Positive and negative life events: the relationship with coronary heart disease risk factors in young adults

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the influence of positive and negative life events (including daily uplifts and daily hassles) on several biological and lifestyle coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. METHODS: from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGHLS), a cross-section sample of 207 males and 231 females aged 32/33 years was used. RESULTS: hardly any associations were found between both positive and negative life events and biological CHD risk factors. On the other hand, daily uplifts and positive life events were positively related to lifestyle. For both positive and negative life events coping behaviour played a role in these relationships. Furthermore, it was shown that the associations of health-related variables with daily uplifts and hassles were comparable to those found for major positive and negative life events. CONCLUSION: This study could not fully determine whether or not different mechanisms play a role in the health benefits of positive life events compared to the health burdens of negative life events.     

Cultural orientation, ethnic affiliation, and negative daily occurrences: a multidimensional cross-cultural analysis

The present research focuses on cultural variations in the experience of daily stresses and strains. It simultaneously examines the experiences of daily hassles among people holding different cultural orientations (individualistic vs. collectivist) and different socioethnic groups (Jews and Arabs). Data were gathered from 662 Jewish and 300 Arab Israeli respondents by means of a random telephone number dialing. Differences were found in self-related hassles between individuals holding different cultural orientations and in family-related hassles between members of different ethnic affiliations. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed a different configuration of relations among hassle domains in four groups of Ethnic Affiliation X Cultural Orientation, yielding a continuum from most typical individualists to most typical collectivists, with groups in cultural transition found in between.     

Aseptic meningitis: Frequency among Israeli ethnic groups

The relative frequency of aseptic meningoencephalitis (AME) was compared in populations of diverse origin, A countrywide search of Israel during 1969-1970 disclosed 1350 cases who fit strict diagnostic criteria. The average annual incidence was 21.6 per 100000 population. The total incidence was similar in Afro-Asian, Euro-American and Israeli Jewish groups but among Israeli Arabs, the incidence was apparently lower. Age-specific incidence showed a peak in infants under one year of age among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews whereas Euro-Americans and Israeli Jews had a peak incidence at 5-9 years. Larger family size among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews might account for the higher incidence in infants. Age-specific incidence may be a better index than total incidence of important differences in AME among various ethnic groups.     

Daily hassles, uplifts, and time use in individuals with bipolar disorder in remission

Although life stress has been shown to trigger relapse in bipolar disorder, little is known about how bipolar patients perceive daily hassles or their positive counterparts, uplifts. We used the experience sampling method to investigate the daily experience of hassles and uplifts in 38 patients with remitted bipolar disorder and 38 healthy controls. Largely because of current unemployment, patients were more often alone and at home and spent less time working and more time in passive leisure activities. Contrary to expectations, the groups did not differ in total frequencies or appraisals of events. Within the patient group, however, those patients with current depressive symptoms and more previous depressive episodes experienced negative events as more stressful. These findings are consistent with hypothesized processes linking depressive symptoms to the generation of stressful conditions or to the reactivation of negative cognitive schemas.     

Marital adjustment in families of young children with disabilities: associations with daily hassles and problem-focused coping

A family systems framework was used to examine associations between stressors/hassles, problem-focused coping, and marital adjustment in 67 families of young children with disabilities. Most of the couples were experiencing average to above average marital adjustment. When daily stressors/hassles were higher, husbands and wives viewed their marriages more negatively. After variance contributed by stressors/hassles was statistically controlled, fathers who employed more problem-focused coping strategies were more positive about their marriages. For wives (but not husbands), a cross-spousal partner effect was found; women reported higher marital adjustment when their husbands employed more problem-focused coping strategies. We reaffirmed the systemic nature of family processes and highlighted the role of parent gender in understanding the relationships among stressors, coping, and marital well-being.     

