CpG-ODN对树突状细胞分泌细胞因子的影响

目的比较免疫佐剂卡介苗（BCG）、含CpG序列的寡脱氧核糖核苷酸（CpG-ODN）刺激小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞（DC）分泌细胞因子IL-12、IL-10的水平，探讨CpG-ODN在预防膀胱肿瘤复发中的可行性。方法采用骨髓分离法分离、扩增小鼠骨髓来源DC．ELISA法检测BCG、CpG-ODN刺激DC后培养上清中IL-12、IL-10含量。结果BCG及CpG-ODN刺激DC后IL-12含量均明显增高（P〈0．01）．两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而IL-10含量BCG组明显高于其他各组（P〈0、01）．CpG-ODN组刺激DC后IL-10无明显变化（P〉0.05）．non-CpG-ODN刺激DC后与对照组比较IL-12、IL-10含量无明显变化（P〉0.05），表明CpG-ODN刺激DC引起的IL-12升高具有序列特异性。结论CpG-ODN可诱导DC产生Th1型细胞因子IL-12．对Th2型细胞因子IL-10影响很小．比BCG更能调节免疫应答向Th1型转换．可能在预防膀胱肿瘤复发的应用中具有良好前景。     

他克莫斯对树突状细胞分化、成熟和功能的影响

目的:探讨他克莫斯(tacrolimus, FK506)对大鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞(DCs)分化、成熟和免疫学活性的影响.方法:收集大鼠骨髓源性DCs,加入不同浓度的FK506进行培养,采用流式细胞术行DCs表型分析,ELISA法检测培养上清中IL-12 的水平并行体外混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR),观察DCs对同种T细胞的刺激能力.构建大鼠肾移植模型,于移植前7 d输注FK506处理的DCs,观察移植肾存活时间.采用ELISA法检测MLR培养上清和移植大鼠血清中TH1/TH2细胞因子IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 和IL-10的表达水平.结果:FK506对DCs表面分子(Iad,CD80和CD86)的表达无明显影响(P＞0.05),而IL-12的分泌水平降低(P＜0.05),并显著抑制DCs对T细胞的激活能力(P＜0.05).大鼠移植肾存活时间分别为对照组(6.3±0.7) d,DCs组(7.2±1.4) d与FK506-DCs组(19.0±2.3) d,对照组与DCs组之间差异无统计学意义,而FK506-DCs组与DCs组之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在体外MLR和动物实验中,FK506-DCs组与DCs组比较,IL-2,IFN-γ表达水平均显著降低( P＜0.05),IL-4表达水平显著升高(P＜0.05),而IL-10的表达水平在体外显著升高(P＜0.05),但在动物实验中与DCs组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:FK506不影响DCs的分化与成熟,对其免疫学功能起负性调节作用.可能机制为FK506通过抑制DCs IL-12的分泌,来促使Th1/Th2亚群分化倾向于Th2方向.     

卡介苗有效成分CpG-ODN 2006刺激人外周血单个核细胞表达细胞因子的研究

目的 探讨卡介苗(BCG)细胞核有效成分CpG-ODN 2006对人外周血单个核细胞(HPBMCs)细胞因子表达的作用。方法 获取正常人HPBMCs，采用不同浓度的CpG-ODN 2006体外刺激HPBMCs 72h，收集上清液培养，用亲和素双抗体夹心法(ELISA)检测上清液中白细胞介素4(IL-4)和白细胞介素12(IL-12)的含量。结果 CpG-ODN 2006能诱导HPBMCs产生较高水平的IL-12，并呈剂量依赖性；但对IL-4的产生没有影响。结论 卡介苗细胞核有效成分CpG-ODN 2006能有效诱导人外周血单个核细胞产生细胞因子IL-12，为膀胱肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了实验基础。     

CpG-ODN对鼠巨噬细胞TLR-9及Th1/Th2类细胞因子分泌的影响

目的探讨非甲基化的胞嘧啶-磷酸-鸟嘌呤二核苷酸序列(CpG-ODN)对鼠单核-巨噬细胞系RAW264.7Toll样受体9(TLR-9)的表达及Th1/Th2类细胞因子分泌的影响。方法体外培养小鼠单核-巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞,逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)及Western blot检测Cp-ODN,鸟嘌呤胞嘧啶二核苷酸序列(Non-CpG-ODN),CpG-ODN 氯喹刺激24h后巨噬细胞TLR-9的表达,放免法及ELISA法检测刺激前后巨噬细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及白细胞介素-12(IL-12)的表达水平。结果刺激24h后,CpG-ODN与CpG-ODN 氯喹组巨噬细胞TLR-9 mRNA及蛋白的表达明显增加(P<0.01,P<0.05);细胞上清液中TNF-α水平CpG-ODN组明显高于其他组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);各组IL-6、IL-12水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论CpG-ODN刺激可引起鼠巨噬细胞TLR-9表达增高,调节Th1/Th2类细胞因子的分泌。     

