输尿管镜下碎石术失败的原因与处理

目的:探讨导致输尿管镜下碎石术失败的常见原因与结果。方法:对21例应用输尿管镜下双频双脉冲激光或气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石失败的病例进行分析。结果:上段结石整体或大于6 mm的结石碎块移入肾盂肾盏15例,其中6例行微创经皮肾穿刺肾镜下激光碎石治愈,9例留置双J管后经ESWL治疗痊愈。中段结石远端输尿管N形扭曲导致无法窥见结石4例,下段结石合并输尿管炎性息肉形成及狭窄导致无法窥见结石2例;该6例均改开放手术切开取石治愈。结论:输尿管镜下激光碎石术或气压弹道碎石术中,操作者熟练的操作,灵活地应用各种辅件,可以提高手术成功率,尤其是输尿管上段结石的单次治疗排空率。     

钬激光碎石术与双频双脉冲激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的比较

目的:比较经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术和双频双脉冲激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效与安全性。方法:对输尿管镜技术治疗101例输尿管结石患者,以钬激光碎石术治疗46例,双频双脉冲激光碎石术治疗55例,进行疗效比较。结果:钬激光碎石术结石一次粉碎率为91.3%,双频双脉冲激光碎石术结石一次粉碎率为87.3%;前者平均碎石时间(28.9min)短于后者(37.9min)(P<0.01);前者平均结石排净时间为16.5d,短于后者的26.3d(P<0.01);前者2例发生穿孔,后者无穿孔发生。结论:钬激光碎石术及双频双脉冲碎石术均为有效的碎石方法;在平均碎石时间、结石排净时间方面钬激光碎石术具有优势;双频双脉冲激光碎石术在安全性方面具有优势。     

输尿管镜下双频激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石268例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜下激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法2004年4月-2006年8月,我院采用德国Storz半硬输尿管镜（F6.9或者F8/9.8）和德国W om公司U100双频双脉冲激光碎石机治疗输尿管结石268例。结果单次治疗成功率为92.9%（249/268）。手术时间15-95 min,平均30 min。术后除出现不同程度血尿外（术后2-3 d消失）,无严重并发症。术后住院时间2-6 d,平均3.5 d。229例随防3-9个月,平均6.2月,KUB联合静脉肾盂造影（intravenous pyelography,IVP）或者B超检查,无复发及输尿管狭窄发生。结论输尿管镜下双频双脉冲激光碎石术是治疗输尿管结石的理想方法,可作为输尿管中下段结石首选治疗。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的输尿管结石89例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)失败的输尿管结石的临床效果。方法应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管结石89例。69例合并息肉或被肉芽组织包裹,同时钬激光消融息肉;合并结石远端输尿管狭窄4例,开放手术切除狭窄段。结果一次碎石成功81例,成功率91%。1周内结石排净67例,其余14例2周内结石排净。4例结石被冲入肾盂,术后2周经ESWL后排出;4例输尿管镜置入失败,经开放手术治愈。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石具有安全高效性,可作为ESWL治疗失败的输尿管结石首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石(附358例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石的有效性和安全性.方法:分析2002年4月～2007年5月输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石358例患者临床资料,对碎石率、排石率和并发症等进行统计分析.结果:共行367例次输尿管镜钬激光碎石,一次碎石成功率为93.2%(342/367),输尿管上段与中、下段结石一次碎石成功率分别为87%(94/108)、95.7%(248/259);平均手术时间36 min,平均碎石时间14 min;结石移位改行ESWL 8例,输尿管镜未窥见结石改行微创经皮肾镜取石6例,改开放手术取石6例;碎石过程中黏膜撕裂4例、黏膜下假道形成6例,输尿管穿孔6例;24例术后发热(体温＞38.5℃,持续2天以上),3例出现感染性休克;术后住院2～4天;1个月后拔除双J管,复查B超、KUB、IVP,结石排净率96.4%(354/367),肾盂积水由(3.8±0.6)cm降至(1.4±0.4)cm(P＜0.01);4例出现输尿管狭窄.结论:输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石疗效确切、安全,是治疗肉芽包裹输尿管结石,尤其是中、下段肉芽包裹输尿管结石的有效微创手段.     

