应用耳内镜治疗上鼓室内陷袋的临床研究

Wittmeak于1993年提出上鼓室内陷袋概念,一般认为上鼓室内陷袋是由于鼓室长期处于负压状态而引起鼓膜松弛部支撑结构改变,而形成向上鼓室的PRUSSAK隐窝的袋状凹陷[1].如不给予治疗则有发展成上鼓室胆脂瘤的可能,但过度治疗又有损伤中耳结构,导致听力下降的缺点.如何有效治疗上鼓室内陷袋,一直是耳科医生面临的问题.随着耳内镜设备及相关技术的研发,为治疗上鼓室内陷袋等耳科疾病提供了新的途径.我院自2002年开始应用耳内镜系统进行了30例上鼓室内陷袋患者的观察治疗,均取得较好的效果.现报告加下.     

上鼓室内陷袋中耳通气功能的分析

目的探讨上鼓室内陷袋和中耳通气功能之间的关系。方法对101人128耳内陷袋患者在耳内镜下检查并行TOS分级,行声导抗检查,记录鼓室图情况。其中25耳内陷袋患者行颞骨高分辨CT检查,并行手术治疗。结果 (1)声阻抗结果:128耳内陷袋中,B型鼓室图86耳(67.2%),C型:38耳(29.6%),As型2耳(1.6%),A型2耳(1.6%),有分泌性中耳炎病史共111耳,占86.7%,I级、II级、III级、IV级间的B型和C型鼓室导抗图发生率差异无统计学意义。(2)CT检查结果:内陷袋组气化良好率和气化不良率为4%、96%,其乳突气房平均容积为0.706cm3±1.708cm3;和对照组比较差异有统计学意义。(3)手术中证实25例患者上鼓室均有软组织堵塞引流不畅,和CT表现相符率达92%。结论中耳通气不畅和持续负压状态是内陷袋形成的主要原因,内陷袋的形成和咽鼓管功能不良、乳突气化差、分泌性中耳炎多个因素有关,需早期积极恢复咽鼓管功能和治疗分泌性中耳炎,早期改善中耳通气功能防止内陷袋的进展。     

上鼓室内陷袋的治疗

上鼓室内陷袋在临床上较为常见,它与后天原发性胆脂瘤的发生、发展有密切联系,内陷袋和内陷袋胆脂瘤的治疗是耳鼻咽喉科的一个难题,目前没有统一的治疗标准,本文综述了当前有关内陷袋和内陷袋胆脂瘤的各种冶疗方法。     

上鼓室内陷袋的治疗

上鼓室内陷袋在临床上较为常见,它与后天原发性胆脂瘤的发生、发展有密切联系,内陷袋和内陷袋胆脂瘤的治疗是耳鼻咽喉科的一个难题,目前没有统一的治疗标准,本文综述了当前有关内陷袋和内陷袋胆脂瘤的各种治疗方法。     

上鼓室内陷袋的高分辨CT表现

目的 探讨上鼓室内陷袋颞骨高分辨CT的表现及其中耳、乳突通气情况.方法 对43例(54耳)上鼓室内陷袋患者(内陷袋组)行颞骨高分辨CT检查,重建其乳突气房,对蒲氏间隙、鼓峡、盾板到锤骨柄的距离、上鼓室等进行观察.正常44耳作为对照组.结果 ①内陷袋组乳突气化良好率和气化不良率分别为9.3%、90.7%,其乳突气房平均容积为0.350 cm3;正常组乳突气化良好率和不良率分别为75%、25%,乳突气房平均容积为4.854 cm3,二者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②内陷袋组盾板最低点到锤骨间距离平均值为0.20±0.05cm,对照组平均值为0.23±0.06 cm,二者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③Ⅲ、Ⅳ级内陷袋盾板破坏,外上鼓室增宽,Ⅳ级内陷袋多伴听骨链破坏;④内陷袋组蒲氏间隙堵塞占66.7%,鼓峡堵塞占63%,上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突、中鼓室及咽鼓管口软组织影出现率分别为59.2%、66.7%、30%、16.8%、13%.结论 ①乳突气房发育是内陷袋形成的原因之一,其气化程度和内陷袋的程度无关;②内陷袋的形成和蒲氏间隙的狭窄、堵塞及鼓峡堵塞导致通气不良有关,炎性病变多以听骨链区域为主.     

内陷袋胆脂瘤形成的机制及临床意义

本文就近年来引起耳鼻喉科医生广泛关注的内陷袋及内陷袋胆脂瘤的形成机制、影响因素、诊断和治疗作一综述.     

