Cypermethrin residues determination in the milk of a lactating dairy cow by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry

The aim of this work was to detect and quantitate residues of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in the milk of a lactating dairy cow. The efficiency of the method was settled through recovery experiments in which certain amounts of the pyrethroid cypermethrin were spiked up to milk. For this purpose, the matrix solid-phase dispersion method was applied followed by clean-up with silica-gel column. The extracts obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. With the aid of the selected ion storage technique, it was feasible to select specific ions from the analyte of interest, which could be separated from the organic matrix. After the establishment of optimum conditions for the detection of pyrethroid residues of cypermethrin, samples of milk were collected from a cow submitted to a veterinary treatment for elimination of parasites using an insecticide with 50 g/L of active ingredient in its formula. The data obtained showed milk contamination with a maximum concentration of 0.168 mg/kg 24 h after insecticide treatment. Considering the maximum residual limit for cypermethrin in milk of 0.010 mg/kg, samples collected 15 and 24 h after treatment showed concentrations about 16 times above this value, and samples collected 11 days after treatment showed concentrations about 7 times above this value. Seventeen days after treatment, cypermethrin was not detected in the milk.     

Colour reaction of dichlorphenamide and related sulphonamide drugs

A specific colour reaction for the determination of dichlorphenamide is reported. The method is based on the reaction of dichlorphenamide with an aliphatic amine,n-butylamine, and cobaltous chloride in anhydrous methanol, a blue-violet colour is produced and is measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance at 570 nm. The developed colour is suggested to be specific for the aromatic unsubstituted sulphonamide groups, the specificity of the reaction is elucidated through application to other related sulphonamide compounds.Paper presented at the 37th International Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hague, Holland, September 5–9, 1977.     

Sulphate conjugation of beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulating drugs by platelet and placental phenol sulphotransferase.

A possible route of metabolism of beta-adrenoceptor stimulating drugs used in obstetrics consists of conjugation by the enzyme phenol sulphotransferase. The substrate specificities of the platelet and the placental enzymes towards these drugs were tested. The specific activities of the beta-adrenoceptor agonists were found to be relatively similar to those obtained with the catecholamine dopamine but their Km values were considerably higher.     

Hep G2 cell line as a human model for sulphate conjugation of drugs.

1. The objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of the hepatoma cell line Hep G2 as a model for human sulphoconjugation of drugs, in particular stereoselective conjugation. 2. Using the substrates p-nitrophenol and dopamine, we found sulphation activities consistent with the presence of both the phenol (P) and the monoamine (M) form of the human phenolsulphotransferases in these cells. 3. The Kmapp was 3.0 microM for the sulphation of p-nitrophenol. This activity was inhibited selectively by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, IC50 6 microM. The Kmapp was 39 microM for the sulphation of dopamine. This activity was selectively inhibited by elevated temperature. 4. The chiral adrenergic drugs (+/-)-terbutaline and (+/-)-4-hydroxypropranolol were both sulphated stereoselectively with Kmapp and Vmaxapp values for each enantiomer virtually identical to previous observations with human liver cytosol. 5. In a direct comparison, the estimated activity of the P form of phenolsulphotransferase in the Hep G2 cell line was 30% of that in human liver, whereas, surprisingly, the activity of the M form of phenolsulphotransferase was 4.5 times higher in the Hep G2 cells than in the liver.     

Effects of repeated high dose administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows

Four multiparous Holstein cows were utilized to determine the effects of high doses of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbSt) on milk production, feed intake, somatotropin concentration in milk, blood and urine constituents and the presence or absence of treatment-related lesions. Treatments were 0 (control) or 430 mg rbSt daily for 21 days as im injections beginning approximately 150 days into lactation. Cows were fed concentrate according to level of milk production and corn silage ad libitum. Milk yield of rbSt-treated cows increased 34% while dry matter intake and net energy intake decreased. Serum and milk bSt concentrations were elevated following treatment. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit decreased in rbSt-treated cows; however, values remained within the normal range. Blood urea nitrogen concentration was decreased following treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity, insulin and glucose concentrations were increased in 1 treated cow. No changes were observed in serum thyroxine, cortisol or bSt antibody concentrations. Evidence of irritation at the injection site was examined microscopically and was consistent with irritant swelling. Fetuses of rbSt-treated cows were normal, and cows did not abort. No serious adverse effects were observed following daily injections of 430 mg rbSt.     

