Robotic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for uterine rhabdomyosarcoma

Mullerian rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare malignancy most commonly diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. RMS of the female genital tract is often difficult to diagnose. Treatment includes chemotherapy with adjuvant surgery and/or radiation therapy reserved for persistent disease. We report a case of an 18-year-old African-American female who presented with severe menometrorrhagia, and was diagnosed with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus. After vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide failed to eradicate the central tumor, she underwent a robotic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Mullerian rhabdomyosarcoma was once managed with multimodality therapy that often included ultraradical surgery including total pelvic exenteration. Surgical procedures that were exclusively performed via large abdominal incisions can now be completed with minimally invasive techniques. Robotic surgery can be safely and successfully applied to radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy for uterine rhabdomyosarcoma Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Laparoscopic management of lymphocele after pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy.

A new method of managing pelvic lymphoceles after urologic procedures is described. A patient with a symptomatic pelvic lymphocele after pelvic lymph node dissection and radical retropubic prostatectomy was treated laparoscopically. Technical aspects of laparoscopic marsupialization of lymphoceles are described, and the laparoscopic approach is compared with other modalities available for treating lymphoceles.     

经改良腹膜后径路腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术：附9例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的临床可行性,并总结手术技巧。方法对9例睾丸非精原细胞瘤型生殖细胞瘤患者,行根治性睾丸切除术后平均27d行改良腹膜后径路腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。结果 9例手术均获成功,术中发生下腔静脉损伤1例,腹腔镜下缝合。平均手术时间170min,平均出血量330ml,术后肠功能恢复时间约2d,引流管均于术后第3天拔除,平均住院时间7d。术后随访分别为18±8个月,无复发及转移。结论经改良腹膜后径路行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫可避免对腹腔脏器的影响,解剖结构显露较满意,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,是一种临床可进一步应用的手术方式。     

腹腔镜广泛子宫全切及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的学习曲线

目的:探讨腹腔镜广泛子宫全切及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的学习曲线。方法:总结80例腹腔镜广泛子宫全切及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的围手术期结果。按手术时间分为4组,每组20例。对比各组出血量、手术时间、淋巴结清扫数量及并发症,并以简单正弦拟合学习曲线。结果:4组患者术前临床资料、肿瘤病理学结果相比差异无统计学意义。第3、4组术中出血量少于第1、2组(P<0.05);手术时间短于第1、2组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而第3组与第4组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以简单的振荡正弦曲线Y=sinx-π/2拟合移动平均线,拐点为40例。各组淋巴结清扫数量、并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜广泛子宫全切及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的学习曲线约为40例,40例后可达到较熟练的水平及稳定程度。     

Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer

The surgical treatment of endometrial cancer is still a matter of debate. Two of the most controversial issues are the beneficial effect of lymphadenectomy and the feasibility of laparoscopy. The aim of the case report was to describe the feasibility of total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy in a 56-years-old Caucasian woman diagnosed with endometrial cancer. After a CO2 pneumoperitoneum was created the peritoneum was incised cranially to the para-colic fossa just above the external iliac vessels until the psoas muscle is visualized. The external iliac vessels were identified and lymph nodes from the anterior and the medial surface were removed until the iliac bifurcation and placed in an Endo-bag. The procedure continued with the identification of the hypo-gastric and the umbilical artery which were pulled medially in order to open the obturator fossa and remove the lymphatic tissue superior to the obturator nerve. The next step was the opening of the para-vesical and pararectal spaces by using blunt dissection; this maneuver was facilitated by pulling the uterine fundus towards the opposite direction with the uterine manipulator. The parametrium being isolated between the two spaces can be safely divided. At the superior limit of the parametrium the uterine artery is identified and divided at its origin. Thereafter, by placing the uterine fundus in median and posterior position, the vesicouterine peritoneal fold was opened by scissors and a bladder dissection from the low uterine segment down to the vagina was performed. Then the ureter is dissected, freed from its attachments to the parametria and de-crossed from the uterine artery down to its entry into the bladder. Next the rectovaginal space is opened and the utero-sacral ligaments divided; this allows the division of para-vaginal attachments. The vagina is sectioned and the specimen is extracted transvaginally. Then the vaginal stump was sutured by laparoscopy. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy was not associated with an increased operative time or blood loss and appears to be a feasible alternative to conventional surgical approach in patients with endometrial carcinoma.     

腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术9例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的手术技术和临床可行性。方法9例原发性睾丸非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤根治性睾丸切除术后平均(4.6±1.3)周行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术(laparoscopicretroperitoneallymphnodedissection,L-RLND),记录手术时间、出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、引流管拔除时间、住院时间和术中、术后并发症,并进行术后随访。结果9例L-RLND均获成功。手术时间(148±9)min,术中出血量(66±8)ml,术后肠功能恢复时间24～48h,住院时间(7.5±1.8)d。术中发生下腔静脉损伤1例,腹腔镜下缝合;2例术后轻微的乳糜性腹膜后引流液,限制脂肪性饮食,术后1周内乳糜漏消失。9例随访6～36个月,平均21.3月,无复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫紧靠大血管操作,手术难度及风险较大,须熟练掌握各种腹腔镜操作技术才能减少手术并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫治疗子宫恶性肿瘤11例临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜广泛全子宫切除和盆腹腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤的可行性及临床价值。方法:回顾分析我院行腹腔镜子宫广泛切除和盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗11例经活检证实的早期子宫恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中子宫颈癌8例,子宫内膜癌3例,总结其手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数、手术并发症及近期预后情况。结果:11例均用腹腔镜完成手术,手术时间平均(298.2±40.5)min,术中平均出血(255.5±158.5)ml,平均淋巴结切除(12.3±3.0)枚,术中无脏器损伤,11例术后随访1～13个月,无死亡及复发病例。结论:腹腔镜广泛全子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤安全、可行,有临床应用价值。     

Robotic radical hysterectomy versus total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for treatment of early cervical cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To compare intraoperative, pathologic and postoperative outcomes of robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH) to total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (TLRH) in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed cases of TLRH or RRH with pelvic lymphadenectomy performed for treatment of early cervical cancer between 2000 and 2008. RESULTS: Thirty patients underwent TLRH and pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer from August 2000 to June 2006. Thirteen patients underwent RRH and pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer from April 2006 to January 2008. There were no differences between groups for age, tumor histology, stage, lymphovascular space involvement or nodal status. No statistical differences were observed regarding operative time (323 vs 318 min), estimated blood loss (157 vs 200 mL), or hospital stay (2.7 vs 3.8 days). Mean pelvic lymph node count was similar in the two groups (25 vs 31). None of the robotic or laparoscopic procedures required conversion to laparotomy. The differences in major operative and postoperative complications between the two groups were not significant. All patients in both groups are alive and free of disease at the time of last follow up. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, robotic radical hysterectomy appears to be equivalent to total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with respect to operative time, blood loss, hospital stay, and oncological outcome. We feel the intuitive nature of the robotic approach, magnification, dexterity, and flexibility combined with significant reduction in surgeon's fatigue offered by the robotic system will allow more surgeons to use a minimally invasive approach to radical hysterectomy.     

子宫颈癌腹腔镜与开腹下广泛性子宫切除及淋巴结清扫术的对比分析

目的通过对腹腔镜宫颈癌根治术与开腹宫颈癌根治术的比较,研究腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫颈癌临床价值。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗临床早期子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、并发症以及术后恢复情况等方面的差异。结果 67例经腹腔镜和70例开腹手术,两组的手术时间、淋巴结切除数及并发症发生率无显著性差异,而腹腔镜组的术中出血量(332.7±262.9)ml,明显少于同期开腹手术者(511.2±395.5)ml。腹腔镜组术后引流量和排气时间均显著低于开腹组。结论腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫颈癌是安全、可行的,尤其适用于早期病例的治疗,可以作为治疗子宫颈癌的手段之一。     

腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术(附30例报告)

目的:评价腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌的实用价值,总结其优点及手术注意事项。方法:对12例子宫内膜癌、18例子宫颈癌施行腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术。结果:除1例中转开腹外,其余患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术,切除淋巴结19.5个(13~24个)。术中重要脏器损伤2例,发生率为6.67%。术后并发症发生率13.33%。子宫内膜癌术后复发率8.33%。子宫颈癌术后复发率5.56%。结论:腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术具有创伤小、术野清晰、并发症少、术后康复快等优点,并具有开腹手术的效果。     

腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌临床效果分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜广泛子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌的临床价值。方法 2010-06—2014-06间共实施47例经腹腔镜(腹腔镜组)和42例开放(开放组)广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。记录2组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量、胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、手术并发症发生率等。结果 腹腔镜组术中出血量、切除的淋巴结数、胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间明显优于开放组(P0.05),2组手术时间无显著差异(P0.05)。腹腔镜组平均随访(28.8±6.6)月,并发症发生率为14.9%(7/47),开放组平均随访(26.2±5.8)月,并发症发生率为14.3%(6/42),2组差异无统计学意义。结论 腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌,安全有效,具有创伤小,恢复快等优势。     

腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术与开腹手术的比较

目的通过比较腹腔镜与开腹广泛子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫,探讨腹腔镜技术在妇科宫颈癌根治术中的可行性及应用价值。方法将2010年6月至2012年10月,于本院就诊的128例宫颈癌患者．在自愿原则下分为腹腔镜组和开腹组,探讨手术获取阴道长度及宫旁长度、淋巴结数、手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、留置尿管时间、盆腔引流液量、体温恢复正常时间、术后住院时间、术中及术后并发症、术后随访等方面的数据差异。结果腹腔镜组与开腹组在数据差异上具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜广泛子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫术在治疗早期宫颈癌的疗效上,与开腹手术相当,可作为早期子宫颈癌手术治疗的选择术式之一,值得推广。     

Selection of patients for laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy prior to radical prostatectomy: A decision analysis

