Vascular resection in pancreatic adenocarcinoma with portal or superior mesenteric vein invasion

AIM:To evaluate long-term survival after the Whipple operation with superior mesenteric vein/portal vein resection(SMV/PVR)in relation to resection length.METHODS:We evaluated 118 patients who underwent the Whipple operation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma at our Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery between 2005 and 2010.Fifty-eight of these patients were diagnosed with microscopic PV/SMV invasion by frozen-section examination and underwent SMV/PVR.In 28 patients,the length of SMV/PVR was≤3 cm.In the other 30 patients,the length of SMV/PVR was>3cm.Clinical and survival data were analyzed.RESULTS:SMV/PVR was performed successfully in 58patients.There was a significant difference between the two groups(SMV/PVR≤3 cm and SMV/PVR>3 cm)in terms of the mean survival time(18 mo vs 11 mo)and the overall 1-and 3-year survival rates(67.9%and14.3%vs 41.3%and 5.7%,P<0.02).However,there was no significant difference in age(64 years vs 58years,P=0.06),operative time(435 min vs 477 min,P=0.063),blood loss(300 mL vs 383 mL,P=0.071)and transfusion volume(85.7 mL vs 166.7 mL,P=0.084)between the two groups.CONCLUSION:Patients who underwent the Whipple operation with SMV/PVR≤3 cm had better long-term survival than those with>3 cm resection.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy with portal vein/superior mesenteric vein resection for patients with pancreatic cancer with venous invasion

BACKGROUND: With the development of new surgical techniques, pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) with portal vein or superior mesenteric vein(PV/SMV) resection has been used in the treatment of patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. However, opinions of surgeons differ in the effectiveness of this surgical technique. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of this approach in patients with pancreatic cancer.METHODS: Follow-up visits and retrospective analysis were carried out of 208 patients with pancreatic cancer who had undergone PD(PD group) and PD combined with PV/SMV resection and reconstruction(PDVR group) from June 2009 to May 2013 at our center. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the clinical features, the difference of survival time and risk factors of venous invasion in pancreatic cancer.Factors relating to postoperative survival time of pancreatic cancer were also investigated. RESULTS: In the PDVR group, which consisted of 42 cases, the 1-,2- and 3-year survival rates were 70%, 41% and 16%, respectively and the median survival time was 20.0 months. Among the 166 patients in the PD group, the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 80%, 52%, and 12%, respectively with the median survival time of 26.0 months. No significant difference in survival time and R0 resection ratio was found between the two groups. Lumbodorsal pain, tumor with pancreatic capsular invasion and bile duct infiltration were found to be independent risk factors for PV invasion in pancreatic cancer. In addition, non R0 resection,large tumor size(2 cm) and poorly differentiated tumor were independent risk factors for survival time in post-PD.CONCLUSIONS: The tumor has a higher chance of venous invasion if preoperative imagings indicate that it juxtaposes with the vessel. Lumbodorsal pain is the chief complaint. Patients with pancreatic cancer associated with PV involvement should receive PDVR for R0 resection when preoperational assessment shows the chance for eradication.     

门静脉肠系膜上静脉修复重建材料的研究进展

近年来,门静脉(portal vein,PV)/肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)修复重建技术在腹部外科应用越来越多.在腹部肿瘤手术中,此种手术提高了肿瘤切除率,延长了患者存活时间;在肝移植手术中,此种手术扩大了手术适应证,提高了肝移植手术的成功率.最终使患者获益.血管修复重建材料的选择是该手术非常关键的一环.目前可供选择的材料有自体静脉、肝圆韧带、人工血管、异体静脉、心包补片、腹膜补片等.本文就门静脉/肠系膜上静脉修复重建材料的基础研究、临床应用及并发症等方面进行综述.     

