Free radicals in gasphase of cigarette smoke by electron spin resonance spin trapping technic

The free radicals in gasphase of cigarette smoke were determined by use of spin trapping agents PBN (N-tert-butyl-2-phenyl nitrone) and DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide) on electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. The free radicals were identified according to the spectrum parameters calculated from the spectra. The free radicals mainly consist of alkoxyl and alkyl free radicals, of which alkoxyl free radicals make up 60-70% of the total spectral component. There are a few of other unidentified free radicals. These free radicals are very active and reactive. They can damage cells and lead to some diseases. This will play an important role in scavenging the free radicals and in preventing some diseases caused by the free radicals of cigarette smoke.     

吸烟对氧自由基及抗氧化酶活性影响的研究

目的　探讨吸烟与氧自由基（OFR）及抗氧化酶活性的关系。方法　对216例健康吸烟者血清过氧化脂质(LPO)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性进行检测，并进行对比分析。结果　吸烟组LPO为(5.87±1.23umol/L)，SOD为(88.24±11.96uU/L)，GSH-PX为(176.87±23.31U)；非吸烟组LPO为(4.24±0.76umol/L)，SOD为(106.18±16.04uU/L)，GSH-PX为(206.32±50.25U)。两组比较吸烟组LPO含量显著升高(P<0.01)，而SOD、GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.01)，其中50例36～50岁男性吸烟者随其吸烟年限和吸烟量的增加，均呈相关性(P<0.01)。结论　吸烟可引起人体内OFR和LPO反应加剧，是导致氧化和抗氧化平衡失调的主要原因之一。     

吸烟对氧自由基及抗氧化酶活性影响的研究

目的　探讨吸烟与氧自由基（OFR）及抗氧化酶活性的关系。方法　对216例健康吸烟者血清过氧化脂质(LPO) 含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性进行检测,并进行对比分析。结果　吸烟组LPO为 (5.87±1.23umol/L) ,SOD为(88.24±11.96uU/L),GSH-PX为(176.87±23.31U);非吸烟组LPO为 (4.24±0.76umol/L) ,SOD为(106.18±16.04uU/L) ,GSH-PX为 (206.32±50.25U)。两组比较吸烟组LPO含量显著升高(P<0.01),而SOD、GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.01), 其中50例36～50岁男性吸烟者随其吸烟年限和吸烟量的增加,均呈相关性(P<0.01)。结论　吸烟可引起人体内OFR和LPO反应加剧,是导致氧化和抗氧化平衡失调的主要原因之一。     

Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States. Implications for smoking prevention policy

Cigarette smoking initiation greatly influences smoking prevalence in the United States. To understand better the initiation of cigarette smoking, we estimated the age-specific incidence of cigarette smoking initiation in relation to race/ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment, using the reported age at smoking onset for 18- to 35-year-old respondents in the 1987 National Health Interview Survey (N = 14764) and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 3123) conducted during 1982 to 1984. Among white, black, and Hispanic respondents the incidence of smoking initiation increased rapidly after 11 years of age, reaching a peak in groups 17 to 19 years of age, rapidly declining in groups through age 25 years, and gradually declining thereafter. Age-specific smoking initiation rates were generally lower among black than white respondents, similar between white and Hispanic respondents, and appreciably higher among black and Hispanic men than women. Compared with persons who graduated from high school, persons with less than high school education were consistently more likely to start smoking cigarettes during childhood and adolescence. These data indicate that age and educational attainment are the factors most consistently associated with cigarette smoking initiation among all race/ethnic groups in the United States. These data also emphasize the need for smoking-prevention education beginning at an early age, particularly among persons of low socioeconomic status.     

吸烟对血脂的影响

目的:探讨吸烟对血中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的影响.方法:2008名健康体检者就吸烟与不吸烟分为两组,经协方差分析,比较两组间血脂指标的差异.结果:吸烟组TG增高(P=0.003),HDL-C(P＜0.0001)降低;TC/HDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C的比值也显著升高(P＜0.0001,P=0.0003);随吸烟程度加重TC、TG、LDL-C呈现增高趋势,而HDL-C则呈现降低趋势;戒烟后TG显著降低(P＜0.05),而HDL-C升高(P＜0.001).结论:吸烟是脂代谢指标的独立影响因素,戒烟对改善血脂异常有积极意义.     

Carcinoma of the lung and cigarette smoking. Effect on serum ribonuclease activity.

