子宫内膜组织ER,PR及PCNA表达与子宫内膜增生 …

探讨子宫内膜增生过长的发病机理。为临床内分泌治疗提供理论基础，方法：应用免疫组织化学Ｓ－Ｐ法，对手术切除和诊刮的６７例不同时期子宫内膜和不同类型增生过长子宫内膜标本进行ＥＲ，ＰＲ和ＰＣＮＡ含量分析。结果：ＥＲ，ＰＲ在正常增生期子宫人膜中的含量显著高于分泌期，在单纯性增生工和复杂性增生过长宫内膜中ＥＲ，ＰＲ的含量也有显著差异。     

不孕妇女子宫内膜胞浆ER,PR含量变化的研究

采用酶联雌二醇（Ｅ２－ＨＲＰ）和酶联孕酮衍生物（Ｐｇ－ＨＲＰ）亲和组化法，检测５８例不孕妇女子宫内膜胞浆中雌激素受体（ＥＲ）、孕激素受体（ＰＲ）含量，并对相应的组织形态变化做光镜观察。结果显示：①原发不孕症患者宫内膜有３种基本形态变化，即分泌期子宫内膜细胞内ＥＲ（＋）、ＰＲ（＋＋），提示卵巢功能完好；分泌期子宫内膜伴腺体分泌不良、间质的反应欠佳，细胞内ＥＲ、ＰＲ均为（＋），提示卵巢系假性黄体功能不全；增生期子宫内膜细胞内ＥＲ（＋＋＋）、ＰＲ（＋＋）～（＋＋），提示卵巢黄体功能发育不全，无排卵，缺乏孕酮拮抗。②继发不孕症患者子宫内膜呈分泌不良、间质反应差，细胞内ＥＲ、ＰＲ均为（＋）～（＋＋），提示卵巢存有假性黄体功能不全。     

子宫肌瘤ER,PR与其细胞核体定量关系的探讨

应用ＡＢＣ法和计算机图象分析系统（ＩＡＳ）定量分析３９例子宫肌瘤患者子宫组织雌、孕激素受体（ＥＲ．ＰＲ）含量，对其中８例子宦肌瘤及肌层细胞核体作定量分析，并探讨它们之间的关系。结果为子宫肌瘤ＥＲ、ＰＲ含量显著高于同一子宫肌层的含量（Ｐ＜０．０１）：子宫肌瘤细胞核体数密度、体密度亦显著高于相应子宫肌层的对应值（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）：子宫肌瘤ＥＲ与其细胞核体数密度呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示子宫肌瘤的发生，发展与雌、孕激素及其受体含量有关。     

分泌期反复流产子宫内膜凝集素结合特性探讨

本文通过生物素分别标记的双花藕豆凝集素（ＤＢＡ）、大豆凝集素（ＳＢＡ）、麦胚凝集素（ＷＧＡ）及荆豆凝集素（ＵＥＡ－１）与子宫内膜的反应，应用Ｓ－Ｐ法研究２８例无明显原因反复流产的分泌期子宫内膜糖复合物的变化及与其组织形态学分期的相关性。结果：①宫内膜迟延发生率为３９．３％（１１／２８）；②四种凝集素中只有ＤＢＡ与子宫内膜的结合表现出阶段特异性。着床期，ＤＢＡ宫内膜结合率增强，且与宫内膜组织形态学分期呈有意义的直线正相关（ｒ＝０．４０４，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示与ＤＢＡ特异结合的子宫内膜上的糖复合物与孕卵着床有关，这种特异结合可以作为评价分泌期子宫内膜分化成熟的一项指标     

子宫内膜非典型增生过长24例临床病理分析

目的：分析子宫内膜复杂性增生过长伴非典型性临床病理特点，方法；对２４例子宫内膜复杂性增生过长伴非典型性子宫内膜进行光镜观察及免疫组化染色。结果２４例中，４例发展为子宫内膜腺癌，７例痊愈，１０例好转，３例在随访中，内膜癌患者地ＰＣＮＡ检测均为阳性高表达，结论：子宫内膜复杂性增生过长伴非典型性，其病变的发展是双向的，即可癌变，也可逆转，预后评估取决于患者的年龄及免疫组化检测的结果。     