Respite Care, Marital Quality, and Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at risk for having higher stress and lower marital quality than other parents. Survey data regarding respite care, marital quality, and daily hassles and uplifts were obtained from 101 mother-father dyads who were together raising at least one child with ASD (total # of children = 118). Number of hours of respite care was positively related to improved marital quality for both husbands and wives, such that a 1-h increase in weekly respite care was associated with a one-half standard deviation increase in marital quality. This relationship was significantly mediated by perceived daily stresses and uplifts in both husbands and wives. More respite care was associated with increased uplifts and reduced stress; increased uplifts were associated with improved marital quality; and more stress was associated with reduced marital quality. The number of children in the family was associated with greater stress, and reduced relational quality and daily uplifts. Results suggest policymakers and practitioners should develop supports for providing respite for families raising children with ASD.     

The frequency of multiple sclerosis in jewish and arab populations in greater jerusalem

A comparison of the incidence rate (IR) and the prevalence rate (PR) of multiple sclerosis (MS) in subgroups of the same ethnic origin, but born and living in different geographical areas, may delineate the relationship between environmental and genetic risk factors for MS. Previous epidemiological studies of MS in Israel did not include the Arab population and used diagnostic criteria that did not include MRI findings. Therefore, we studied the age-adjusted IR and PR of MS in a more recent sample in different population groups, including Arabs, of Greater Jerusalem. We found that the PR of MS in Israeli Jews is higher than previously described. Furthermore, the PR was significantly lower among immigrant Jews from Asia/Africa (A/A) than among native-born Jews of Asian/African origin (I-A/A). Since these groups have similar genetic susceptibilities to MS, the higher PR in the latter is probably due to environmental factors. Our study does not support the effect of latitude on the risk of developing MS since no difference in the PR was found between immigrant Jews from Europe/America (E/A) and native-born Jews of European/American origin (I-E/A). Among Arabs, the PR was similar to that among A/A. Therefore, we hypothesized similarity in environmental etiologic factors for MS between the countries of origin of A/A immigrants and of Arabs communities in Greater Jerusalem. The IR of I-E/A was higher than that of I-A/A and Arabs, although this difference did not reach statistical significance.     

Environmental risk factors for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

In Israel, SSPE has been shown to be much more frequent among Sephardic Jews and Arabs than among Ashkenazic Jews. In the present study, we tried to explore environmental factors that may be of etiological importance and explain these differences in prevalence. The study is a case-control one, which includes 95 patients and 2 groups of controls, with 95 people in each. The general population controls were group-matched to the case group by sex, age, and ethnic origin. The family controls consisted of the sibling closest in age to each patient. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between risk of SSPE and early measles infection, large family, overcrowding in the home, older age of the mother, higher birth order, fewer years of schooling of the parents, fewer cultural activities, and rural place of birth. All these factors are interpreted as contributing to a higher risk of early measles infections, which thus may well be the main risk factor for SSPE.     

Self-management of oral anticoagulation in elderly patients - Effects on treatment-related Quality of Life

BACKGROUND - RATIONALE FOR STUDY: In elderly patients, long-term self-management of oral anticoagulation has been shown to reduce the number of major thromboembolic and bleeding complications and improve the quality of oral anticoagulation (OAC) control compared to routine care for a mean follow-up period of three years. This article presents the results of the predefined secondary endpoint treatment-related quality of life (QoL). METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of self-management on five aspects of QoL was evaluated in comparison with routine care. A validated questionnaire specifically designed for patients receiving OAC was used. The evaluation was possible for 141 patients, comprising 90% of surviving patients on OAC. At baseline, all patients had high scores for the following QoL-aspects: general treatment satisfaction, self-efficacy, daily hassles and strained social network. A high proportion of patients in both groups explicitly reported high distress, indicating that general psychological distress seems to be of particular concern in this population. After about 3years of follow-up, patients performing self-management showed a significantly greater improvement in general treatment satisfaction than controls (median score increase [25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 0.9 [0.0, 1.6] vs. 0.0 [-0.2, 0.6], p=0.002; scale 1-6). Changes in general psychological distress, self-efficacy, daily hassles and strained social network were not significant. CONCLUSION: Treatment related quality of life in elderly patients performing self-management of OAC was similar as for patients in routine care setting, with a tendency of higher general treatment satisfaction, after three years of follow up.     