Serum ribonuclease levels were determined in 54 patients with lung carcinoma, 74 long-term cigarette smokers, and 172 nonsmokers. The mean serum ribonuclease level was significantly higher in patients with lung carcinoma and long-term smokers compared with healthy nonsmokers (P less than .001). The serum ribonuclease activity level was not related to chronological age, sex, or race of the smoker or nonsmoker population. Forty (75%) of 53 patients with lung cancer and 49 (66%) of 74 smokers had elevated serum ribonuclease levels compared with 13 (7%) of 179 nonsmoker healthy controls (P less than .001). The highest incidence of elevation was noted in patients with epidermoid carcinoma (95%).     

Effect of age and cigarette smoking on carcinoembryonic antigen levels.

Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined by the Hansen-Z-gel technique in 276 healthy volunteers, of whom 154 were smokers and 122 nonsmokers. The mean CEA level was significantly higher in smokers (2.7 ng/ml) than in nonsmokers (1.9 ng/ml) (P less than .001), and a significantly higher percentage of smokers had elevated CEA levels (P less than .05). In both groups, CEA levels were directly related to age. Seventy-six of the 154 smokers who entered the study ceased smoking. Their CEA levels were determined at one, three, and six months after cessation of smoking. Within three months after cessation, elevated CEA levels declined to within the range of nonsmokers and did not appear to be influenced by previous smoking habits. Both age and smoking history must be considered for accurate evaluation of CEA levels. A reappraisal of the diseases associated with elevated CEA levels that considers the influence of age and smoking may invalidate some of the correlations previously reported.     

Studies in the distribution of body fat. III. Effects of cigarette smoking

Cross-sectional associations between smoking habits, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were examined in 1122 men aged 19 to 102 years. Weight and body mass index were significantly lower in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers when age was taken into account. The WHR in smokers was significantly higher than in nonsmokers. A graded dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and the WHR. Longitudinal associations between changes in smoking habits and changes in the WHR were examined during follow-up visits. In the period between these pairs of visits, weight increased when subjects quit smoking and decreased when they started smoking, as expected. The increase in WHR among those who quit smoking was, however, significantly less than the expected increase if smoking had continued. The WHR in those who started smoking actually increased despite their loss of weight. These paradoxical changes in WHR indicate that there are harmful effects of cigarette smoking on the pattern of distribution of body fat. These facts introduce still another reason to suggest that the decision to initiate or to continue smoking to control body weight is unwise.     

电子自旋共振法测定自由基两种标本处理方法的比较

本文用电子自旋共振法(ESR)在直接冷冻和冰冻干燥两种不同条件下,测定了大鼠正常组织肝,肾、脑、血液中自由基含量。分析比较了两种不同条件下的测定结果,它们相应的g因子、线宽、强度等、均不相同。本文说明:直接冷冻法结果较真实可信;冰冻干燥法伪信号较强。     

吸烟对肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察吸烟或不吸烟者肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的变化。方法：对吸烟或不吸烟者肺泡巨噬细胞进行染色观察及流式细胞仪ＤＮＡ分析。结果：吸烟者肺泡巨噬细胞生存时间延长,吸烟组存活率为（７６．３±１２．５）％,不吸烟组为（５５．４±１１．６）％,两者差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。荧光染色吸烟组凋亡细胞百分率为（３８．６±１１．５）％,不吸烟组凋亡细胞百分率为（５９．４±１２．１）％。流式细胞仪观察凋亡细胞百分率吸烟组为（１１．５±１０．４）％,不吸烟组为（２９．１±８．６）％。吸烟组巨噬细胞凋亡较不吸烟者明显减少。结论：烟雾中某些成分可能通过抑制巨噬细胞凋亡,在肺气肿的发病中起重要作用。     

Dose-related effects of cigarette smoking on olfactory function

Little is known about the influence of cigarette smoking on the ability to smell; previous studies on this topic have led to contradictory findings and have failed to take into account smoking dose and duration. In the present study, the 40-odorant University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was administered to 638 subjects for whom detailed smoking histories were available. Smoking was found to be adversely associated with odor identification ability in a dose-related manner in both current and previous cigarette smokers. Among previous smokers, improvement in olfactory function was related to the time elapsed since the cessation of smoking. Logistic regression analysis found current smokers to be nearly twice as likely to evidence an olfactory deficit than persons who have never smoked. Overall, the data suggest that (1) smoking causes long-term but reversible adverse effects on the ability to smell and (2) the failure of some studies to demonstrate smoking effects may be caused by the inclusion of persons with a history of smoking in the nonsmoking groups.