转化生长因子-α、表皮生长因子受体与胃癌发生的关系及其与增殖细胞核抗原的相关性分析

目的研究在胃癌发生的不同阶段转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦ－α）、表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）的表达情况及与增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）表达的关系。方法应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法。结果（１）ＴＧＦ－α在癌周正常粘膜、肠化生组织中的表达明显高于非癌正常粘膜及肠化生（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）ＥＧＦＲ在肠化生、不典型增生粘膜表达较正常、癌组织明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ共同表达常伴不典型增生。（４）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ表达与ＰＣＮＡ表达有明显的相关性。（５）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ、ＰＣＮＡ表达与肿瘤外侵、淋巴结转移无关。结论ＥＧＦＲ／ＴＧＦ－α是胃癌前病变的一项有意义的标志，结合ＰＣ－ＮＡ监测高危人群可能有助于发现早期胃癌。     

缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞与肺动脉平滑肌细胞相互作用对细胞内环核苷酸的影响

目的：观察了培养的小牛肺动脉内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣ）和肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭ）于缺氧时对细胞内环核苷酸的影响。结果：ＰＡＥＣ和ＰＡＳＭ共培养２４ｈ，ＰＡＥＣ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜００１），而ＰＡＳＭ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量显著增加（Ｐ＜００１），二种细胞内ｃＧＭＰ含量均显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）。缺氧对二种细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量无显著影响，但能增加ＰＡＳＭ的ｃＧＭＰ含量（Ｐ＜００１），降低ＰＡＥＣ的ｃＧＭＰ含量（Ｐ＜００１）。ＮＯ合酶抑制剂硝基精氨酸对二种细胞的ｃＡＭＰ含量均无显著影响，但能使常氧培养的ＰＡＥＣ和缺氧培养的ＰＡＳＭ细胞内的ｃＧＭＰ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）。结论：ＰＡＥＣ和ＰＡＳＭ的相互作用可引起第二信使系统传递的变化；缺氧可抑制ＰＡＥＣ的ＮＯ合酶活性而诱导ＰＡＳＭ的ＮＯ合酶活性     

内皮源舒张因子缺乏对大鼠小肠缺血预处理的影响

目的：观察预处理（ＰＣ）的保护现象。方法：应用内皮源舒张因子（ＥＤＲＦ）合成抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）复制的大鼠高血压模型。结果：ＰＣ对小肠缺血再灌注（ＩＲ）的保护作用仍然存在，ＰＣ使ＩＲ后肠组织ＭＤＡ产生减少（１０１０±１２５）ｖｓ（３４０．３±１９．９）ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ．ｄ．ｗ，Ｐ＜００１，组织总钙含量降低（４１±０４）ｖｓ（５．２±０．４）μｍｏｌ．ｄ．ｗ，Ｐ＜００１，并减轻了组织乳酸脱氢酶和组织蛋白酶Ｄ漏出（Ｐ＜００１），降低了血管床对伊文思兰的通透性（Ｐ＜００１）。结论：长期ＥＤＲＦ缺乏致高血压动物的器官仍存在ＰＣ现象，提示ＥＤＲＦ不是ＰＣ作用的重要中间因素     

p53、EGFR和Ki-67抗原在子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤中的表达

目的：研究子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的表达及与肿瘤临床分期、组织学分级和预后的关系。方法：用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对２１例子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤的存档资料作染色观察。结果：ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的阳性表达率分别为６１．９％、６１．９％和７１．４％。临床分期Ⅱ～Ⅳ期肿瘤（１０／１２）的ｐ５３阳性表达率明显高于Ⅰ期肿瘤（３／９）（Ｐ＜０．０５）、肿瘤癌性成分Ⅱ级的ｐ５３阳性表达高于Ⅰ期（Ｐ＜０．０５）。６例在１年内死亡的病例，其中５例ｐ５３阳性染色，而５例生存２年以上的肿瘤ｐ５３免疫染色全部阴性，两组比较（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肉瘤成分Ⅲ级的ＥＧＦＲ阳性率高于Ⅱ级（Ｐ＜０．０５），除此而外，ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７的表达和肿瘤分期、预后均无相关性。结论：肿瘤的ｐ５３表达具有预后意义     