Child, parent and family factors as predictors of adjustment for siblings of children with a disability

Background Siblings adjust to having a brother or sister with a disability in diverse ways. This study investigated a range of child, parent and family factors as predictors of sibling adjustment outcomes. Methods Forty‐nine siblings (aged 7–16 years) and parents provided information about (1) sibling daily hassles and uplifts; (2) sibling coping; (3) parent stress; (4) parenting; and (5) family resilience. Multiple regression techniques were used. Results It was found that parent and family factors were stronger predictors of sibling adjustment difficulties than siblings’ own experiences of stress and coping. Specifically, socio‐economic status, past attendance at a sibling support group, parent stress, family time and routines, family problem‐solving and communication, and family hardiness‐predicted sibling adjustment difficulties. Finally, siblings’ perceived intensity of daily uplifts significantly predicted sibling prosocial behaviour. Conclusions The results revealed that the family level of risk and resilience factors were better predictors of sibling adjustment than siblings’ own experiences of stress and coping resources, highlighting the importance of familial and parental contributions to the sibling adjustment process. The implications of these results for the design of interventions and supports for siblings are discussed.     

A community study on emotional distress among Arab and Jewish Israelis over the age of 60

BACKGROUND: The elderly constitute a vulnerable group for psychopathology, yet research on their mental health among both Arab and Jews in Israel remains limited. The same is the case in Arab countries. This paper reports on the contrasting distribution of the mean emotional distress (ED) scores and rates of suspected clinical cases, and their related risk factors, among community residents over the age of 60. METHODS: Several national agencies conducted a survey on 5,055 elderly individuals to investigate their health status, including ED. The interview included socio-demographic and behavioral health items, as well as a modified 12 item-GHQ as a measure of ED. Total ED scores and prevalence rates for suspected psychopathology were calculated. Their respective risk factors were examined using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: The ED scores were highest among Muslim Arabs (4.9), followed by Christian Arabs (4.2), Jews (3.1) and Druzes (2.8). Their estimated prevalence rates were 43.4%, 37.0%, 21.4%, and 17.0%, respectively. The gradient of these results remained unchanged in the multivariate analysis for ED scores adjusting for confounding variables. In contrast, logistic regression analysis controlling for confounding variables did not find a differential risk for suspected psychopathology between Arabs and Jews. CONCLUSION: Conceivably, the higher demoralization scores among elderly Arabs are associated with their minority status affiliation, as well as with the rapid social changes that have taken place in their midst. A cultural response style may be entertained as a possible explanation. However, these factors do not impact the risk for suspected psychopathology where no differential risk was noted after adjustments for confounders.     

Problematic Social Media Use and Social Connectedness in Adolescence: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Family Life Satisfaction

Problematic social media use (PSMU) among adolescents has become an area of increasing research interest in recent years. It is known that PSMU is negatively associated with social connectedness. The present study examined the role of family life satisfaction in this relationship by investigating its mediating and moderating role in the relationship between problematic social use and social connectedness. The present study comprised 549 adolescents (296 girls and 253 boys) who had used social media for at least 1 year and had at least one social media account. The measures used included the Social Media Disorder Scale, Social Connectedness Scale, and Family Life Satisfaction Scale. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using Hayes’s Process program. Regression analysis showed that PSMU negatively predicted family life satisfaction and social connectedness. In addition, family life satisfaction and PSMU predicted social connectedness. Mediation analysis showed that family life satisfaction had a significant mediation effect in the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. Family life satisfaction was partially mediated in the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. Moderation analysis showed that family life satisfaction did not have a significant effect on the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. The study suggests that family life satisfaction is a meaningful mediator (but not a moderator) in the relationship between problematic social media use and social connectedness.

