经胸超声心动图指导儿童房间隔缺损封堵术

目的 :评价经胸超声心动图 (TTE)在术前测量房间隔缺损 (ASD)大小、术中监测与指导儿童ASD封堵的作用。方法 :10例ASD儿童采用TTE多个切面综合判断ASD大小、周缘情况及房间隔伸展径。比较ASD之TTE测值与封堵成功所选用的封堵器大小之间的关系。在封堵术中TTE监测封堵过程、伞释出后牢固程度及彩色多普勒有无分流。结果 :ASD的TTE测值为 8～ 2 4 (15 .8± 5 .9)mm ,封堵器型号为 8～ 2 8(18.8±6 .0 )mm ,TTE测量的ASD大小与封堵器大小相关良好 ,直线方程Y =4 .36 0 +0 .914X ,相关系数r =0 .90 5(P <0 .0 1)。硬缘ASD的封堵器选择比TTE所测ASD大 1～ 5mm ;封堵器型号的选择多在球囊测值的基础上加 0～ 2mm。所有封堵器牢固 ,无脱落。结论 :TTE封堵术前检查和术中指导ASD封堵器的放置是一种可行、有效、简便的方法     

超声心动图引导下经胸微创房间隔缺损封堵术34例临床观察

目的 探讨彩色超声心动图（TTE）在经胸微创房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术中的应用价值.方法 对34例ASD患者行经胸微创封堵术,并于术前采用TTE测量各切面ASD长度及周缘情况,术中采用TTE监测封堵过程,术后采用TTE观察心房水平有无残余分流、封堵伞有无脱落及右心系统回缩情况.结果 TTE测量ASD长度为（14.54±7.05）mm,所选封堵器型号大于TTE测量值4～6 mm;33例经胸微创ASD封堵术成功,1例因ASD长度大、一侧无残端组织而无法牢固放置封堵器改开胸手术缝补;术后随访1周、1个月均无残余分流,封堵器封堵牢固、无脱落;右心系统回缩明显.结论 TTE用于经胸微创ASD封堵术能于术前准确测量ASD大小、术中及时监测与引导封堵过程、术后准确观察有无残余分流并评价疗效.     

三维食管超声心动图在经胸小切口房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的：探讨实时三维经食管超声心动图（RT-3D TEE ）在监测经胸小切口房间隔缺损（ASD ）封堵术的作用。方法初步筛查适合封堵术的ASD患者30例,缺损大小6mm～32mm ,房间隔残缘≥5mm。术前采用经胸超声心动图（TTE）重点测量房间隔总长度、房间隔缺损的最大径、房间隔残缘软边的长度;术中采用RT-3D TEE监测,并测量房间隔总长度、房间隔缺损的最大径、房间隔残缘软边的长度,与术前检查结果进行比较。术后1～12个月进行随访。结果30例经胸小切口ASD封堵术全部成功,没有出现需要进一步处理的意外。经食管超声心动图（TEE ）在识别房间隔总长度、软边长度方面均优于TTE ,两者在测量房间隔缺损最大径方面无统计学意义,RT-3D TEE成像显示房间隔缺损立体影像图。结论经胸小切口ASD封堵术中应用经食管超声心动图对于选择合适病例、封堵器型号、指导封堵过程以及疗效评价方面具有重要作用并优于经胸超声心动图,配备实时三维成像功能检查效果更理想。     

经食管超声心动图引导房间隔缺损封堵治疗的研究

目的探讨经食管超声心动图引导房间隔缺损封堵术的方法。方法122例房间隔缺损患者,年龄10～65岁,男性36例,女性86例,在超声和X线共同监测引导下,用CardioSEAL和Amplatzer封堵器进行房间隔缺损封堵治疗。122例均经食管超声监测引导。结果经胸超声测定的房间隔缺损直径范围7.5～27mm,平均(16.5±4.3)mm,经食管超声测定的直径6～33mm,包括7例大于30mm,所有患者均有不同程度的右心房和右心室扩大。114例封堵治疗成功,无并发症发生。结论采用Amplatzer或CadrioSEAL封堵器,在经食管或经胸超声和X线共同监测引导下,可以安全有效地封堵治疗房间隔缺损。     

经胸超声心动图引导Amplatzer及Sideris两种封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损疗效评价

目的 评价经胸超声心动图引导Amplatzer和Sideris两种封堵器经导管关闭房间隔缺损（ASD）的疗效。方法14例ASD患者,年龄2.6～43岁,男6例,女8例,在经胸超声心动图和X线监测引导下,用Amplatzer或Sideris封堵器进行房间隔缺损封堵治疗。结果 球囊测量ASD直径14～34（24.16±5.16）mm,Sideris封堵5例,成功4例,术中发生补片脱落经外科开胸取出补片并缝合房间隔缺损1例;Amplatzer法封堵9例,全部成功,无并发症发生。结论 经导管介入封堵ASD操作简便,成功率高,疗效可靠。但Amplatzer法适用范围更广,术后即刻成功率更高,操作更简便。     

