经颈静脉肝内门体内支架分流术中经下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支的可行性研究

目的：通过观察肝门部门静脉、肝实质与肝后段下腔静脉之间的解剖关系，探讨经颈静脉肝内门体内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）中经下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支的可行性。材料与方法：观察１０例新鲜人体尸检正常肝脏标本的肝后段下腔静脉与肝脏以及门静脉分歧部、门静脉左右主支与肝脏和肝后段下腔静脉间的解剖关系，并对１０％福尔马林固定后的标本做光镜下观察。结果：１０例标本中，肝后段下腔静脉的一部分通过肝尾状叶与门静脉分歧部相连。门静脉分歧部及左右主支均位于肝外。门脉分歧部与门脉左右主支的上壁、后上壁与肝实质连接紧密。光镜下见门静脉分歧部、门静脉左右主支与肝实质间存在致密结缔组织。结论：肝外门静脉分歧部、门静脉左右主支均可作为ＴＩＰＳＳ术中的安全穿刺点；经下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支，在一些情况下，可以作为一种新的ＴＩＰＳＳ入路。     

经皮经肝肝内门体分流术的多层CT影像研究

目的 探讨严重肝硬化患者肝实质、门静脉与肝静脉或肝后段下腔静脉在影像上的特征,评估经皮经肝肝内门 体分流术(PTIPS)的可行性及安全性,为该技术的临床应用提供解剖依据。方法 50例经临床及影像证实的严重肝硬化患者,在多层螺旋CT(MDCT)上模拟PTIPS,选右侧腋中线第8或第9肋间为经皮穿刺点A点,门静脉右支主十远端为门静脉穿刺点B点,肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处为肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺点C点,门静脉主干起始处为D点。A、B、C 三点连线为经皮经肝穿刺道,C、B、D 三点连线即门体分流道。所有患者肝脏CT增强扫描后行MPR后处理,测量数据用x±s表示,并计算总体均数的95％可信区间。同时分析门静脉右支与肝后段下腔静脉、肝动脉及胆管的解剖关系。结果 模拟穿刺针体内部分的长度（A-B-C长度）为(145.7±14.8) mm;穿刺针的弯度（A-B径线与B-C径线夹角）为(145.0±9.9)°;肝实质段分流道的长度（B-C长度）为(42.7±7.2) mm;当门静脉主干闭塞时,分流道长度（C-B-D长度）为(117.7 ±11.6) mm;分流道的角度（B-C径线与B-D径线夹角）为(108.5±5.9)°。50例患者中肝后段下腔静脉位于门静脉右支背侧者24例,位于同一平面者26例;肝右动脉及右肝管均位于门静脉右支腹侧。经门静脉右支穿刺肝右静脉或肝后段下腔静脉的路径中无大的动脉、胆管等重要结构。结论 从解剖学角度分析,PTIPS具有可行性及安全性,通过量化穿刺针的长度、角度及分流道长度、角度,可为该技术的临床应用提供解剖依据。     

经颈静脉肝内门体内支架分流术中经下腔静脉直接穿刺门静…

目的：通过观察肝门部门静脉、肝实质与肝后段下腔静脉之间的解剖关系，探讨经颈静脉肝内门体内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）中经下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支的可行性。材料与方法：观察１０例新鲜人体尸检正常肝脏标本的肝后段下腔静脉与肝脏以及门静脉分岐部、门静脉左右主支与肝脏和肝后段下腔静脉间的解剖关系，并对１０％福尔马林固定后的标本做光镜下观察。结果：１０例标本中，肝后段下腔静脉的一部分通过肝尾状叶与门静脉分歧部     

TIPSS术后血管造影复查及分流道狭窄,闭塞的介入治疗

目的：了解并探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）后分流道狭窄或闭塞的发生情况及介入治疗的效果。材料和方法：对２９例ＴＩＰＳＳ术后的患者进行了血管造影检查，其中常规复查１８次，术后再发出血或腹水者１３次。同时，对２１例分流道不畅者均进行了再开通术治疗。结果：血管造影显示分流道通畅者８例，狭窄或闭塞者分别为１７和４例。分流道再开通治疗均获成功。活动出血停止，门脉压力由４．５±１．１ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）降为３．６±０．８ｋＰａ。在平均１２个月随访期中，有３例因分流道再次不畅而出血。结论：ＴＩＰＳＳ术后行定期造影检查既可及时发现分流道狭窄或闭塞，又可同时行二次介入治疗，因此有助于提高ＴＩＰＳＳ的中远期疗效     