DNA复制错误阳性大肠癌的临床病理特点

目的探讨ＤＮＡ复制错误（ＲＥＲ）与大肠癌发生发展的关系。方法采用银染ＰＣＲ单链构象多态性（ｓｉｎｇｌｅｓｔｒａｎｄｃｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ＳＳＣＰ）和ＰＣＲ－变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（ＰＡＧ）技术检测６０例大肠癌及其相应正常组织的第２、５、１７号染色体的４个位点的微小卫星ＤＮＡ不稳定性（ｍｉｃｒｏｓａｔｅｌｉｔｅｉｎｓｔａｂｉｔｙ，ＭＳＩ），有至少２个位点的ＭＳＩ则诊断为ＲＥＲ阳性。结果６０例大肠癌中，１９例为ＲＥＲ阳性（３１７％）。结合家族史，根据Ａｍｓｔｅｒｄａｎ标准，６０例病例中有４例被诊断为遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌（ｈｅｒｅｄｉｔａｒｙｎｏｎｐｏｌｙｓｉｓｃｏｌｏｒｅｃｔａｌｃａｎｃｅｒ，ＨＮＰＣＣ）。ＲＥＲ阳性率在ＨＮＰＣＣ中为３／４例与散发性大肠癌的２８５％比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５）。ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌比较大多为分化不良型腺癌（Ｐ＜００１），多位于右半结肠（Ｐ＜００５），有家族史（Ｐ＜００５），ＤｕｃｋｅｓＡ、Ｂ期较ＤｕｃｋｅｓＣ、Ｄ期患者所占比例高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌有不同的生物学特性。     

Immunohistochemical characterization of proliferation, oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in endometriosis: comparison of eutopic and ectopic endometrium with normal cycling endometrium

Recent studies examining oestrogen and progesterone receptorstatus and the proliferative activity of endo-metriotic lesionshave produced conflicting reports. This study aimed to clarifythe receptor status and proliferative activity of eutopic andectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis and endometriumfrom normal women. Progesterone and oestrogen receptor expressionand proliferative activity were studied in eutopic and ectopicendometrium from 30 women with endometriosis and in endometriumfrom 30 normal cycling women using microwave-pretreated paraffin-embeddedsections stained with an avidin-biotin peroxidase technique.Progesterone and oestrogen receptor expression in the controlendo-metrium did not differ from that of eutopic endometriumfrom women with endometriosis. Oestrogen receptor expressionin ectopic endometrium increased from the proliferative to thelate secretory phase. Epithelial progesterone receptor expressiondecreased during the cycle. Oestrogen receptor expression inboth epithelium and stroma of ectopic endometrium was significantlyhigher than in eutopic endometrium throughout the cycle. Incontrast, stromal progesterone receptor expression tended tobe reduced in ectopic endometrium compared with eutopic tissue.Epithelial progesterone receptor expression was increased inectopic endometrium but only in the late secretory phase. Althoughproliferative activity in the epithelium of control and eutopicendometrium was reduced from the proliferative to the late secretoryphase, stromal activity did not vary. The proliferative activityin ectopic endometrium remained low and constant throughoutthe cycle. In the proliferative and early secretory phases,the proliferative activity of eutopic endometrium was increasedcompared with ectopic endometrium, but in the late secretoryphase, levels were comparable. These findings challenge previousreports which have suggested that oestrogen receptors are reducedin ectopic tissue. This may have clinical implications for thedevelopment of novel treatments for endometriosis.     