上鼓室胆脂瘤的病理形成：临床和免疫组化支持内陷与增生的结合

目前已有数种描述上鼓室胆脂瘤病理形成的理论 :1内陷理论 ;2乳头状增生理论 ;3移行理论 ;4化生理论。但临床上 ,很难发现支持化生理论和移行理论的证据 ,而在胆脂瘤形成的某些阶段却发现一些支持内陷和增生结合的迹象。该作者应用免疫组化法 ,对上鼓室胆脂瘤标本中固有基底膜成分 - 型胶原的分布和排列情况、基底锥中增殖性标志 MIB- 1分布进行观察。结果显示 :在其它方面健康、有分泌性中耳炎和长期咽鼓管机能失调的儿童 ,有较高的上鼓室内陷发生率。其免疫组化显示 :正常外耳道皮肤 ,MIB- 1均值为 7.6± 2 .2 % ,阳性细胞有规律地分…     

上鼓室胆脂瘤手术治疗

上鼓室胆脂瘤多数由鼓膜松弛部Prusska间隙形成囊袋产生。如何既彻底清除病灶,又能保护听力,是治疗该病的关键。现对2004年3月～2010年6月我科的26例上鼓室胆脂瘤患者行上鼓室、后上鼓室外侧壁重建,一期鼓室成形术,报道如下。     

上鼓室胆脂瘤的临床治疗分析

目的分析胆脂瘤型中耳炎局限于上鼓室的临床表现与治疗方法。方法对186例(186耳)局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎行上鼓室开放术,据胆脂瘤侵蚀范围和听骨链受累情况分别进行处理。胆脂瘤未累及锤、砧关节,单纯去除胆脂瘤,保留听骨链完整性共89例。胆脂瘤侵蚀锤、砧关节共97例,清除胆脂瘤后,还要切除病变的锤骨头或砧骨,用人工听小骨架桥于锤骨柄与镫骨头之间重建听骨链。97例患者均用乳突皮质骨重建上鼓室外侧壁,颞筋膜修复鼓膜松弛部穿孔。结果 186例患者随诊1～3年,所有病例上鼓室外侧壁及鼓膜松弛部愈合良好。术后气骨导差<10 dB者32例,<20 dB者108例,<30 dB者39例,30 dB以上5例。该组病例声音传导功能基本保留或恢复,术后随访听力基本稳定,无胆脂瘤复发。结论上鼓室胆脂瘤在早期治疗的同时,据听骨链的受损情况进行听骨链重建手术,既可彻底清除病灶,又能保留和恢复听觉功能。     

局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤的临床分型与治疗初探

目的：探讨局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎临床分型与治疗方法。方法：对21例（21耳）局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎行上鼓室凿开术,根据胆脂瘤侵蚀范围和锤、砧关节是否受累分型处理。胆脂瘤范围仅达锤、砧关节表面,而未累及锤、砧关节为Ⅰ型共5例患者,仅彻底去除胆脂瘤,保留完整的听骨链。胆脂瘤侵蚀范围超过锤、砧关节达上鼓室前间隙且锤、砧关节受累者为Ⅱ型共16例,除彻底清除胆脂瘤外,还要切除病变的锤骨头及砧骨,用人工听小骨（PORP）架桥于锤骨柄与镫骨头之间重建听骨链。21例患者均用带软骨膜的耳屏软骨重建上鼓室外侧壁,其软骨膜修复穿孔的鼓膜松弛部。观察术后上鼓室外侧壁和鼓膜愈合及听力恢复情况。结果：21例患者随诊1～5年,所有病例上鼓室外侧壁及鼓膜松弛部愈合良好。术后气骨导差〈10 dB 10例,〈20 dB 7例,〈30 dB 3例,30 dB以上1例。该组病例的传音功能基本保留和恢复,术后随访听力基本稳定,无眩晕及耳鸣等并发症。结论：局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤需早期诊断,再分型处理,既可彻底清除病灶,又能保留和恢复传音功能,值得探讨。     