     

上海初中生移民的生活满意度与家庭动力间的关系

目的 了解上海初中生移民生活满意度的情况,并与本地生比较,探讨家庭动力对生活满意度的影响.方法 方便选取上海川沙地区某初中,采用分层整群抽样从预备、初一、初二三个年级中每个年级各选取1个本地班级和1个外地班级,共6个班学生进行问卷调查,按生源地,分为本地组与外地组.结果 (1)初中生移民普遍有较高的生活满意度,从生活满意度各维度来看,家庭及学校满意度最高,生活环境最低;(2)与上海本地生相比,移民的自我、生活环境及总体满意度略低;(3)生活满意度的部分维度与家庭动力的部分因子之间存在相关性,家庭动力可以预测生活满意度的水平.结论 初中生移民具有较高的生活满意度,家庭动力对于生活满意度有较大影响,家庭动力良好,家庭气氛轻松愉快的学生更有可能具有较高的生活满意度.     

A study of doctors' and parents' attitudes to people with mental handicaps

ABSTRACT. The attitudes to people with mental handicaps held by a group of parents of children with mental handicaps and a group of doctors with some involvement in this area were compared using postal questionnaires. Doctors' estimates of how parents would respond were also compared with parents' responses and doctors' own responses. Four Likert-type scales were refined covering attitudes towards the effect on the family, the place in society of people with mental handicaps, their quality of life, and independence and autonomy. Results indicated that parents had more positive attitudes than doctors except with regard to independence and autonomy, to which doctors had the most positive attitudes. Doctors were aware that parents were likely to see the effect on the family in a more positive light, and independence less positively, than themselves. However, they underestimated the degree of positivity of parents about the place of people with mental handicaps in society, and their quality of life, to the extent that they expected parents to be significantly less positive about quality of life than they themselves were, whilst parents in fact proved significantly more positive. The differing perspectives and experiences of parents and doctors are discussed and some suggestions made of ways in which doctors' appreciation of the parental perspective could be developed in an attempt to facilitate sympathetic communication between them.     

Exploring married girls’ subjective experiences of well-being and challenges

IntroductionThe well-being of married girls is often significantly affected by their early transitioning into the institution of marriage. This is accompanied by a normative shift in their focus from education and personal development to family life and motherhood. However, it is important we understand married girls’ perspectives of what their marriage mean to them and how that affects their well-being. Therefore, this study explored the subjective experiences of well-being and challenges among married girls in the Northern region of Ghana.MethodsA phenomenological approach was used to gather data through in-depth interviews. Twenty-one married girls between the ages of 12 and 19 years in Sagnarigu, Tolon and Mion districts of the Northern Region of Ghana were interviewed and data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFindings revealed that girls who perceived their marriage as early reported negative emotions whereas those who perceived their marriage as timely reported positive emotions. Married girls’ positive experiences were characterised by child bearing, higher social status, received social support and satisfaction of needs in their marriage. Challenges identified included poor socio-economic status, inadequate parenting skills, pregnancy and childbirth related distresses.ConclusionsMarried girls expressed more positive outcomes in their marriage than they did for negative outcomes despite their general perception of their marriage being early. Implications for interventions and policy decision making are discussed.     

Quality of life and its correlates in a community population in a Japanese rural area

Correlations of three aspects of quality of life (QOL) (health perception, life satisfaction, and self-confidence) with personality traits and early experiences were examined. Quality of life aspects were examined using 220 inhabitants in a rural community in Japan. Health perception was better among men than among women. Life satisfaction and self-confidence were better in people aged 55 or over than in those under 55. Among the current predictor variables, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire neuroticism score was correlated with poor life satisfaction in the younger women; the extraversion score with the older women's health perception, the older men's life satisfaction, and the women's self-confidence; and the psychoticism score with the older men's life satisfaction. Among early life predictors, self-confidence was lower among those older men who had reported early parental loss. Childhood paternal overprotection was correlated with poor health perception in younger people and with good health perception in older women. Some negative life events experienced during childhood were correlated with poorer QOL measures in some subgroups, while positive life experiences were correlated with the older women's life satisfaction. These findings suggest that the three aspects of the QOL are discrete in their psychosocial correlates and that interventions on health education and care should take into account individual's psychosocial attributes.     