The expression of cathepsin D, oestrogen receptor and progestogen receptor in hydatidiform mole—an immunohistochemical study

The expression of oestrogen and progestogen receptors, as well as Cathepsin D, an oestrogen-induced protease, in trophoblastic cells of 12 cases of complete hydatidiform mole, 12 cases of partial mole and nine cases of spontaneous abortions, were studied in an attempt to elucidate their possible roles in the pathogenesis of the diseases. The immunohistochemical studies were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using the ABC immunoperoxidase method. The intensity of staining and proportion of cells stained were assessed and compared in the three categories of lesions. Immunoreactivity for Cathepsin D was noted in both the syncytio- and cytotrophoblastic cells in all three lesions. Statistical analysis showed consistently stronger and more extensive staining for Cathepsin D in complete moles when compared with abortions. Staining for oestrogen and progestogen receptors was found to be weak in the tissues studied. The strong expression of Cathepsin D in trophoblastic cells of all three lesions, especially in complete mole, suggests that it might be important in the control of trophoblastic cell activities and involved in the pathogenesis of hydatidiform mole. The associated weak expression of sex hormone receptors also suggests that the expression of Cathepsin D in trophoblastic cells may be controlled by modes of regulation other than sex hormones.     

alpha7 Nicotinic receptor gene delivery into mouse hippocampal neurons leads to functional receptor expression, improved spatial memory-related performance, and tau hyperphosphorylation

Brain alpha7 nicotinic receptors have become therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on their memory-enhancing and neuroprotective actions. This study investigated the feasibility of increasing neuronal alpha7 receptor functions using a gene delivery approach based on neuron-selective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-derived vectors. In order to determine whether alpha7 receptor-mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on receptor density, rat alpha7 nicotinic receptors were expressed at high concentrations in GH4C1 cells as measured with nicotine-displaceable [3H]methyllycaconitine (MLA) binding. The potency of GTS-21 (an alpha7 receptor agonist) to induce cell loss was similar in these cells to that seen in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells expressing nine-times-lower receptor levels, suggesting that cytotoxicity was more dependent on agonist concentration than receptor density. Hippocampal transduction with rat alpha7 nicotinic receptors increased [3H]MLA binding in this region in wild type and alpha7 receptor-knockout (KO) mice without apparent cytotoxicity. No difference was observed in Kd values for MLA binding between endogenous and transgenic receptors. Single cell recordings demonstrated that dentate granule cells that normally have no alpha7 receptor response did so following alpha7 receptor gene delivery in wild type mice. Recovery of alpha7 function was also observed in stratum oriens and stratum radiatum neurons of KO mice following gene delivery. Wild type mice exhibited improved acquisition performance in the Morris water task 1 month after bilateral hippocampal transductions with the rat alpha7 receptor gene compared with green fluorescent protein-transduced controls. However, both groups reached similar training levels and there was no difference in subsequent probe performance. Finally, this gene delivery approach was used to test whether alpha7 receptors affect tau-phosphorylation. Chronic (i.e. 2 month but not 2 week) expression of high levels of alpha7 receptors in hippocampus increased AT8 staining characteristic of hyperphosphorylated tau in that region, indicating that endogenous agonist-mediated receptor activation may be able to modulate this process.     

Sex and androgenic steroid receptor expression in hepatic adenomas

Sex hormones and anabolic-androgenic steroids are implicated in the development and progression of hepatic adenomas (HA). We studied the expression of their receptors in HA and adjacent liver. Archival tissue sections of 27 HA (16 resections, four needle biopsies, seven aspirations) from 18 patients, and the adjacent liver, were immunostained with monoclonal antibody to estrogen receptor (ER, 1/80) (Dako, Carpinteria, CA), progesterone receptor (PR, 1/50) (BioGenex, San Ramon, CA), and androgen receptor (AR, 1/80) (BioGenex). An avidin-biotin complex technique was used with microwave antigen retrieval. Nuclear expression was assessed as 1 + to 3+ intensity, with semiquantitation of the percentage of nuclei immunopositive. Five percent or more nuclei immunopositive was regarded as positive. The 18 patients included 16 females of 34 years mean age (range, 16 to 49) with an available history of oral contraceptives in five; the two men were 24 and 30 years, with no history of androgenic steroids. ER, PR, and AR were present in seven (26%) (1 ± 2+ intensity, 5% to 10% of nuclei) of HA, seven (26%) (1 ± 2+ intensity, 5% to 30% of nuclei) and nine (33%) (1 ± 3+ intensity, 5% to 80% of nuclei), respectively. In the adjacent liver in 11 cases, there were one (9%) ER, (2+ intensity, 5% of nuclei), four (36%) PR (1 ± 2+ intensity, 5% to 20% of nuclei), and two (18%) AR (2 ± 3+ intensity, 10% of nuclei). Receptors are present and may mediate the action of sex hormones or androgenic steroids on HA and adjacent liver, but in less than one third of patients. This may have therapeutic implications.     