Treatment of cholesteatoma and retraction pockets

Summary Treatment of retraction pockets (RP) and cholesteatomas depends on their nature and evolvement and the size of mastoid pneumatization. RP are secondary to vacillating middle ear negative pressure. Treatment when necessary consists of placing a ventilating tube, excision of the RP or both. In most children and adults, cholesteatoma is derived from RP (or atelectasis) of the tympanic membrane, where it can be termed retraction pocket cholesteatoma or secondary cholesteatoma. This type of cholesteatoma is associated with a non-pneumatized mastoid coupled by negative pressure. Approximately one-third of children's cholesteatomas present clinically behind an intact drum despite a pneumatized mastoid. Pathogenetically this type may be congenital or metaplastic and should be best termed primary cholesteatoma. Central perforations associated with cholesteatoma are probably derived from continuous tympanic membrane destruction by infection in cases of RP cholesteatomas or due to a primary cholesteatoma bursting out from the tympanic cavity. Canal-up surgery of cholesteatoma fails in 60% of cases at Tel Aviv University because of the inherent tendency of the tympanic membrane to retract once again. Residual disease was found in our cases to be a lesser cause for failure. Treatment depends on the type of cholesteatoma, emphasizing small radicals in sclerotic mastoids. When a pneumatized mastoid is encountered, a posterior tympanotomy should be considered.Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Cholesteatoma and Mastoid Surgery, Nigata, Japan; September 1992     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的局部炎性浸润和刺激的病理机理研究

目的研究胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的病理机理。方法对12例(12耳)人鼓膜内陷囊袋颞骨连续切片进行光镜组织病理学观察，重点对内陷囊袋的部位及其内侧面局部中耳腔炎性病变情况进行观察；对11例(11耳)人胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行颞骨连续切片组织病理学观察；对33耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行术中观察。结果12耳鼓膜内陷囊袋发生于鼓膜松弛部或(和)紧张部后上象限，囊袋内观察到不同程度的鳞状上皮增生、角化、脱落，其内侧面局部中耳腔有黏膜下炎性细胞浸润、炎性渗出液、粘连和肉芽组织等炎性病变，而其未内陷部分的鼓膜内侧面未见炎性病变。11例胆脂瘤型中耳炎的颞骨连续切片组织病理学和33例胆脂瘤型中耳炎术中观察都显示胆脂瘤全部侵占听骨链区，侵入前半中耳腔者分别为3耳和5耳，对听骨有不同程度的吸收破坏。结论中耳炎时，中耳听骨链区域局部炎性病变向内粘连鼓膜后上象限或松弛部形成内陷囊袋，并长期炎性浸润和刺激，囊袋内鳞状上皮过度增生、角化、脱落、堆积而导致胆脂瘤型中耳炎。     

Functional effects of repeated pressure loads upon the tympanic membrane: mechanical stiffness measurements after simulated habitual sniffing

In experimental studies it was found that otitis media causes stiffness loss in the tympanic membrane, possible precursors to retraction pockets and cholesteatoma. Besides otitis media habitual sniffing behaviour is associated with the development of retractions. The present study aims to test the hypothesis that repeated sniffing manoeuvre may cause not only structural, epithelial tympanic membrane changes presumed to be possible precursors to retractions, but also tympanic membrane stiffness loss, another possible mediator for the development of retractions. An experimental model with a pressure chamber was used to mimic the pressure conditions for the tympanic membrane in habitual sniffers’ ears. The stiffness properties of twelve Mongolian gerbil tympanic membranes were measured with moiré interferometry after varying time up to 12 days with repeated pressure loading. Three days later, lower overall displacement were obtained in two ears; after 7–12 days the displacement readings were normal. This study with maximum of 12 days of pressure loading did not verify the hypothesis that habitual “sniffing” impairs the stiffness of the tympanic membrane.     

Endoscopic management of limited attic cholesteatoma

OBJECTIVES: Microscopic postauricular tympanomastoidectomy provides a limited exposure to the attic, especially anteriorly. In contrast, the endoscope offers wide transcanal access to the attic, allowing for complete removal of limited attic disease, possibly without interrupting the ossicular chain. This report evaluates 8 years of experience with transcanal endoscopic management of limited attic cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: Seventy-three ears with limited attic cholesteatoma underwent endoscopic transcanal tympanotomy and extended atticotomy to access and completely remove the sac. Disease was dissected off the tegmen, the medial and lateral attic walls, and the ossicles. Appropriate ossicular reconstruction was performed. The defect was reconstructed with a composite tragal graft. RESULTS: A transcanal endoscopic approach was adequate for removal of disease in all cases. There were no iatrogenic facial nerve injuries. Bone thresholds were stable. Disease was dissected off the head of the malleus and the body of incus with preservation of both in 24 ears. Mean follow-up was 43 months. Five ears required revision for recurrent disease, and eight were revised for failed ossicular reconstruction or persistent perforation. Moderate to severe retraction in other areas of the tympanic membrane was evident in 28 cases; none of these required further intervention. CONCLUSION: An endoscopic technique allows transcanal, minimally invasive, eradication of limited attic cholesteatoma. Preservation of the ossicles coupled with complete removal of disease is more likely with the endoscope.     

