薄层扫描法测定葶苈降血脂胶囊中大黄素含量

本文采用薄层扫描法，以氯仿—甲醇—本(20：1．5：0．5)为展开剂，测定波长450nm，参比波长700nm,测定大黄素的含量，结果表明，大黄素在0～1μg范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9994，加标回收率为99．69％，RSD为0．88%(n=5)，本法简便快速。     

高效液相色谱法测定康欣胶囊大黄素的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定康欣胶囊中大黄素的含量。方法：取药粉1g盐酸水解后，用氯仿提取总大黄素，以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；甲醇——水为流动相，作梯度洗脱，10min内甲醇浓度自100％降为53％(V／V)，检测波长为290nm。结果：大黄素在3．6μg/ml～19．0μg／m1范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.9997；样品平均加样回收率为99．32％(n＝5)，RSD为1．62％；重现性试验RSD为1．83％(n＝5)。结论：该方法灵敏度高，专局性可靠，重复性好，可作为康欣胶囊的含量测定方法。     

HPLC法测定小儿退黄颗粒中大黄素的含量

目的 测定小儿退黄颗粒中大黄素的含量。方法 采用HPLC法，Waters Sy mmetry C18柱，甲醇—0．1％磷酸溶液(80：20)为流动相，检测波长254nm。结果 线性范围为0．028-0．42μg大黄素的平均加样回收率为100．0％，RSD为1．4％(n=5)。结论 本方法简便、快速、准确，可用于小儿退黄颗粒的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定消气合剂中橙皮苷的含量

目的：建立消气合剂中橙皮苷的含量测定方法。方法：在硅胶G板上，以氯仿—甲醇—冰醋酸—丁酮(13：5：1：1)为展开剂，采用双波长反射法锯齿扫描测定，λs＝283nm，λR＝360nm。结果：点样量在0．19—0.64μg(r＝0．9998)范围，线性关系良好，平均回收率为99．19％。结论：此方法简便，无干扰，测定准确，重现性好，可用于本制剂的含量测定及质量控制。     

RP-HPLC测定弃杖散中大黄素的含量

目的 采用RP—HPIE测定弃杖散中大黄素的含量,以控制该制剂的质量。方法 用C18化学键合硅胶柱分离大黄素,以甲醇-0．1％的磷酸溶液(85：15)为流动相,检测波长290nm。结果 线性范围为0．0195～0．1755μg,大黄素的平均回收率为96．92％,RSD=2．79％(n=5)。结论 该方法简便快捷,精密度和稳定性良好,适合于弃杖散的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定关节镇痛片中保泰松和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

建立高效液相色谱法同时测定关节镇痛片中保泰松和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。采用HYPERSIL C18柱，以乙腈—醋酸盐缓冲液(44：56)为流动相，检测波长为261nm，流速1．0ml.min^-1。保泰松和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在35—420μg.ml^-1(r＝0．997，)，2—24μg.ml^-1(r=0.9999)浓度范围内呈线性关系，平均回收率分别为：100．5％和100．7％，RSD分别为0．79％和0．91％。本法分离效果好，操作简便、快速、准确。     

氯霉素滴耳液及其相关物质二醇物的毛细管区带电泳分析法

建立适合氮霉素滴耳液含量测定及其杂质二醇物检测的高效毛细管电泳定量检测方法。采用区带电泳法，以水杨酸为内标，运行电压25kV，运行缓冲液为25mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH＝6．0)，检测波长214nm。氮霉素滴耳波及二醇物线性范围分别为50—250μg／ml(r＝0．9992)和4．0—20．0μg／ml(r＝0．9988)。平均回收率分别为99．8％和101．5％，RSD分别为0．8％和2．0％(n＝5)。     

RP-HPLC法测定复方双嘧达莫缓释片中双嘧达莫与阿司匹林的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定复方双嘧达莫缓释片的含量测定方法。方法 用ODS—C18柱；流动相以0．02mol／L Na2HPO4缓冲液(20％ H3PO4调节pH3．2)—乙腈—甲醇(67：28：5)；检测波长227nm；流量1．0ml/min.结果 双嘧达莫的线性范围：20．06-401．2μg/ml(r＝0．9995)，平均回收率100．8％，RSD为0．7％；阿司匹林的线性范围：2．892-57.84μg／ml(r＝0．9995)，平均回收率99.94％，RSD为0.3％。结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨基胍片中盐酸氨基膈的含量

目的：用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定盐酸氨基胍片含量。方法：采用C18柱，以乙腈—0．025mol／LKH2PO4(含0．596三乙胺，pH＝3．5)(30：70)为流动相，检测波长为213nm。结果：盐酸免基瓜浓度在82～810μg/mL范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系，r＝0．9998；平均回收率为100．0％，RSD＝0．96％，n＝9；日内差＝0．25％，日间差RSD＝0．11％。结论：HPLC法可以用于盐酸氨基胍片的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定大黄泻火滴丸中大黄素的含量

目的：建立大黄泻火滴丸中大黄素的含量测定测定方法。方法：采用RP—HPLC法测定大黄素的含量。色谱柱为ZORBAXXDB—C18（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-水-磷酸（80：20：0．1）为流动相,检测波长445nm,柱温为室温,流速为1．0ml·min-1。结果：大黄素在0．01—0．10λg与峰面积有良好的线性关系r=0．9997,平均回收率为99．1％（RSD=1．34％）。结论：方法精密度高,重复性好,可用于测定大黄素的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.