Diversity-oriented approaches for interrogating T-cell receptor repertoire,ligand recognition,and function

Molecular diversity lies at the heart of adaptive immunity. T-cell receptors and peptide-major histocompatibility complex molecules utilize and rely upon an enormous degree of diversity at the levels of genetics, chemistry, and structure to engage one another and carry out their functions. This high level of diversity complicates the systematic study of important aspects of T-cell biology, but recent technical advances have allowed for the ability to study diversity in a comprehensive manner. In this review, we assess insights gained into T-cell receptor function and biology from our increasingly precise ability to assess the T-cell repertoire as a whole or to perturb individual receptors with engineered reagents. We conclude with a perspective on a new class of high-affinity, non-stimulatory peptide ligands we have recently discovered using diversity-oriented techniques that challenges notions for how we think about T-cell receptor signaling.     

Differential regulation of AMPA receptor GluA1 phosphorylation at serine 831 and 845 associated with activation of NMDA receptor subpopulations

AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors are the main subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that two serine sites, S831 and S845, on the AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit, are phosphorylation-regulated and profoundly involved in NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, recent studies have revealed distinct functional consequences of activating synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, or of activating GluN2A- or GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Therefore, it is essential to determine how phosphorylation of the GluA1 at S831 and S845 is regulated by NMDA receptor subpopulations. In this study, we demonstrated transiently increased phosphorylation of GluA1 at S831 and persistently decreased phosphorylation of GluA1 at S845 by bath application of NMDA to hippocampal slices from rats. Interestingly, we also found a differential regulation of phosphorylation of GluA1 at S831 and S845 by activation of NMDA receptor subpopulations: the synaptic and/or the GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors were more likely to mediate up-regulation of GluA1 phosphorylation at S831 and down-regulation of GluA1 phosphorylation at S845, while the extrasynaptic NMDA receptors down-regulated GluA1 phosphorylation at S831. Taken together, our results suggest the NMDA receptor subpopulations differentially regulate GluA1 phosphorylation, which may contribute to NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity.     

Release from a human monocyte-like cell line of two different soluble forms of the lipopolysaccharide receptor,CD14

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates mononuclear phagocytes to synthesize and secrete immunoregulatory and inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). LPS forms complexes with either the serum protein termed LPS-binding protein or a serum factor, septin. These complexes are more stimulatory than LPS alone. The myeloid differentiation antigen CD14 is known to be the receptor for such complexes. In the present study, by using a monocytic cell line, we demonstrate the release of two different soluble forms of CD14 (sCD14) which are secreted by different mechanisms. We show that the two sCD14 forms differ in their electrophoretic mobility, two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns, sensitivity to endoglycosidases and peptide maps. One of the sCD14 molecules, apparent molecular mass 48 kDa, was found in supernatants of both surface iodinated and [³⁵S] methionine biosynthetically labeled cells. The other sCD14 molecule (56 kDa) was found labeled only in supernatants of [³⁵S] methionine-labeled cells. Furthermore, purified 48 kDa sCD14 enhanced the LPS-induced TNF-a and IL-6 release by the monocytic cells suggesting that a cell-surface signal transducer molecule may be involved in signaling. The data suggest a possible novel role for sCD14 in the monocyte response to LPS.