急诊TIPSS在控制食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血中的应用及意义

目的：观察食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血患者行急诊经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）的治疗效果，并讨论急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ在方法学方面的特点。材料与方法：２２例患者因食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血接受急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ治疗。术中同时行胃冠状静脉和（或）胃短静脉栓塞。３例存在自发脾－肾或胃－肾分流道者，在球囊导管闭塞分流道肾端的前提下，行经分流道逆行胃底静脉曲张栓塞。结果：２２例中，１９例止血成功；１６例建立分流道；术后２４小时再发出血４例，其中２例死亡。结论：急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的有效方法。在方法学方面，急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ强调尽量通过可能途径栓塞曲张静脉，以获得及时、可靠的止血效果。     

TIPSS术前影像学检查方法选择及意义──兼论最佳穿刺途径的选择

作者分析了９０例肝脏ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ、超声及血管造影这四种影像检查资料，其中５０例于影像检查后行ＴＩＰＳＳ，旨在评价如何选择行ＴＩＰＳＳ前的影像检查。结果表明：在显示肝静脉、门静脉方面，ＭＲＩ具有优越性；超声在显示门静脉血流方面具有优越性。我们认为，ＭＲＩ和超声为常规ＴＩＰＳＳ前的首选影像检查方法，急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ前则以血管造影为主。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术穿刺点的研究

为明确ＴＩＰＳＳ的最佳穿刺点，本文对正常肝脏和肝硬变患者各５０例的肝脏的ＭＲＩ或ＣＴ增强扫描图像进行了研究，并依此建立了空间直角坐标系。在该坐标系中，测量了肝静脉及肝内门静脉各主支的管径，计算了穿刺点间距离及穿刺角度，提出了最佳穿刺点，并初步用于临床。本方法和结果对指导ＴＩＰＳ操作有重要意义。     

改良式TIPS的解剖学基础研究

目的 探讨肝硬化门脉高压患者下腔静脉、肝静脉与门静脉三者之间的影像解剖学关系,评估改良式TIPS,即经肝段下腔静脉入路经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的安全性与可行性.方法 64例临床证实的肝硬化患者,肝功能Child-Pugh B级40例,C级24例,行肝脏双期增强扫描后行CT多层面重组(MPR)及曲面重建(CPR)后处理,将测量所得数据进行配对t检验.结果 Child-Pugh B级者肝段下腔静脉的长度与C级者相比前者较长(P＜0.05).以肝段下腔静脉穿刺点为A1,肝右静脉开口2 cm处的穿刺点为A2,门静脉分叉部穿刺点为B1,门静脉右支开口2 cm处的穿刺点为B2,A1 B1线的长度与A2 B1线的长度相比前者较短(P＜0.05),A1 B2线和A2 B2线与B2点所在门静脉右支径线的夹角大小相比前者较小(P＜0.05).A1 B1线和A1 B2线分别与所在门静脉径线的夹角相比前者较大(P＜0.05),A2 B1线和A2 B2线分别与所在门静脉径线的夹角相比前者较大(P＜0.05).结论 从解剖学角度分析,改良式TIPS具备安全性及可行性,较传统TIPS术式还具有分流道走行顺畅,对血流动力学影响小的优点.     