Survey on the attitudes of pregnant and lactating women about the use of drugs

The purposes of this survey were to determine the attitudes and the extent of anxiety of pregnant and lactating women about drug use, and to research priority issues for pharmacists' intervention. Postpartum lactating women and mothers with children in a Growing Care Unit (GCU) in hospitals certified as Baby Friendly Hospital (BFH) were surveyed. The questions included the images the respondents had of drugs before pregnancy, the extent of anxiety about drug use, and ways to relieve it. The highest number of respondents (49.1%) did not want to use drugs often before pregnancy, but said "physician-prescribed drugs are fine". 24.5% had no negative images, and they "take drugs when necessary without worrying". An additional 14.2% did not like drugs, and "avoid them whenever possible", followed by 9.4% who did not want to use drugs, but were willing to take health food and other over-the-counter items. The respondents reported that the extent of anxiety about drug use was 79.3% during pregnancy, which was higher than 71.7% during lactation. It was not influenced by birth experience and age. "The images of drugs before pregnancy" and "the extent to which the anxiety was relieved during pregnancy" were extracted as factors related to the extent of anxiety, verifying that negative images of drugs and low degrees of relief from anxiety raise the anxiety of pregnant women. The above shows that pharmacists need to understand the anxiety of pregnant and lactating women about drug use, and the images they had of drugs before pregnancy, thereby they are expected to work actively to determine and relieve the anxiety.     

孕妇及乳妇安全合理用药科普干预研究

目的：帮助孕妇及乳妇解答日常用药中存在的疑难问题,做好孕妇及乳妇安全合理用药的科普宣传教育工作,以期促进孕妇及乳妇安全合理用药工作开展。方法：组织从事妇幼保健工作的临床药师和药师,设计活动策划方案与发放编写材料、在微信公众号上传科普文章、举办公益科普讲座、发放调查问卷并评估科普活动效果。 结果：科普活动效果调查显示,接受多种形式科普宣教与未进行科普宣的用药观点和用药行为比较,科普宣教效果优于未进行科普宣教,P<0.001,表明孕妇及乳妇在科普干预后,用药观点和用药行为上发生较大变化。结论：采用上述丰富多彩的科普教育宣传活动,能使孕妇及乳妇更好地掌握孕妇及乳妇安全合理用药科普知识,有助于树立良好用药观点,养成良好用药行为,且可向亲朋好友宣传推广,学以致用。     

孕妇及乳妇安全合理用药科普干预研究

为帮助孕妇及乳妇解答日常用药中存在的疑难问题,对其开展用药科普宣教,包括编写发放科普材料、在微信公众号上发布科普文章、举办科普讲座.调查问卷并评估科普活动效果显示,孕、乳妇在科普宣教后,用药观点和用药行为上发生了积极变化.     

Salicylic acid determination in cow urine and drugs using a bienzymatic sensor

An enzymatic biosensor was developed for salicylic acid (salicylate ion) determined using a Clark type gas diffusion electrode and two enzymes (tyrosinase and salicylate hydroxylase) entrapped in a cellulose triacetate membrane. After optimization, the method was applied to the determination of salicylic acid in cow urine. Relatively good recoveries were achieved, between about 83% and 109%, using the calibration curve, and acceptable precision (R.S.D. about 8%). The method is now being tested for the determination of salicylic acid contained in commercially available drug specialities or galenic products. So far agreement with nominal values has been found to be between 75% and 110% with a R.S.D. of less than 8%.     

Antimalarial drugs for treating and preventing malaria in pregnant and lactating women

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Malaria in pregnancy and postpartum cause maternal mortality and adverse fetal outcomes. Efficacious and safe antimalarials are needed to treat and prevent such serious consequences. However, because of the lack of evidence on fetal safety, quinine, an old and less efficacious drug has long been recommended for pregnant women. Uncertainty about safety in relation to breastfeeding leads to withholding of efficacious treatments postpartum or cessation of breastfeeding.

