大孔树脂分离治伤灵口服液中芍药苷的研究

目的 研究D101大孔树脂对治伤灵口服液中芍药苷的吸附性能及分离纯化的工艺参数。方法采用HPLC法测定芍药苷含量,通过考察pH值对吸附的影响、吸附容量、洗脱剂选择及其用量等因素对芍药苷分离纯化的影响,确定工艺参数。结果D101大孔树脂对芍药苷的适宜交换吸附条件为pH=4,最大上柱量以芍药苷计为3．661mg·g^-1树脂,水洗除去杂质,洗脱剂为40％乙醇溶液,用量为8个柱体积（BV）。结论D101大孔树脂能提高芍药苷纯度,为芍药苷含量测定提供保证。     

高效液相色谱法测定六味丸中马钱苷的含量

目的建立测定六味丸中马钱苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用高效液相色谱法。以VP—ODS（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）为色谱柱;流动相：乙腈·水（15：85）;检测波长：240nm;流速：1．0mL/min。结果加样回收率平均为97．08％,RSD为0．68％（n=6）。结论试验结果表明,该方法准确、灵敏度高,重复性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定乙肝康胶囊中芍药苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定乙肝康胶囊中芍药苷的含量,方法：采用HPLC法,C18柱,甲醇－0．05mol.L^-1磷酸氢钠溶液－异丙醇（40：65：2）为流动相,检测波长230nm,柱温40℃,结果：芍药苷在0．5－10ug范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998,回收率为98．66％,RSD为1．88％,结论：该方法比以前采用的薄层扫描法用于定量更方便,准确,可控,已作为该产品的定量控制方法。     

HPLC测定藏药螃蟹甲中8-乙酰氧基山栀子苷甲酯的含量

目的建立藏药螃蟹甲中8-乙酰氧基山栀子苷甲酯的HPLC测定方法,为进一步控制螃蟹甲药材及其制剂的质量提供参考依据。方法色谱柱为SymmetryC18（4．6mm×150mm,5μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（6：94）,HAe调pH=4．50,流速0．8mL／min,柱温20℃,检测波长234nm。结果8．乙酰氧基山栀子苷甲酯浓度在0．787～14．76μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好（r=0．9999）;加样回收率为99．21％（RSO=1．68％）。螃蟹甲药材中8-乙酰氧基山栀子苷甲酯平均含量为（0．62±0．19）mg·g^-1。结论本方法简便、准确、专属性强,可用于螃蟹甲药材中8-乙酰氧基山栀子苷甲酯的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定清咽颗粒中黄芩苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定清咽颗粒中黄芩苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18（4．6mm×250mm，5μm）；流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸（47：53：0．2）；流速0．8ml／min；检测波长280nm；柱温为40℃。结果黄芩苷进样量在0．1818-0．9696μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好（r=0．9995），平均回收率为98．53％，RSD为1．81％（n=6）。结论本方法操作简单、准确、重现性好，可用于清咽颗粒的质量控制．     

高效液相色谱法测定党参中党参炔苷的含量

目的分析不同产地党参中党参炔苷的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱，Diamonsil C18（250．0mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，以乙腈-水（20：80）为流动相，检测波长267nm，柱温30℃。结果党参炔苷在2—500Mg·ml^-1（r=0．9996）范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系；平均回收率98．3％，RSD1．37％（n=5）。测定了9个产地党参中党参炔苷的含量，含量范围为0．044-0．982mg·g^-1。结论此方法准确、简便，适合于党参中党参炔苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定九龙胃药胶囊中芍药苷的含量

目的建立九龙胃药胶囊中芍药苷的高效液相含量测定的方法。方法Hypersil BDS-C18色谱柱，以乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1二氢钾溶液（15：85）为流动相，UV检测波长230nm。结果芍药苷进样量在0．25—2．5ug的范围内，与吸收峰面积呈良好的线性关系。平均回收率为99．2％。结论本法测定九龙胃药胶囊中芍药苷的含量，操作简单，结果准确，重复性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定顽痹通胶囊中士的宁的含量