TIPSS术前影像学检查方法选择及意义：兼论最佳穿佳途径的选择

作者分析了９０例肝脏ＭＲＩ，ＣＴ，超声及血管造影这四种影像检查资料，其中５０例于影像检查后行ＴＩＰＳＳ，旨在评价如何选择行ＴＩＰＳＳ前的影像检查。结果表明：在显示肝静脉，门静脉方法，ＭＲＩ具有优越性，超声在显示门静脉血流方面具有优越性，我们认为，ＭＲＩ和超声为常规ＴＩＰＳＳ前的首选影像检查方法，急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ前则以血管造影为主。     

Abernethy畸形的影像学表现

目的提高对Abemethy畸形（Abemethy malformation）的认识。方法报告2例经DSA证实的罕见Abemethy畸形的影像学表现，2例分别行内科保守治疗和部分性脾动脉栓塞术，并作文献复习。结果例1CT增强扫描及三维血管成像示：肝下段下腔静脉增宽，门静脉干及分支变细，胃和脾周可见迂曲扩张的血管。经肠系膜上动脉间接门静脉DSA可见门静脉干及分支明显变细，肠道静脉血少部分回流入门静脉，大部分经一迂曲扩张的分流道人左。肾静脉；脾动脉DSA示脾静脉血主要经分流道人左。肾静脉。例2CT示：肝叶比例失调，右叶稍大，肝裂宽，脾大，脾门血管迂曲扩张。经肠系膜上动脉间接门静脉DSA可见门静脉干闭塞，周围可见细小迂曲的血管，肠道静脉血大部分经一分流道人左肾静脉；脾动脉DSA显示脾静脉血主要经分流道人左。肾静脉和下腔静脉。结论Abemethy畸形的诊断主要依据影像学，以间接或直接门静脉造影为金标准。治疗方法应根据畸形的不同类型及病人的情况决定。     

1999 Gary J. Becker Young Investigator Award. MR-guided transjugular portosystemic shunt placement in a swine model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of portal venous puncture with use of magnetic resonance (MR) guidance, and to place a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in a swine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study of 12 swine was performed to evaluate the ability of interventional MR imaging to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement. Six swine had catheters placed in the right hepatic vein under C-arm fluoroscopy. A nitinol guide wire was left in the vein and the animals were then moved into an open configuration MR imaging unit. A TIPS needle set was used to puncture the portal vein using MR fluoroscopy. The animals were transferred to the C-arm, and venography confirmed portal vein puncture. A follow-up study was performed in six additional swine to place a TIPS using only MR imaging guidance. MR tracking was used to advance a catheter from the right atrium into the inferior vena cava. Puncture of the portal vein was performed and a nitinol stent was placed, bridging the hepatic parenchyma. MR venogram confirmed placement. RESULTS: Successful portal vein puncture was achieved in all animals. The number of punctures required decreased from 12 in the first animal to a single puncture in the last eight swine. A stent was successfully placed across the hepatic tract in all six swine. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time MR imaging proved to be a feasible method to guide portal vein puncture and TIPS placement in pigs.     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Direct Simultaneous Puncture of the Portal Vein and Vena Cava

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon disorder that can be life-threatening, depending on the degree of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) provides decompression of the congested liver but the hepatic vein obstruction makes the procedure more difficult. We describe a modified method that involved a single percutaneous puncture of the portal vein and inferior vena cava simultaneously for TIPS creation in a patient with BCS.     

Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous transhepatic portacaval shunt creation

We successfully created a percutaneous transhepatic portacaval shunt under ultrasonography (US) guidance in a 46-year-old man with refractory ascites. The shunt was created to salvage an attempt to create a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) that failed because of the elevated level of portal vein bifurcation due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Under US guidance, we simultaneously punctured the right branch of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC) using a two-step biliary drainage set. An Amplatz gooseneck snare was introduced transjugularly to retrieve the percutaneously inserted guidewire. The intrahepatic tract between the portal vein and the IVC was dilated using a balloon catheter, and a stent was placed in the tract. The patient showed complete resolution of ascites at discharge. We assume that our method is an alternative method for TIPS creation in patients with inadequate anatomical relations between the portal vein branches and the hepatic veins. This approach is thought to be feasible for patients with occluded or small hepatic veins.     