超声心动图在房间隔缺损封堵术中的临床应用

目的评价床边超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术中的临床应用。方法 25例ASD适合介入封堵的病人,术中床边超声心动图测量ASD最大直径,与测量球囊测量ASD直径比较,指导封堵器封堵、释放等过程,并观察有无残余分流及封堵器是否影响周围结构功能。结果 25例患者ASD直径床边超声心动图测量值为(20.52±1.53)mm,球囊导管测量值为(21.41±1.52)mm,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。25例患者全部一次堵闭成功,术后即刻超声心动图检查无残余分流,各瓣膜无病理性返流或原有返流加重,上、下腔静脉回流正常。结论床边超声心动图在ASD封堵术中能准确估测ASD直径,指导封堵过程,监测有无并发症发生,在ASD封堵术中具有重要指导作用。     

经食道超声心动图在成人继发孔ASD封堵治疗中的应用价值

目的：探讨经食道超声心动图（TEE）在成人继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）介入及外科微创封堵术治疗中的应用价值。方法：以2012年1月至12月间通过经胸壁超声心动图（TTE）及 TEE 筛选的行介入封堵（91例）及外科微创封堵（43例）治疗的134例成人（＞15岁）单纯继发孔 ASD 患者为研究对象,介入组患者术中行 TTE 监护,外科微创组患者术中行 TEE 监护。对术前 TTE 和 TEE 相关参数及手术结果进行对照分析。结果：两组患者ASD 缺损径的 TEE 测值均显著大于 TTE 测值（P 均＜0.01）,最大缺损径的 TEE 测值均显著大于 TTE 测值[（19.8±5.2）mm 比（18.7±4.9）mm],P ＜0.01;最大缺损径的 TTE 测值与封堵器大小间相关性（介入组 r＝0.926,外科微创组 r＝0.215）均低于 TEE （介入组 r＝0.965,外科微创组 r＝0.627）,P 均＜0.01。结论：经食道超声心动图对房间隔缺损的大小评估优于经胸壁超声心动图,应作为成人房间隔缺损封堵患者术前筛查的常规检查,在外科微创封堵房间隔缺损中作为实时监测引导、即刻评价疗效具有重要价值。     

老年房间隔缺损患者经导管封堵治疗的可行性及疗效

目的　探讨经导管封堵治疗老年房间隔缺损患者的可行性及疗效。方法　 19例年龄≥ 6 0岁的老年房间隔缺损患者 ,术前经胸超声测量房间隔缺损直径为 10～ 34(2 4 .4± 8.2 )mm ,其中 3例患者为双孔型房间隔缺损。 11例患者合并心房颤动或阵发性心房颤动。X线胸片示心胸比例均 >0 .5 (0 .5 2～ 0 .70 )。术前心功能 (NYHA分级 )Ⅱ级8例 ,Ⅲ级 9例 ,Ⅳ级 2例。所有患者均在局麻下 ,应用X线透视和经胸心脏超声引导行房间隔缺损封堵术。结果术中测肺动脉平均压力 2 1～ 4 7mmHg(1mmHg=0 .133kPa) ,其中肺动脉平均压力 >2 5mmHg者 16例。所有患者均用Amplatzer房间隔缺损封堵器或国产双盘状封堵器一次封堵治疗成功。所用封堵器直径为 14～ 38mm。 3例双孔型缺损 ,2例用 2 8mm和 32mm封堵器一并封堵 ,另 1例用直径 14mm和直径 2 6mm的封堵器封堵成功。所有患者于术后 5～ 7d行经胸心脏超声检查 ,无残余分流。术后患者心功能明显改善 ,随访 1～ 30个月 ,无封堵器相关的并发症。结论　经导管封堵治疗老年房间隔缺损患者是一种安全有效的方法。     

心腔内超声心动图引导经心导管关闭房间隔缺损207例报告

目的:评价心腔内超声心动图(ICE)在经心导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)术中的应用价值。 方法:207例Ⅱ孔型ASD患者,年龄1.83-85(32.84±24.21)岁。ASD大小分别于术前经胸超声心动图和术中ICE标准切面测量,比较二者对ASD测量值与术中球囊测得ASD延长径的相关性。 结果:207例术前经胸超声心动图测ASD直径(16.30±5.89)mm,与球囊测ASD延长径(21.36±7.32)mm,相关系数r1=0.91(P<0.05);术中ICE测值(21.49±8.04)mm,相关系数r2=0.99(P<0.01)。手术成功率99.03％。瞬时完全堵闭率89.23％,24 h完全堵闭率94.69％,全组无严重并发症。 结论:ICE测量ASD直径与球囊测量ASD延长径相关性良好;术中标准切面的建立更易于清晰显示ASD大小,形态,周边结构;无需全麻,提高了经导管关闭ASD手术的安全性及成功率。     

房间隔缺损封堵器脱落及相关并发症原因分析

目的探讨房间隔缺损介入治疗中导致封堵器脱落的重要影响因素,并对其常见并发症进行分析。方法回顾性分析阜外心血管病医院自2002年1月至2010年12月间行房间隔缺损封堵治疗术中10例封堵器脱落的病例资料。结果 10例封堵器脱落患者有3例经换用更大型号封堵器后获得成功,其余7例行外科手术取出封堵器并行缺损修补。结论术前超声心动图测量房间隔缺损直径及术中封堵器大小的选择在房间隔缺损封堵治疗中起着重要作用,而缺损边缘的情况则是封堵术成功与否的决定因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.