Areas covered: A search identified literature on humans in three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Global health) using pregnancy or lactation, and the names of antimalarial drugs as search terms. Adverse reactions to the mother, fetus or breastfed infant were summarized together with efficacies.

Expert opinion: Artemisinins are more efficacious and well-tolerated than quinine in pregnancy. Furthermore, the risks of miscarriage, stillbirth or congenital abnormality were not higher in pregnancies exposed to artemisinin derivatives for treatment of malaria than in pregnancies exposed to quinine or in the comparable background population unexposed to any antimalarials, and this was true for treatment in any trimester. Assessment of safety and efficacy of antimalarials including dose optimization for pregnant women is incomplete. Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum and long unprotected intervals between intermittent treatment doses begs reconsideration of current preventative recommendations in pregnancy. Data remain limited on antimalarials during breastfeeding; while most first-line drugs appear safe, further research is needed.     

Glucuronide conjugation of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and other antithyroid drugs by guinea pig liver microsomes in vitro.

Guinea pig liver microsome UDP glucuronyl transferase and UDPGA were incubated with the radioactive antithyroid drugs 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). 1-methy1-2-mercaptoimidazole (methimazole, MMI) and 2-thiouracil (TU). Radioactive metabolites were produced with PTU and thiouracil and, in each case, were identified as the corresponding β-glucuronide conjugate. No measurable glucuronidation of MMI was observed. Kinetic studies with the microsomal preparation demonstrated a K_m rmvalue of 7.2 × 10^?4 M for PTU and 6.7 × 10^?3 M for thiouracil. Glucuronide conjugation of PTU was linear for 1 hr. declining thereafter while conjugation of phenolphthalein was linear for 2 hr. Conjugation of phenolphthalein by microsomes stored in 0.154 M KCl at ?20° for 14 days was 41 per cent higher than in fresh microsomes, whereas conjugation of PTU was 67.4 per cent lower. PTU glucuronidation did not occur in the absence of UDPGA and was essentially linear with respect to enzyme concentrations. Under the same conditions, spontaneous N-glucuronidation of PTU by glucuronate was not measurable. The pH optimum for PTU glucuronidation was 8.0 and similar to the broad optimums of 7.3 to 7.9 for UDP glucuronyl transferases from a variety of sources rather than to non-enzymatic N-glucuronidation, which has a reported pH optimum of 3–4. The conjugating enzyme for PTU was located primarily in the guinea pig liver microsomes with this fraction exhibiting 75 per cent of the total activity of whole homogenates. PTU conjugation was inhibited by MMI but not by thiouracil, thiourea or 6-methy1-2-thiouracil. The results obtained demonstrate that β-glucuronide conjugation of the antithyroid drugs PTU and thiouracil, but not MMI. is readily catalyzed by a guinea pig liver microsomal UDP glucuronyl transferase in vitro.     

Urinary tract infections treated with single dose of short-acting sulphonamide.

In a prospective study 29 patients with urinary tract infections caused by sulphonamide-sensitive organisms were treated with a single oral dose of the short-acting sulphonamide sulphafurazole. Twenty-seven (93%) of the 29 patients--and possibly all 29--were cured of their infections. There was no difference in the recurrence rates after single-dose treatment and treatment for 10 days or more. Six out of eight strains of Escherichia coli causing early recurrences were sensitive to sulphonamides. These results suggest that uncomplicated infections may safely and successfully be treated by a single oral dose of a short-acting sulphonamide.     

抗肿瘤药物说明书166份妊娠及哺乳期妇女用药标注情况分析

目的 了解常用抗肿瘤药物说明书中妊娠及哺乳期妇女用药的标注情况,为规范药品说明书的标注提供参考.方法 2019年1—2月收集江苏省五家三甲医院抗肿瘤药物的药品说明书,2019年3—9月对其中关于妊娠及哺乳期妇女用药信息的标注情况进行调查分析.结果 共收集166份抗肿瘤药物说明书,按来源分为国产药(84份)、进口药(82...