Stress as a risk factor for seizures among adults with epilepsy

This study examines the effects of major life events, daily hassles and uplifts, and daily stress levels as they increase or decrease the risks of having seizures and estimates risk ratios for specific stressors and perceived stress levels. Utilizing a prospective design, 12 adults with severe epilepsy monitored the occurrence of seizures, stressors, and stress levels over a 3-month period. In within-individual analyses, high stress levels and stressful events were associated with more frequent seizures for most participants. The association between higher stress levels and increased seizures was confirmed in group analyses. This study provides empirical evidence of the association between stress and seizures and describes the use of a statistical model that is useful for investigating risk factors as they influence physical and mental illness.     

Speech disturbances and quality of life in schizophrenia: Differential impacts on functioning and life satisfaction

Speech disturbances in schizophrenia impact on the individual’s communicative ability. Although they are considered a core feature of schizophrenia, comparatively little work has been done to examine their impact on the life experiences of patients. This study aimed to examine the relationship between schizophrenia speech disturbances, including those traditionally known as formal thought disorder (TD), and quality of life (QoL). It assessed effects on functioning (objective QoL) and satisfaction (subjective QoL) concurrently, while controlling for the influence of neurocognition and depression. Fifty-four patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were administered the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), the PANSS, MADRS (with separate ratings for negative TD [verbal underproductivity] and positive TD [verbal disorganisation and pressured speech]) and Lehman’s QOLI assessing both objective and subjective QoL. Ratings of positive and negative TD, depression, and general neurocognition were entered into hierarchical regressions to explore their relationship with both life functioning and satisfaction. Verbal underproductivity was a significant predictor of objective QoL, while pressured speech had a trend association with subjective QoL. This suggests a differential relationship between speech disturbances and QoL. Verbal underproductivity seems to affect daily functioning and relations with others, while pressured speech is predictive of satisfaction with life. The impact of verbal underproductivity on QoL suggests it to be an important target for rehabilitation in schizophrenia.     

Race differences in the association of spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in older age

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine an African American ‘faith advantage’ in life satisfaction. Specifically, we sought to test the hypothesis that the positive relationship between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction is stronger among older African Americans than among older Whites.

Method: The data came from 6864 community-dwelling persons aged 65+ (66% African American) who participated in the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Life satisfaction was measured using a five-item composite and we used a five-item version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences scale.

Results: In a regression model adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, income and worship attendance, we found that African American race was associated with lower life satisfaction. We also found a positive association between spiritual experiences and life satisfaction. In an additional model, a significant race by spiritual experiences interaction term indicates that spiritual experiences are more positively associated with life satisfaction among African Americans.

Conclusion: The data suggest that at higher levels of spiritual experiences, racial differences in life satisfaction are virtually non-existent. However, at lower levels of spiritual experiences, older African Americans show modestly lower levels of life satisfaction than do older Whites. This pattern suggests that spiritual experiences are a positive resource – distinct from worship attendance – that enable older African Americans to overcome decrements in life satisfaction and, in fact, that lower spiritual experiences may be especially harmful for older African American's life satisfaction.     

Patient Satisfaction and Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: This study was designed to describe patients' experience with surgical treatment of epilepsy in terms of whether it was useful or had negative effects and to assess associations between experienced utility (satisfaction), experienced negative effects (dissatisfaction), and selected objective outcome measures. An evaluation of patients' satisfaction and dissatisfaction was conducted retrospectively by questionnaires for all patients surgically treated for epilepsy in Norway between 1949 and 1988. One hundred sixteen patients (74.3%) replied. Overall, 75% of the surgically treated patients reported that treatment had been useful, and 20% reported that the treatment had negative effects. The experience of satisfaction with treatment was strongly associated with a favorable seizure outcome, more severe underlying disease, improvements in working ability, being in regular work or education postoperatively, and not having disability pensions postoperatively. The experience of dissatisfaction with treatment was significantly associated with neurologic deficit and decreased working ability. There was overall agreement between subjectively reported satisfaction with treatment and success measured objectively. The experiences of useful effects and negative effects of the operation could not be represented by a single-dimension scale. Seizure outcome played a more important role in terms of reported useful effects, and neurologic deficit played a more important role in reported negative effects. In both categories, effects on social, occupational, emotional, and behavioral aspects played an important role.