目的：建立测定顽痹通胶囊中士的宁含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。以ＺＯＲＢＡＸＲＸ－ ＳＩＬ（１５０ｍｍ ×４．６ｍｍ ５μｍ） 为色谱柱;流动相：正已烷－ 二氯甲烷－ 甲醇－ 浓氨水（２７０∶２７０∶２０∶１．７）;检测波长：２５４ｎｍ ;流速：１．０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１ 。结果：士的宁的加样回收率为９７．８２％ ,ＲＳＤ为１．８５％（ ｎ ＝ ５）。结论：该方法准确、灵敏度高,重现性好。     

柱前衍生化HPLC法同时测定复方甘草酸苷胶囊中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量

目的建立同时测定复方甘草酸苷胶囊中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用C18色谱柱（4．6mm×150mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0．01mol·L^-1磷酸溶液（49：51）,流速：1．0mL／min,检测波长：262nm。结果甘氨酸、蛋氨酸浓度分别在10．6～106．0、10．4～104．0μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为100．53％和100．66％,RSD分别为1．08％和1．13％（n=9）。结论本法可用于同时测定复方甘草酸苷胶囊中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量,方法简便,结果准确。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化何首乌有效成分二苯乙烯苷的研究

目的研究不同型号大孔吸附树脂纯化何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的工艺条件及参数。方法以静态饱和吸附量、洗脱量、静态洗脱率为考察指标,比较了7种大孔树脂,并对HPD500树脂的动态比上柱量、比吸附量、比洗脱量进行了考察,以二苯乙烯苷转移率和纯度为指标对树脂吸附工艺条件进行了筛选。结果所比较的7种树脂中,HPD500型树脂具有最佳的吸附及洗脱参数,其动态饱和吸附量达到151.7mg·g-1干树脂,其最佳工艺为以6倍柱体积去离子水、4倍柱体积10%乙醇、6倍柱体积60%乙醇依次洗脱,二苯乙烯苷转移率为95%,其纯度为75.3%。结论HPD500树脂吸附性能较好,适合于何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的纯化。     

MR多技术扫描检测活性心肌及其影像学对比的实验研究

目的 评估各种影像学方法检测活性心肌的价值。材料与方法 建立慢性心肌缺血模型猪10头,分别于制作模型前和后1～2月进行磁共振多技术扫描及小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图（LDDSE）、^201TI单光子发射计算机体层显像（^201TI SPECT）、正电子发射体层显像（^18F-PET）检查,判断心肌缺血区和坏死区的大小,并与病理结果对照了解各种方法的敏感性、特异性。结果 7头动物顺利完成所有检查,负荷磁共振电影扫描见10个（8．93％）节段为梗死心肌,6个（5．36％）节段为缺血心肌;心肌灌注扫描见34个（30．35％）节段缺血,心肌活性扫描见12个（10．71％）节段坏死。LDDSE检查见8个（7．14％）节段为梗死心肌,9个（8．04％）节段为缺血心肌。SPECT检查见9个（8．04％）节段为梗死心肌。PET检查见17个（15．18％）节段为梗死心肌。TTC染色见14个（12．50％）节段为梗死区。MR电影检出的坏死节段比TTC染色显示的节段少并有统计学意义（P=0．0455,Kappa=0．8100）;MR活性扫描检出的坏死节段比TTC染色显示的坏死节段略少但无统计学意义（P=0．1573,Kappa=0．9130）。LDDSE检出的坏死节段较TTC染色显示的节段少并有统计学意义（P=0．0140,Kappa=0．7000）;PET检出的坏死节段多于磁共振活性扫描（P=0．0253,Kappa=0．8028）和MR电影扫描（P=0．0082,Kappa=0．7079）并有统计学意义;亦多于TTC染色显示的坏死节段（P=0．0833,Kappa=0．8879）,但无统计学意义;SPECT检出的坏死节段比TTC染色显示的节段少并有统计学意义（P=0．0253,Kappa=0．7590）。以TTC染色结果为金标准,MRI电影、MRI活性扫描、LDDSE、SPECT、PET检出无活性心肌的敏感性、特异性分别为71．43％、100％;85．71％、100％;57．10％、100％;64．29％、100％;100％、96．94％。结论 MR多技术扫描可结合形态、功能及灌注多种方法检测活性心肌．清晰显示心肌梗死的位置、程度,并可对左窒室壁运动进行直观显示,且价格相对PET便宜;磁共振和PET、病理结果均有较高一致性。PET高估心肌坏死范围,且不能判断心肌梗死的透壁程度。SPECT和LDDSE低估心肌活性。而且亦不能显示心肌梗死的透壁程度。     

Common carotid artery bifurcation: evaluation with spiral CT. Work in progress.