转染rhscIL-12对人树突状细胞功能的影响

目的观察rhscIL-12基因转染的人树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)功能的改变.方法构建rhscIL-12和逆转录病毒载体的重组体,脂质体介导转染人外周血来源DCs,以流式细胞仪分析细胞表型改变,ELISA检测IL-4、IL-12和IFN-γ的水平.结果rhscIL-12转染DCs后可进一步上调DCs表面分子的表达,IL-12的分泌量明显提高;在混合淋巴细胞反应中,Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ的水平明显上升,Th2型细胞因子IL-4显著下降;随着IL-12的分泌量的增加,IFN-γ含量明显增加,二者存在着显著正相关关系(r=0.955 678,P＜0.01).结论rhscIL-12体外转染DCs能上调DCs表面分子表达,诱导Th0向Th1分化,增强机体抗肿瘤免疫效应.     

IL-4调控DC-SIGN表达对树突状细胞免疫学功能的影响及与结核病发生的关系

目的 研究IL-4调控树突状细胞特异性非整合素(dendritic-cell specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin,DC-SIGN)的表达对树突状细胞免疫学功能的影响,以探讨DC-SIGN表达与结核病发生的关系.方法 用不同剂量的IL-4(5、10、50、100、200 ng/ml)调控DCs表面DC-SIGN的表达水平;根据加入IL-4剂量将DCs分为5ng/ml组和50 ng/ml组,分别加入100 ng/ml的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、结核杆菌H37Rv菌悬液共培养.应用流式细胞仪检测各组DCs表型(CD11c、DC-SIGN、CD83、CD86、HLA-DR),ELISA法检测细胞培养液中IL-12、IL-10含量,混合淋巴细胞培养法检测各组DCs刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力.结果 ①IL-4能调控DC-SIGN的表达水平,并呈剂量依赖性,当加入IL-4的剂量由5 ng/ml增加到50ng/ml时,DC-SIGN的表达水平显著增加(P＜0.05).当IL-4的剂量由50 ng/ml增至200 ng/ml时,DC-SIGN的表达水平虽仍随IL-4剂量增加而增加,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②表达不同水平DC-SIGN的DCs成熟度无显著差异(P＞0.05).③表达不同水平DC-SIGN的DCs加入LPS、H37Rv诱导后,培养液中IL-12含量无显著差异(P＞0.05),加入LPS诱导后培养液中IL-10含量也无显著差异(P＞0.05),但DC-SIGNhigh-DCs加入H37Rv诱导后培养液中IL-10含量明显高于DC-SIGNlow-DCs(P＜0.05).④表达不同水平DC-SIGN的DCs加入LPS诱导后刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖能力差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).DC-SIGNhigh-DCs加入H37Rv诱导成熟后与DCs加入LPS诱导成熟后刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的能力相当(P＞0.05),但DC-SIGNlow-DCs加入H37Rv诱导后刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖能力明显低于其他3组(P＜0.05).结论 DC-SIGNhigh-DCs加入H37Rv诱导后分泌IL-10水平明显高于DC-SIGNlow-DCs,但DC-SIGNlow-DCs加入H37Rv诱导后刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力明显降低.DC-SIGN表达过高或过低均不利于机体抗结核免疫应答.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者树突状细胞与CD4+Th细胞分化的关系

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)与CD4+Th细胞亚群分化的关系.方法 分离慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单核细胞,以rhlL-4(50ng/mL)、rhGM-CSF(10ng/mL)和rhTNF-α(100μ/mL)诱导培养DC.以流式细胞仪检测DCs表面CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD和HLA-DR分子的表达情况.免疫磁珠分离外周血CD4+T细胞亚群,PMA+Ionomycin刺激后胞内荧光染色,流式细胞仪检测Th细胞内特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4以判断Th1/Th2分化.ELISA法检测DCs或Th细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-12、IFN-γ和IL-4的含量.结果 慢性乙型肝炎患者的DCs表达CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD86和HLA-DR分子的水平明显低于正常人;培养至第7天.慢性乙型肝炎患者DCs分泌的IL-12水平低于正常人,而分泌的IL-6水平高于正常人.与正常人相比,慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中Th1细胞占CD4+T细胞的百分比较低,Th细胞培养上清中IFN-γ的量也较低.患者DCs与同种异体的健康人Th细胞共培养,刺激Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ产生的能力低于正常人.结论 慢性乙肝患者体内DCs功能的异常可能导致了外周血Th1分化不足.     