CT-Guided Transfemoral Portocaval Shunt Creation

A patient with superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion presented with severe ascites and urgent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was requested. The patient had a chronically occluded SVC. An alternative to classic TIPS was employed using CT guidance to traverse the left portal vein to the inferior vena cava with a small gauge needle. Fluoroscopic guidance was then used to snare a wire placed through the needle and then work from the femoral vein to create a portocaval shunt that passed through the caudate lobe. This procedure was a technical success and improved the patient's ascites.     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation Using a Radiofrequency Wire: Acute Feasibility Study in Swine

The feasibility of a radiofrequency (RF) wire to replace the needle trocar for the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was assessed in 3 swine by using fluoroscopy and intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS). RF wire passes were successful from hepatic to portal vein and from inferior vena cava to portal vein. Technical success was achieved using both IVUS guidance and carbon dioxide portography. The wire tracked a straight course under RF energy application without subjective deflection and, when centrally advanced, served as the working wire for completing the TIPS in 2 attempts with stent graft deployment. No procedural adverse events from the use of RF wire were observed.     

Successful transfemoral creation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with use of the Viatorr device

Although the large majority of cases are anatomically favorable and therefore technically feasible, congenital or acquired conditions may complicate or even preclude successful creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The present report describes the use of the inferior right hepatic vein from a femoral vein access to obtain portal access and place a covered stent, reconstruct a partially occluded portal vein, and embolize large gastric varices in a patient with a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) and absent right SVC.     

Ultrasound-guided transhepatic puncture of the hepatic veins for TIPS placement

Purpose

This retrospective analysis was carried out to assess the feasibility and results of transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS) performed with ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous puncture of the hepatic veins.

Material and methods

Over a period of 3 years, 153 patients were treated with TIPS at our centre. In eight cases, a percutaneous puncture of the middle (n=7) or right (n=1) hepatic vein was required because the hepatic vein ostium was not accessible. Indications for TIPS were bleeding (n=1), Budd-Chiari syndrome (n=1), ascites (n=2), reduced portal flow (n=1) and incomplete portal thrombosis (n=3). A 0.018-in. guidewire was anterogradely introduced into the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC) through a 21-gauge needle. In the meantime, a 25-mm snare-loop catheter was introduced through the jugular access to retrieve the guidewire, achieving through-andthrough access. Then, a Rosch-Uchida set was used to place the TIPS with the traditional technique.

Results

Technical success was achieved in all patients. There was one case of stent thrombosis. One patient died of pulmonary oedema. Three patients were eligible for liver transplantation, whereas the others were excluded due to shunt thrombosis (n=1) and previous nonhepatic neoplasms (n=3).

Conclusions

The percutaneous approach to hepatic veins is rapid and safe and may be useful for avoiding traumatic liver injuries.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt (TIPS) and hepatic vein-to-caval stenting as salvage treatment of portal hypertension secondary to neoplasm

A percutaneous transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt (TIPS) was successfully performed using Wallstents in a 53-year-old man with neoplastic disease causing portal hypertension and life-threatening variceal hemorrhage. Shortly after-wards, recurrent hemorrhage was investigated by shunt venography which showed that extrinsic narrowing of the hepatic vein and hepatic vena cava was causing shunt thrombosis. Shunt thrombosis was cleared by balloon occlusion of the shunt and forceful retrograde flushing of thrombus into the portal circulation. The compressed hepatic vein and vena cava were then dilated and stented using Gianturco “Z” stents. Bleeding recurred 3 months later due to focal narrowing within the shunt which possibly was due to intimal proliferation. Repeat dilatation and placement of a coaxial Palmaz stent again relieved portal hypertension. Creation of a TIPS for portal hypertension secondary to neoplasm can produce valuable palliation. Complete assessment of hepatic vein and vena cava patency is required to ensure shunt function.     

Hepatic Veins and Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in a Child Treated by Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

We report the case of a 9-year-old boy with portal hypertension, due to Budd-Chiari syndrome, and retrohepatic inferior vena cava thrombosis, submitted to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) by connecting the suprahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava directly to the portal vein. After 3 months, the withdrawal of anticoagulants promoted the thrombosis of the TIPS. At TIPS revision, thrombosis of the TIPS and the main portal vein and clots at the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins were found. Successful angiography treatment was performed by thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty of a severe stenosis at the distal edge of the stent.