肝圆韧带重建门静脉/肠系膜上静脉的可行性探讨

目的探讨肝圆韧带重建门静脉／肠系膜上静脉的可行性。方法对4例实施胰十二指肠联合门静脉／肠系膜上静脉切除的患者．手术中用肝圆韧带重建切除的静脉。结果静脉切除长度3．5～6．5cm．重建切除静脉时利用肝圆韧带长度4．0～7．0cm,术中门静脉阻断时间30～126min,无手术死亡者。术后随访10～39个月。门静脉／肠系膜上静脉通畅,无血栓形成。结论在胰十二指肠联合门静脉／肠系膜上静脉切除术中利用肝圆韧带重建切除的静脉是可行的。     

Safety of portal vein resection using centrifugal pump-assisted venous bypass between the superior mesenteric vein and the umbilical vein

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To achieve complete resection of pancreatic cancer, portal vein resection has been performed with increasing frequency at the time of pancreaticoduodenal resection (pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy). In the meantime, visceral congestion and liver ischemia are of great concern during the procedure. We investigated safety of portal vein resection using a centrifugal pump-assisted bypass between the superior mesenteric vein and the umbilical vein. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective comparison was performed in 49 consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenal resection with or without portal vein resection using the bypass for pancreatic cancer. Twenty-two patients underwent portal vein resection using the bypass (group 1). The other 27 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenal resection without portal vein resection comprise the control group (group 2). RESULTS: Total operative time was 756 +/- 159 min and 526 +/- 109 min (p<0.001) and median blood loss was 2090 mL and 1200 mL in groups 1 and 2, respectively. However, the centrifugal pump-assisted bypass allowed stable bypass flow, and neither intestinal edema nor ischemic change of the liver was observed during portal vein resection and the subsequent reconstruction. Postoperatively, the peak postoperative AST, ALT and total bilirubin levels showed no significant difference and postoperative day of starting a liquid diet was similar between the groups (9.0 +/- 5.4 vs. 9.8 +/- 3.8 days, p=0.48). In addition, the rates of morbidity (55% vs. 48%) including biliary and pancreatic leak as well as mortality (9% vs. 4%) did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The centrifugal pump-assisted bypass may be useful to prevent hepatic ischemia and visceral congestion during portal vein resection procedures, resulting in similar postoperative outcomes to the control after pancreaticoduodenal resection for pancreatic cancer.     

Evaluation of postprandial hyperemia in superior mesenteric artery and portal vein in healthy and cirrhotic humans: an operator-blind echo-Doppler study

In an operator-blind design, we used an echo-Doppler duplex system to examine superior mesenteric artery and portal vein hemodynamics on two consecutive mornings in 12 fasting cirrhotic patients and 12 matched controls, randomized to a standardized 355 kcal mixed-liquid meal vs. water. Cross-sectional area and mean velocity were recorded from the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery at 30 min intervals, from 0 min to 150 min after ingestion. Flows were calculated. Pulsatility index, an index related to vascular resistance, was obtained for the mesenteric artery. Baseline flows did not differ between cirrhotic patients and control patients, but pulsatility index was reduced in the cirrhotic subjects. Maximal postprandial hyperemia was attained at 30 min. Cirrhotic patients showed a blunted hyperemic response to food. In normal controls, portal vein area increased significantly after the meal from 30 min to 150 min, whereas in cirrhotic patients a significant difference occurred only at 30 min. Pulsatility index in both groups was significantly reduced after eating, and this reduction persisted up to 150 min. No changes after ingestion of water were observed. Echo-Doppler was very sensitive in detecting postprandial splanchnic hemodynamic changes and differences between cirrhotic patients and normal subjects. Mesenteric artery pulsatility index was more sensitive than flow in detecting baseline hemodynamic differences. In cirrhotic patients, portal postprandial hyperemia was mainly related to the increase in mean velocity.     