玉屏风散对S180荷瘤小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨玉屏风散对荷瘤小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞因子产生的影响.方法 采用体外培养S180肉瘤细胞,接种C57BL/6纯系小鼠,建立荷瘤小鼠模型,设正常对照、荷瘤对照及玉屏风散给药组,检测各组脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力及Th1(IL-2、IFN-γ)和Th2(IL-4、IL-10)细胞因子产生水平.结果 荷瘤组T细胞增殖能力明显下降,Th2型细胞因子IL-10的产生明显增加,与正常对照组比较均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而IL-4的含量略有增加,但无统计学意义.Th1型细胞因子IL-2及IFN-γ的产生明显减少,与正常对照组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).玉屏风散给药对T细胞增殖能力及细胞因子的产生有较为明显的调节作用,与荷瘤组比较T细胞增殖能力及IL-2、IFN-γ的产生明显增加(P＜0.01),Th2型细胞因子IL-10的血清含量下降(P＜0.01),IL-4的含量略有下降,但与荷瘤对照组比较无统计学意义.结论 玉屏风散可有效调节荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能,促进荷瘤鼠Th1型细胞因子的产生,有效纠正荷瘤导致Th1/Th2的失衡,增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫功能.     

非甲基化CG的寡脱氧核苷酸链对慢性乙型肝炎患者树突状细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨非甲基化CG的寡脱核苷酸链(CPG ODN)对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者树突状细胞(DCs)功能的影响.方法:对10例慢性乙型肝炎患者,10例HBV携带者及10例健康对照者外周血来源DCs进行体外培养.应用流式细胞技术检测DCs的表面分子HLA-DR,CD80和CD86的表达,ELISA检测DCs培养上清中IL-12水平,并在电镜下观察DCs的改变.结果:体外培养第6天的DCs,加入CpG ODN继续培养24 h后,透射电镜下观察,与完全培养基对照组DCs相比,其表面的空起丰富、增粗,粗面内质网增多,空泡减少甚至消失.流式细胞仪分析显示, CpG ODN刺激组CD80,CD86及HLA-DR在CHB患者、HBV携带者及正常人DCs上的表达阳性率均较完全培养基对照组明显升高(P＜0.05).CHB患者、HBV携带者及正常人DCs均用完全培养基培养时,CHB患者及HBV携带者DCs上的HLA-DR,CD86和CD80的表达阳性率较正常人明显下降(P＜0.05),但CHB患者和HBV携带者之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CHB患者、HBV携带者及正常人DCs均用CpG ODN刺激时,CHB患者DCs上的HLA-DR和CD86表达阳性率较HBV携带者及正常人明显下降(P＜0.05),但HBV携带者和正常人之间比较却无统计学差异(P＞0.05);CHB患者和HBV携带者DCs的CD80表达阳性率较正常人明显下降(P＜0.05),但CHB患者和HBV携带者之间比较却无统计学差异(P＞0.05).ELISA检测发现CpG ODN刺激组DCs分泌IL-12的水平无论在CHB患者、HBV携带者及正常人均较完全培养基对照组明显升高(P＜0.05).无论是完全培养基培养还是CpG ODN刺激,CHB患者及HBV携带者DCs分泌IL-12较正常人明显下降(P＜0.05),但CHB患者和HBV携带者之间比较却无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:CpG ODN能够明显促进CHB患者外周血DCs成熟,为CpG ODN治疗CHB提供了实验基础.     

卡介苗疫苗治疗小鼠分泌性中耳炎的实验研究

目的 研究卡介苗(bacille calmette-guerin, BCG)对分泌性中耳炎小鼠模型的疗效及其作用机制.方法 将30只BALB/C小鼠分为3组,每组10只,其中卵清白蛋白模型组(OVA组)和卡介苗治疗组(BCG组)皮下注射卵清蛋白致敏,然后用卵蛋白耳内激发2次;阴性对照组(NS组)皮下注射生理盐水(NS),然后NS激发2次.BCG组在耳内激发前3d给予双下肢外侧皮内注射卡介苗0.02mg,其他两组不做干预,3组分别于2次激发后2d处死小鼠,中耳黏膜病理切片观察形态学改变,免疫组织化学染色观察白细胞介素4( interleukine 4,IL-4)、白细胞介素5( interleukine 5,IL-5)、干扰素γ(interferon-γ,INF-γ)、白细胞介素12( interleukine 12,IL-12)的表达.结果 BCG组中耳黏膜组织炎症反应较OVA组明显减轻,Th1(T helper type 1,Th1)型细胞因子IL-12、IFN-γ较OVA组显著增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而Th2 (T Helper type 2,Th2)型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5较OVA组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在一定程度上扭转了Ⅰ型变态反应的发生和发展.结论 卡介苗是有效的免疫调节剂,可能通过调节Th1/Th2细胞的平衡,达到治疗的作用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.