To determine the utility of spiral computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of carotid artery stenosis, spiral CT images of 20 patients were compared with images obtained with conventional angiography (20 patients), ultrasound (US) (15 patients), and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography (six patients). The category of stenosis was determined for each internal carotid artery on the basis of the percentage of narrowing: mild = less than 30%, moderate = 30%-69%, and severe = 70%-99%. Occlusions were also noted. The degree of carotid stenosis determined with spiral CT correlated with that determined with conventional angiography in 92% of cases, with that determined with US in 97% of cases, and with that determined with MR angiography in 100% of cases. Calcifications and large ulcers were also well delineated. Spiral CT provided an accurate anatomic depiction of the carotid bifurcation, which could be helpful in preoperative evaluation. The major disadvantage of the technique was the need to postprocess data to remove veins, calcifications, and bone structures from the images.     

Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to investigate the utility of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization in patients with massive hemoptysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of all patients with hemoptysis who had presented at either of two local hospitals, one county hospital and one community hospital, between 1988 and 2000 and who had undergone fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial arteriography. All data were abstracted using a standardized coding form, and radiographs were independently reviewed by two of the authors. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified; one patient was excluded because of missing radiographs. The remaining 28 patients consisted of 19 men and nine women, with an average age of 54.6 years (age range, 16-91 years). The clinically determined diagnoses of their symptoms were tuberculous bronchiectasis (n = 14; 50.0%); bronchogenic carcinoma (n = 4; 14.3%); active tuberculosis (n = 2; 7.1%); nontuberculous bronchiectasis (n = 2; 7.1%); active coccidioidomycosis, pancreaticobronchial fistula, arteriovenous malformation, and tetralogy of fallot (n =1 each; 3.6% each); and unknown cause (n = 2; 7.1%). The bleeding site determined through bronchoscopy was consistent with that determined through radiographs in 23 patients (82.1%); all had either unilateral disease (n = 15), bilateral disease with unilateral cavities (n = 5), or a preponderance of disease on one side (n = 3). Bronchoscopy was an essential tool in determining the bleeding site in only three patients (10.7%), all of whom had bronchiectasis without localizing features visible on chest radiographs. In the remaining two patients (7.1%), bronchoscopic findings were indeterminate, but radiographs were helpful. CONCLUSION: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization is unnecessary in patients with hemoptysis of known causation if the site of bleeding can be determined from radiographs and no bronchoscopic airways management is needed.     

Comparison of special interest computed tomography, endosonography and histopathological stage of oesophageal cancer

AIMS: To assess the strength of agreement between the perceived pre-operative stage of oesophageal tumours as determined by spiral computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), both alone and in combination, with the histopathological stage. METHODS: Sixty patients with oesophageal cancer underwent both pre-operative CT and EUS performed by two consultant radiologists with a special interest in upper gastrointestinal radiology. The strength of the agreement between the radiological stage and the histopathological stage was determined by means of the weighted Kappa statistic (Kw). RESULTS: Sensitivity for T and N stages was 58% and 79% for CT, and 72% and 91% for EUS. Specificity for T and N stages was 80% and 84% for CT, and 85% and 68% for EUS. Kw for T and N stages was 0.455 (p=0.0001) and 0.603 (p=0.0001) for CT compared with 0.604 (p=0.0001) and 0.610 (p=0.0001) for EUS. In patients when CT and EUS agreed regarding the T and N stages, the strength of agreement between the radiological and the histopathological stage was greater (Kw T 0.613 (p=0.0001), Kw N 0.781 (p=0.0001)).CONCLUSION: CT and EUS are complimentary techniques for the staging of oesophageal tumours, and these results reinforce the importance of specialist radiology in stage directed management.     