分期鼓室成形术临床疗效观察

目的：探讨分期鼓室成形手术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎和胆脂瘤病中耳炎的临床特点和疗效。方法：回顾性分析132耳用该方法治疗的患者（分期成形组）,并与同期325耳一期成形的患者（一次成形组）做疗效比较。以术后听力提高程度（ABG值）、胆脂瘤再发率、鼓膜再穿孔率和术后不干耳率为疗效指标。结果：分期鼓室成形组ABG值28．4dB,鼓膜再穿孔率1．5％,胆脂瘤复发率0％,术后不干耳率0％;一次成形组ABG值21．3dB,鼓膜再穿孔率2．2％,胆脂瘤再发率4．0％,术后不干耳率1．2％。结论：分期成形组的术后听力提高程度、胆脂瘤复发率显著优于一次成形组。鼓膜再穿孔率和术后不干耳率差异无统计学意义。所以利用分期手术可有效地挽救和提高大部分慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的术后听力。     

Expression patterns of cytokeratins in retraction pocket cholesteatomas

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the patterns of cytokeratin (CK) expression in retraction pocket cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN: An animal model study. METHODS: Retraction pocket cholesteatomas were induced by electrocautery of the eustachian tube orifice in 24 mongolian gerbils. They were divided into normal and cholesteatoma groups of clinical stages I to IV. The antibodies to pan-cytokeratin CK 1/10, CK 5/6, CK 4, and CK 13/16 were used for immunohistochemical staining. The intensity of staining in each group as measured with densitometry was compared regarding anatomical sites and clinical stages. RESULTS: In retraction pocket cholesteatoma, CK expression was altered only at focal sites such as the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. The change of CK expression was observed only at certain stages of cholesteatoma formation. In keratinocytes from cholesteatomas, CK 13/16 was overexpressed compared with control specimens, indicating hyperproliferation. The site with the most prominent change in retraction pocket cholesteatoma was somewhat different from that in canal ligation cholesteatoma in a previous study. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that aural cholesteatoma is a disease with a spectrum of pathological conditions and that the transmigration and hyperproliferation process of squamous epithelium occurs in areas adjacent to the cholesteatoma.     

表皮生长因子及其受体在中耳慢性鼓膜穿孔病变中的作用

目的　探讨表皮生长因子及其受体在中耳慢性鼓膜穿孔病变中的作用。方法在豚鼠慢性创伤性鼓膜穿孔的动物模型上 ,观察应用表皮生长因子治疗的鼓膜愈合率。在具有典型鼓膜后皱襞处穿孔的胆脂瘤型慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的病理标本上 ,应用免疫组化SP染色方法和计算机图像分析系统 ,检测 10例鼓膜穿孔部位邻近皮肤表皮生长因子受体的表达情况。结果　在动物实验中表皮生长因子治疗组鼓膜愈合率明显高于对照组 (χ2 =9 92 3,P <0 0 1)。未发现有诱发中耳胆脂瘤的病例。在临床研究中鼓膜穿孔邻近皮肤表皮生长因子受体的阳性率为 (39 3± 7 4 ) % ( x±s,下同 ) ,耳道深部正常皮肤为 (2 5 4± 3 7) %。 2组间差异具有高度显著性意义。结论　表皮生长因子有明显促进鼓膜穿孔愈合的能力。表皮生长因子受体在鼓膜穿孔部位邻近皮肤的中等表达 ,表明使用表皮生长因子治疗有一定的理论基础和有诱发中耳胆脂瘤的风险。     

Cytokeratin expression patterns in the human tympanic membrane and external ear canal

Summary Immunohistochemical investigations were carried out to further reveal the pattern of cytokeratin (CK) expression in middle ear cholesteatoma. Using chain-specific monoclonal antibodies and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, 10 out of 19 CK polypeptides were screened in cryoslices of fresh postmortem eardrums and external ear canal specimens. Our data, combined with those published before, indicate an intimate relationship between middle ear cholesteatoma lesions and epidermal tissues in the immediate vicinity. Our CK data do not favor the metaplastic origin of cholesteatoma, because the CK complement of cholesteatoma lesions does not include major and typical CK constituents of the middle ear mucosa.