结果均为阳性,而对志贺菌等5株致病菌株扩增的结果均为阴性。LAMP检测方法具有良好的灵敏度和特异度。结论 LAMP检测方法灵敏特异,简单快速,比荧光定量PCR法更适用于基层疾病预防控制机构,有着较为广泛的发展前景。     

实时荧光PCR法快速分离食源性致病菌

目的建立快速的食源性沙门菌和志贺菌检测方法,以提高对该菌的检验速度和准确性,为公共卫生,食源性致病菌监测,突发性群体性食物中毒事件提供技术支持。方法采用实时荧光PCR法和培养法对40份不同类食品进行沙门菌和志贺菌的检测,并对分离的菌株进行血清分型和定量检测,比较两种方法的特异性,灵敏度,准确性。结果采用实时荧光PCR法检测40份样本,其中8份沙门菌核酸阳性,阳性率20%;采用培养法检测这40份样本,4份样品分离出沙门菌,阳性率10%,且4份样品经核酸检测均为阳性,32份核酸阴性样本采用培养法检测,均未分离到沙门菌和志贺菌。结论实时荧光PCR法结合传统分离培养法适宜食品中沙门菌,志贺菌的快速筛查鉴定及食物中毒等突发事件的快速诊断。     

实时荧光PCR检测沙门菌特异基因

目的：建立一种灵敏、快速检测沙门菌的实时荧光PCR方法.方法：针对沙门菌特异性基因invA设计引物、探针,在实时荧光PCR仪上进行扩增、检测和结果分析.结果：应用该实时荧光PCR方法,30株沙门菌检测结果均为阳性,19株非沙门菌结果均为阴性,96个肛门拭子样本增菌前后的PCR结果一致;检测灵敏度达到4 cfu/test,定量结果与培养计数无显著差异.结论：该方法检测沙门菌具有灵敏度高、快速方便的特点,且可用于定量检测.     

改良分子信标-实时PCR快速检测志贺菌

目的：建立改良分子信标-实时PCR检测志贺菌的快速方法，应用于志贺菌食物中毒的快速诊断和门诊肠道致病菌的检测。方法：根据GenBank公布志贺菌ipaH基因的保守序列，设计引物和改良分子信标探针，建立实时PCR-改良分子信标检测体系，应用于对志贺菌食物中毒的快速诊断和门诊肠道致病菌的检测。结果：改良分子信标-实时PCR反应体系DNA灵敏度为93fg/μl，菌液灵敏度为64cfu／ml或2cfu／PCR反应体系，无交叉反应。此反应体系检测67株志贺菌，均出现特异的荧光信号。对细菌性食物中毒样本等共657份样品进行志贺菌检测，42份志贺菌实时PCR阳性，其中41份志贺菌细菌培养阳性。从样品处理到检测结果仅需2h～1d时间。结论：改良分子信标-实时PCR检测体系快速、灵敏度高，特异性强，可用于志贺菌食物中毒的快速诊断，为食源性疾病的分子流行病学调查提供新的检测手段，对于提高肠道门诊的工作效率有重要意义。     

实时PCR筛查、培养法确认方案在从业人员肠道致病菌检测的研究

目的:了解与培养法相结合的实时PCR方案在食品及公共场所从业人员肠道致病菌检测中的应用价值。方法:19818份从业人员肛拭子标本用荧光PCR检测,同时用经典分离培养方法进行确认。结果:在19818份标本中,荧光PCR检测出沙门菌阳性6份,阳性率为0.30‰,培养法检测出5份,阳性率为0.25‰,沙门菌荧光PCR检测法的灵敏度为100%,特异性为99.99%。荧光PCR检测出志贺菌20份,阳性率为1.01‰,培养法检测出5份,阳性率为0.25‰,志贺菌荧光PCR法的灵敏度为100%,特异性为99.94%。结论:在基层应用此方案可提高从业人员带菌检出率及检测准确性并大大降低工作强度,且为从采样到出报告全过程的实验室间比对提供良好基础。     

实时荧光PCR方法分型检测细菌16S rRNA基因的临床应用

目的建立快速、准确、特异的检测细菌16S rRNA基因的实时荧光PCR法。方法根据Taq Man探针技术实时荧光PCR反应原理结合细菌16S rRNA基因序列,在高保守区域设计通用引物和特异性探针,对10种标准菌株及15种临床培养分离菌株进行PCR检测,优化反应体系,评价该方法的特异性、灵敏度、重复性,并对187份标本采用培养法和实时荧光PCR法进行检测比较。结果 10种标准株和15种临床培养株采用通用引物检测全阳性,9株革兰阳性菌株通过革兰阳性探针检测全阳性,16株革兰阴性菌株通过革兰阴性探针检测也全阳性。187例临床标本经实时荧光PCR检测阳性率为16.22%(30/185),培养法检出率为9.73%(18/185),2种方法革兰菌分型结果一致,细菌检出率前者明显高于后者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多探针实时荧光PCR法检测细菌16S rRNA具有敏感性高、特异性强、方便快捷等特点,可在细菌感染性疾病中给临床医生提供更全面的病原学资料,早期指导抗生素的应用。     

荧光PCR法与细菌培养法检测从业人员沙门菌和志贺菌的对比研究

目的比较荧光PCR法与细菌培养法对从业人员肠道携带沙门菌和志贺菌的检出率。方法收集2015年7月24日-2015年11月13日4 620份从业人员肛拭子,分别用荧光PCR法和培养法进行肠道沙门菌和志贺菌的检测,比较2种方法的检出率。结果培养法检出沙门菌54株、志贺菌0株,总检出率为1.17%;荧光PCR法检出沙门菌81株、志贺菌1株,总检出率为1.78%。荧光PCR法检测的灵敏度高于培养法检测,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.85,P0.05)。荧光PCR法与培养法对比,其灵敏度为100.00%,特异度为99.39%。结论荧光PCR方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、特异性强,可降低工作强度,适合在实验室进行常规推广;本区从业人员肠道沙门菌携带率明显偏高,相关部门需加强公共卫生监督。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.