Treatment of portal vein septic thrombosis by infusion of antibiotics and an antifungal agent into portal vein and superior mesenteric artery: a case report

A 44-year-old man was hospitalized because of right-sided abdominal pain and fever. On admission, he presented spike fever, jaundice, and renal failure. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography showed extensive thrombus in the portal vein. Anaerobic bacteria were identified in arterial and portal blood cultures. Based on these findings, septic thrombosis of the portal vein was diagnosed. Intraportal infusion of antibiotics, urokinase and an antifungal agent, followed by infusion of antimicrobials, urokinase, and heparin into the superior mesenteric artery resulted in marked improvement of symptoms and signs. Diverticulitis of the ascending colon was later found to be the underlying disease. In the follow-up, there were no signs of recurrent disease.     

肠系膜上静脉胰后干和门静脉干测量的临床意义

目的为提高近端胆管癌和壶腹周围癌的手术切除率，使该区域受肿瘤浸润的血管能一并与肿瘤器官同时切除，并使血管直接重建．方法在实施肝门胆管癌切除术及胰十二指肠切除术中，对肝蒂内门静脉干（portalveintrunk，PV）、胰腺钩突内的肠系膜上静脉子即“胰后干”（post－pancreastrunk，PPT）进行解剖学定位并进行分段测量长度及可以纵向折叠的长度，以此估计可切除的静脉长度及重新再建血管的长度结果测量肝蒂内门静脉干104例，长度男5．8cm±2．0cm，女5．5cm±0．8cm.优势长度大于4.5cm，男56例，占76．7％；女25例，占80．6％胰腺钩突内段肠系膜上静脉子测量54例长度，男3．7cm±0．8cm，女3．5cm±0．6cm；优势长度大于3．0cm者,男28例，占77．6％；女14例，占77.8％．门静脉纵向折叠移动范围1．8cm～4．2cm，平均折叠2．2cm者（1．8～2．4）占66．3％，平均折叠2．8cm（2．5～4．2）占33．7％．切除胰十二指肠后胰腺钩突入肠系膜上静脉段纵向折叠范围平均4．0cm，最长达5．2cm.结论这二类肿瘤切除术合并受浸血管切除在一定范围是可行的，为联合区域性整块切除术提供了临床解剖学支持     

微小病变性肾病合并门静脉脾静脉肠系膜上静脉血栓1例并文献复习

原发性肾病综合征(NS)由多种疾病组成,主要包括微小病变性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化、膜性肾病、IgA肾病、膜增生性肾小球肾炎等[1].NS易形成静脉血栓,多为肾静脉血栓、下肢静脉血栓等,但合并门静脉、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉血栓形成十分罕见.     

Hemodynamic effects of calibrated stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery in conscious rats with portal vein stenosis.

Because superior mesenteric arterial blood flow is increased in portal hypertension and plays a role in elevated portal pressure, mechanical reduction of artery diameter should induce decreases in portal pressure and superior mesenteric arterial blood flow. In this study, calibrated superior mesenteric artery stenosis (induced with a 22-gauge needle) was performed in rats simultaneously with portal vein stenosis or 2 wk after creation of portal vein stenosis. Hemodynamic studies were performed 3 wk after induction of portal vein stenosis in conscious, unrestrained rats. At that time, neither weight loss nor digestive tract alterations were observed in rats with arterial stenosis. In neither group of rats with arterial stenosis was portal tributary blood flow significantly different from that of normal rats; nor was it significantly lower than in rats with portal vein stenosis without arterial stenosis. In both groups of rats with arterial stenosis, portal pressure was significantly lower (12.1 +/- 1.6 mm Hg and 12.5 +/- 1.8 mm Hg, respectively) than in rats subjected to portal vein stenosis (15.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) but significantly higher than in controls (7.2 +/- 1.0 mm Hg). In rats with arterial stenosis, cardiac index was also significantly lower than that in rats with portal vein stenosis but higher than that in controls. In conclusion, this study shows that both early and late superior mesenteric artery stenosis significantly reduce the degree of portal hypertension and the hyperkinetic state of rats with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Thus we can speculate that superior mesenteric artery stenosis might provide a new therapeutic approach for portal hypertension.