Indications for laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy prior to radical prostatectomy have not been established. Criteria to predict lymph node metastases were derived from the preoperative evaluations of 164 prostate cancer patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy. Decision analysis was used to determine which criteria would be optimal indicators for laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy prior to intended radical prostatectomy. Besides a digital rectal examination suggesting uncontained tumor, which was the best indication for laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy, the most useful criteria were sonographic tumor volume ≥ 3 cc and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 20 ng/mL. If either parameter was met, the sensitivity for identifying patients with pelvic lymph node metastases was 88 percent and the positive predictive value was 42 percent. When both were met, the sensitivity fell to 47 percent but the positive predictive value increased to 67 percent. A combination of Gleason biopsy score and PSA was the best criterion that was independent of transrectal ultrasonography. Using a PSA ≥ 15 ng/mL for tumors with Gleason biopsy score ≥ 7 or a PSA ≥ 25 ng/mL for tumors with a Gleason biopsy score of 5–6 had a sensitivity of 71 percent and positive predictive value of 48 percent for identifying patients with pelvic lymph node metastases. In selecting patients for laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy prior to radical retropubic prostatectomy, criteria with a positive predictive value greater than 39 percent maximize the utility of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy. Prior to radical perineal prostatectomy, laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy will identify pelvic lymph node metastases that would otherwise be undetected by prostatectomy alone. The sensitivity of selection criteria, therefore, should be increased, as long as the positive predictive value remains above 20 percent.     

腹腔镜根治性宫颈切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌6例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜根治性宫颈切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌的可行性。方法 2003年4月～2005年4月，我院对要求保留子宫的6例早期宫颈癌先行腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结清扫术，若冰冻病理回报阴性，在不离断子宫血管及圆韧带的情况下，游离输尿管，切断主韧带2cm，然后经阴道横断子宫颈及2cm阴道。结果 手术时间75～150min，平均120min。术中出血量100～250ml，平均150ml。6例均无并发症，术后1个月恢复正常月经。6例随访5～24个月，平均14．6月，均未发现复发，1例怀孕13周。结论 早期宫颈癌行腹腔镜根治性宫颈切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术可行，可以保留患者的生殖功能。     

Significance of pelvic lymphadenectomy for the prognosis after radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to other carcinomas such as breast or colon cancer, there are no guidelines regarding the number and location of lymph nodes to be removed during radical surgery in patients with invasive bladder carcinoma. The therapeutic effect of pelvic lymphadenectomy and its influence on tumour staging has not been documented yet. METHODS: Here we present an evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes from 484 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with curative intention between 1986 and 1999. The number of lymph nodes was correlated with the depth of invasion of the primary tumour, occurrence of nodal metastases, clinical outcome, the operating surgeon, and the pathologist. RESULTS: There were 484 patients with a mean age of 62.7 years. Clinical follow up was available from 321 patients with a mean follow up period of 35.9 months. The average number of lymph nodes removed was 14.3 (range: 1-46). The number of lymph nodes removed varied significantly between different surgeons and did not correlate with the pathologists. There was a significant correlation between the number of lymph nodes removed and the tumour-free survival in pT2 or pT3 tumours and in patients without lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis revealed that pT-category (p < 0.01), pN-category (p < 0.01), and the total number of lymph nodes removed (p = 0.04) were the most important factors affecting survival. CONCLUSION: The more extensive lymphadenectomy significantly improved the prognosis of patients with invasive bladder cancer and therefore, represents a potentially curative procedure. The results indicate a need for a standardised lymph node dissection.     

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after prior open retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular cancer is a challenging surgical procedure. Several factors can increase the difficulty, including prior chemotherapy or open surgery. We present a case of a laparoscopic "redo" postchemotherapy nodal dissection to treat a residual retroperitoneal mass in a patient with non-seminomatous germ cell tumor. This approach allowed rapid recovery, and at 2.5 years after surgery no evidence of tumor recurrence was seen.     

Urologic complications of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy

Introduction and hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intra- and postoperative urologic complications and management in patients with cervical or endometrial cancer treated with laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 146 patients with cervical or endometrial cancer who underwent total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy between August 2002 and April 2011. The intra- and postoperative urologic complications were analyzed.

Results

Double ureteral stents were inserted prophylactically in 13 patients (8.9?%), 2 of whom had postoperative urologic complications. Nine patients (6.2?%) had postoperative urologic complications. Of four patients with ureterovaginal fistulas, two were treated conservatively with cystoscopic placement of ureteral stents and two underwent ureteroneocystostomies. Vesicovaginal fistulas occurred in two patients, both of whom underwent vesicovaginal fistula repairs. One patient noted to have a bladder injury intraoperatively had a laparoscopic repair, and one patient noted to have a ureteral injury postoperatively was treated conservatively with cystoscopic placement of ureteral stents.

Conclusions

Iatrogenic lower urinary tract injuries during laparoscopic radical hysterectomy are relatively common complications. Intraoperative prophylactic ureteral stent insertion and the early detection of urologic complications postoperatively is advised for patients who undergo laparoscopic radical hysterectomies.