Infarct size and recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias after defibrillator implantation

Infarct size as determined by perfusion imaging is an independent predictor of mortality after implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VA). However, its value as a predictor of VA recurrence and hospitalisation after ICD implantation is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether infarct size as determined by perfusion imaging can help to identify patients who are at high risk for recurrence of VA and hospitalisation after ICD implantation. We studied 56 patients with CAD and life-threatening VA. Before ICD implantation, all patients underwent a uniform study protocol including a thallium-201 stress-redistribution perfusion study. A defect score as a measurement of infarct size was calculated using a 17-segment 5-point scoring system. Study endpoints during follow-up were documented episodes of appropriate anti-tachycardia pacing and/or shocks for VA and cardiac hospitalisation for electrical storm (defined as three or more appropriate ICD interventions within 24 h), heart failure or angina. After a mean follow-up of 470+/-308 days, 22 patients (39%) had recurrences of VA. In univariate analysis, predictors for recurrence were: (a) ventricular tachycardia (VT) as the initial presenting arrhythmia (86% vs 59% for patients without ICD therapy, P=0.04), (b) treatment with beta-blockers (36% vs 68%, P=0.03) and (c) a defect score (DS) > or = 20 (64% vs 32%, P=0.03). In multivariate analysis, VT as the presenting arrhythmia (chi2=5.51, P=0.02) and a DS > or = 20 (chi2=4.22, P=0.04) remained independent predictors. Cardiac hospitalisation was more frequent in patients with a DS > or = 20 (44% vs 13% for patients with DS < 20, P=0.015) and this was particularly due to more frequent hospitalisations for electrical storm (24% vs 3% for patients with DS < 20, P=0.037). The extent of scarring determined by perfusion imaging can separate patients with CAD into high- and low-risk groups for recurrence of VA and cardiac hospitalisation after ICD implantation.     

Stenosis of the internal carotid artery: assessment using color Doppler imaging compared with angiography

The percentage of diameter stenosis of the internal carotid artery was estimated directly from color Doppler images obtained in both longitudinal and transverse planes and compared with the results of digital subtraction angiography in 49 patients (95 carotid arteries). Peak systolic velocity measurements were obtained by placing the sample volume in the highest-velocity flow stream with the angle-correction cursor parallel to the color-encoded lumen. Arterial stenoses were categorized on a grade 1-5 scale: 1 = 0-15%, 2 = 16-49%, 3 = 50-75%, 4 = 76-99%, and 5 = occlusion. Percent diameter stenosis could not be determined in 12 color Doppler flow imaging studies (13%) due to calcified plaque. Of the remaining 83 arteries evaluated by both techniques, the respective categories by color Doppler flow imaging/angiography were grade 1 (16/26), grade 2 (25/24), grade 3 (30/19), grade 4 (5/8), and grade 5 (7/6). Percent diameter stenosis determined by color Doppler flow imaging was greater than by angiography in 25% and less than by angiography in 4%. Peak systolic velocity measurements did not separate the hemodynamically insignificant (less than 50% diameter stenosis) grade 1 and grade 2 lesions, but were in agreement in 86% of grades 3-5 stenotic categories, as determined by measurements from the color Doppler flow image. A direct measurement of percent diameter stenosis from the color Doppler flow image was possible in 87% of cases. Peak systolic velocity provided correlative diagnostic information when assessing hemodynamically significant lesions.     

Mitral or aortic regurgitation: quantification of regurgitant volumes with cine MR imaging

A new, rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method, cine MR imaging, was used to determine the regurgitant fraction (RF) in patients with left-sided regurgitant lesions. Right and left ventricular stroke volumes were determined with cine MR imaging and a modified Simpson formula in ten healthy volunteers and 23 patients known to have either predominant mitral (n = 17) or aortic (n = 6) regurgitation. RFs evaluated at cine MR imaging were compared in healthy persons and patients with mild, moderate, or severe regurgitation demonstrated at angiography (n = 10) and Doppler echocardiography (n = 13). Cine MR imaging depicted regurgitant blood flow in all 29 regurgitant lesions in 23 patients as areas of low signal intensity within the regurgitant chamber. The RF was 4% +/- 7% in healthy subjects and 12% +/- 12% in those with mild, 35% +/- 14% in those with moderate, and 63% +/- 5% in those with severe regurgitation. The RFs determined by two observers were similar.     