双频双脉冲激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的效果

目的：探讨新型双频双脉冲激光治疗输尿管结石疗效。方法：总结150例输尿管镜下双频双脉冲激光碎石经验。男94例，女56例；平均年龄42岁。结石位于输尿管上段48例，中段35例，下段64例。合并另一侧多枚结石者3例。结果：150例患者一次碎石成功136例(90．6％)，1周结石排净131例(96．3％)。上段碎石失败9例中，二期行ESWL治疗5例；输尿管成角扭曲改开放手术2例，碎石中发生输尿管穿孔2例。中下段失败5例，其中碎石不完全1例，尿酸性结石未能粉碎1例，输尿管镜操作失败改开放手术3例。患者术后均出现轻重不等的肉眼血尿。无发热，脓肾病例。平均手术时间32min，平均激光工作时间3．3min。术后平均住院2．5d。结论：双频双脉冲激光是一种功能单一、操作简单、安全、对软组织损伤小，碎石高效的激光。可作为输尿管结石不宜行ESWL治疗或：ESWL治疗失败后的一种选择方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管结石合并息肉(附75例报告)

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光技术对输尿管结石合并息肉的治疗效果.方法 2007年9月～ 2012年4月,对75例输尿管结石合并息肉行输尿管镜钬激光治疗.结石位于输尿管上段18例,中段38例,下段19例;结石长径0.6 ～1.7 cm,平均1.1 cm.术中50例息肉未行任何处理,10例息肉仅限于结石表面烧灼,切除息肉15例并送病检.结果 69例一次碎石成功;3例结石上移至肾盂术后1周体外冲击波碎石治疗;2例输尿管上段扭曲折叠进镜失败改经皮肾镜术:1例术中输尿管穿孔出血改开放取石.手术时间20～ 95 min,平均43 min.术后住院时间2～10 d,平均5d.67例术后随访6～12个月,B超或静脉肾盂造影检查64例肾积水消失,输尿管通畅,未见明显结石残留,3例输尿管狭窄,均为术中处理息肉者.结论 输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管中下段结石合并息肉具有良好的疗效,不影响手术视野和碎石操作的息肉无需处理.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石

目的探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床效果. 方法 90例输尿管结石,经尿道、膀胱置入10°输尿管镜抵达结石处,将光纤头直抵结石,设置工作能量0.8～1.5 J,频率8～10 Hz,采用连续脉冲方式粉碎结石. 结果3例进镜失败(输尿管镜无法到达结石部位)改开放手术,1例输尿管穿孔改开放手术;86例碎石成功,单次钬激光碎石成功率为95.6%(86/90).手术时间30～80 min,平均55 min.术后住院1～5 d,平均2.5 d.86例随访1～3个月,69例病程＜6个月、肾积水＜4 cm,肾积水完全消失;17例病程＞6个月、肾积水＞4 cm,术后患肾均有不同程度积水,但较术前明显改善. 结论经输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石效果理想,创伤小,并发症少,可作为输尿管中、下段结石的首选治疗方法.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石(附350例报告)

目的:评价输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。方法:采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石350例,其中结石并息肉35例。结石大小0.6～2.0cm,平均1.2cm,直视下经尿道置入输尿管镜,寻及结石后以600μm激光传导光纤抵住结石,0.8～1.2J/8～12HZ功率钬激光碎石,对结石合并息肉患者,进镜后控制液体灌注速度,上行至结石下方输尿管息肉处,置入钬激光光纤,以1.0～1.5J/6～10HZ功率将息肉切开、气化切除,显露结石,再行钬激光碎石。结果:350例输尿管结石患者单次碎石成功率94%(329/350),一次输尿管息肉切除成功率100%。手术时间20～60min,平均45min,术后住院2～5d,平均3d。21例输尿管上段结石患者,碎石过程中部分残石碎片回漂入肾盂,予以ESWL治疗。随访1～2个月,复查B超及KUB,结石均已排净。无输尿管黏膜穿孔、黏膜撕脱、发热等并发症。结论:输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、有效;且对结石并息肉患者,亦可达到满意的治疗效果,是临床治疗输尿管结石最理想的治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石(附104例报告)

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法 2010年6月~2013年12月对104例输尿管结石(输尿管上段结石22例,中、下段结石82例)行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石,钬激光能量1.0~1.5 J,脉冲频率10~15Hz,采用蚕食法,从结石周边向中央行碎石治疗,将结石粉碎成直径3 mm颗粒。结果 97例一次碎石成功,成功率93.3%(97/104),其中上段结石碎石成功率77.3%(17/22),中、下段结石为97.6%(80/82)。3例结石冲回肾盂,改体外冲击波碎石治疗;4例因输尿管严重扭曲置镜失败,改开放手术。手术时间12~105 min,(44.5±21.7)min。术后住院时间3~7 d,(4.5±1.5)d。4例输尿管小穿孔,置双J管1个月后痊愈,无一例出现输尿管撕裂等较为严重的并发症;12例发生泌尿系感染与发热。97例随访1~12个月,平均4个月,术后1个月内结石全部排净。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全,疗效可靠。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.