Evaluation of regurgitant fraction of the left ventricle by gated cardiac blood-pool scanning using SPECT

Regurgitant fraction (RF) of patients with and without mitral regurgitation (MR) and/or aortic regurgitation (AR) was evaluated by gated cardiac blood-pool scanning using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Using the stroke count image of a short-axis tomogram to separate the right atrium and ventricle, the left ventricular stroke count (LVSC) and right ventricular stroke count (RVSC) were determined. The RF equaled (LVSC - RVSC)/LVSC. Calculated RF in 14 subjects without significant regurgitation by contrast angiography was 5.8 +/- 5.9% (mean +/- s.d.), RF of 17 cases with angiographic regurgitation was 42.5 +/- 16.8% (p less than 0.001). The sensitivity of the radionuclide method compared to angiography was 94% (16/17 cases), and specificity was 100% (14/14 cases). RF of mild Re (1+ or 2+) was 26.0 +/- 8.9% (n = 6) and RF of severe Re (3+ or 4+) was 51.5 +/- 12.7% (n = 11) (p less than 0.001). Correlation between the RF determined with the radionuclide method and with cardiac catheterization was good (y = 5.85 + 0.700 x, r = 0.821, n = 17). We conclude that RF of MR and/or AR can be accurately evaluated by gated cardiac blood-pool scanning using SPECT.     

Transient relationships among BOLD, CBV, and CBF changes in rat brain as detected by functional MRI.

The transient relationship between arterial cerebral blood flow (CBF(A)) and total cerebral blood volume (CBV(T)) was determined in the rat brain. Five rats anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg) were examined under graded hypercapnia conditions (7.5% and 10% CO(2) ventilation). The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast was determined by a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) pulse sequence, and CBV(T) changes were determined after injection of a monocrystalline iron oxide nanocolloid (MION) contrast agent using an iron dose of 12 mg/kg. The relationship between CBV(T) and CBF(A) under transient conditions is similar to the power law under steady-state conditions. In addition, the transient relationship between CBV(T) and CBF(A) is region-specific. Voxels with > or =15% BOLD signal changes from hypercapnia (7.5% CO(2) ventilation) have a larger power index (alpha = 3.26), a larger maximum possible BOLD response (M = 0.85), and shorter T(*)(2) (32 ms) caused by deoxyhemoglobin, compared to voxels with <15% BOLD signal changes (alpha = 1.82, M = 0.16, and T(*)(2) = 169 ms). It is suggested that the biophysical model of the BOLD signal can be extended under the transient state, with a caution that alpha and M values are region-specific. To avoid overestimation of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen changes seen using fMRI, caution should be taken to not include voxels with large veins and a large BOLD signal.     

Tumor staging of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas with functional spiral CT: comparison with nonfunctional CT, histopathology, and microlaryngoscopy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to compare nonfunctional and functional spiral CT in the tumor (T) staging of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors and to correlate the CT results with microlaryngoscopy and postoperative pathology. METHOD: Twenty-six patients (3 women, 23 men) with clinically suspected laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors underwent both nonfunctional CT during quiet breathing and functional spiral CT during either a modified Valsalva (n = 19) or E phonation (n = 7) maneuver. CT slice thickness was 3 mm, table feed was 3 mm, and 40-80 ml of intravenous contrast material was administered at a flow of 1.5 ml/s. T stages as determined by nonfunctional and functional CT were compared and correlated with postoperative pathology or microlaryngoscopy. RESULTS: The T stages determined with functional CT were better correlated with postoperative pathology (rS = 0.88, p = 0.001) and microlaryngoscopy (rS = 0.77, p = 0.008) than T stages determined with nonfunctional CT (rS = 0.80, p = 0.001; and rS = 0.51, p = 0.13, respectively). Twelve of 26 patients (46%) had a lower T stage on functional than on nonfunctional CT. In 14 of 26 patients (54%), the T stage was identical with both modalities. In no patients was the T stage increased by functional CT. CONCLUSION: Functional CT appears to be more accurate than nonfunctional CT in the T staging of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Functional CT also results in lower T stages than nonfunctional CT in a substantial number of patients.