全髋置换术中髋臼异常处理的临床研究

目的：探讨髋关节发育不良、髋臼骨折及全髋翻修等髋臼侧异常行人工全髋关节置换术时髋臼重建的方法和疗效。方法：根据影像解剖学的特点，将41例髋关节病例分为两组，A组（20例）为髋关节发育不良造成的髋臼移位或假臼形成，全髋置换术中利用颗粒植骨、股骨头结构植骨或真臼内移重建髋臼；B组（21例）为髋臼骨折、全髋翻修的髋臼侧严重骨缺损等形态异常的髋臼，利用股骨头结构植骨或颗粒打压植骨填补骨缺损并重建真臼。结果：术后全部获得随访，随访6～72个月，平均23．6个月，关节功能按Harris评分，术前平均32．5分，术后平均82．6分；植入骨均愈合，无假体松动和翻修病例。结论：髋臼植骨重建解决了全髋置换中恢复正常旋转中心及骨储备不足的技术难题，为髋臼假体创造了良好的植入环境，保证髋臼假体具有良好的位置和牢固性。     

髋关节置换翻修术骨质缺损的处理

探讨全髋关节置换术后翻修术骨质缺损处理方式的选择。对29例病人（29髋）行髋关节置换术后翻修术;其中骨水泥型假体置换3例,非骨水泥型假体置换26例;3例为Synergy＋Reflection假体,余为CLS＋ALLOFIT假体。患者伤口均一期愈合,无术后早期感染征象。随访25例25髋,平均随访时间58个月。关节局部疼痛缓解,活动功能满意;术后随访X线片示：骨质愈合好,未见明显的骨质吸收征象。Harris评分,术前平均36.8分,术后平均93.2分。翻修距初次全髋关节置换平均13.7年。髋臼部骨质缺损,在髋臼覆盖大于80%的情况下可不植骨;若髋臼覆盖大于50%、小于80%,行颗粒性植骨结合结构植骨;髋臼覆盖的比例低于50%,结构植骨往往能获得较好的效果。股骨侧骨质缺损,打压颗粒植骨结合异体皮质骨板效果满意。     

人工全髋翻修及非骨水泥假体的应用:5年同一机构41例41髋资料回顾

背景:随着人工全髋关节置换后随访时间的延长,需行翻修者逐渐增多。而人工关节出现机械性松动前常已发现假体周围骨溶解,它将随着时间的推移而逐渐加重,不断加重的骨溶解会引起人工关节松动,最终导致关节翻修。目的:观察非骨水泥假体在人工全髋关节置换后翻修术中的应用效果。方法:对2004/2009沈阳市骨科医院收治的人工关节置换后患者41例(41髋)进行了翻修,再置换关节为北京普鲁士钢研外科植入物有限公司提供的旋入式全髋关节及美国史塞克有限公司生产的非骨水泥压配式全髋关节。41个髋臼中无髋臼骨缺损8髋,GustilloⅠ～Ⅱ型髋臼松动17髋,Ⅲ型髋臼松动8髋,对上述患者直接用纯钛螺旋臼成型或髋臼底加用颗粒植骨;Ⅳ型髋臼松动骨缺损8髋,采用颗粒植骨,钛网重建髋臼,骨水泥髋臼假体成型。取出假体柄后试情况置入非骨水泥普通假体柄或加长柄,根据试骨缺损情况进行假体周围植骨,必要时捆绑带固定。结果与结论:髋臼侧进行了钛网重建植骨的8例患者翻修后3d可以下地非负重拄拐行走,其余患者均可以于翻修后3d下地负重行功能练习。翻修后随访6～66个月,无假体移位下沉等不稳迹象,无需要再重新翻修的病例,Harris评分由翻修前的平均32.6分增加到翻修后的平均88.1分。随访X射线片显示部分患者骨质改建,密度增加,未发现假体周围有新出现亮带的患者。结果提示,采用非骨水泥假体对髋关节进行翻修后,近期可取得较好的修复效果,远期效果有待随访。     

自体股骨头植骨生物型人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不良的疗效

背景：Crowe Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型髋关节发育不良患者真臼发育差,且受股骨头蚀损影响,外侧壁常有缺损,因此大部分患者均需采用自体植骨、假臼重建。 目的：观察生物型人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不良时采用自体股骨头植骨的临床效果。 方法：选择2007-03/2009-11四川省骨科医院髋部创伤科收治的髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎患者15例15髋,单侧患者双下肢不等长为(2.7±0.8) cm,置换前Harris评分为(41.6±12.8)分。术中15髋采用标准全髋关节置换,同时采用自体股骨头植骨重建髋臼旋转中心。置换后随访摄骨盆正位和患髋侧位X射线平片评价髋臼和股骨假体位置、植骨块愈合情况以及双下肢长度。 结果与结论：置换后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间一两年,平均1年。置换后12个月X射线平片示植骨块均已愈合。末次随访时单侧患者双下肢不等长(0.8±0.3) cm,Harris评分为(89.3±6.5)分,与置换前相比,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。X射线平片示髋臼和股骨假体无移位,未见植骨块有明显移位和吸收塌陷征象。提示髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎行全髋关节置换时采用自体股骨头植骨有利于恢复髋臼旋转中心,提供良好髋臼固定。     

骨关节炎患者全髋关节置换术中筛眼技术的应用

目的:评价全髋关节置换术中结合筛眼技术治疗髋臼骨质严重硬化性髋关节骨关节炎的结果。方法:回顾性分析19例(21髋)患者行全髋关节置换术结合筛眼技术治疗髋臼骨质严重硬化性髋关节骨关节炎。男性12例,女性7例,平均年龄67岁。平均随访时间3年(24~60个月)。采用Harris评分对结果进行评估。术前及随访时进行摄片观察。根据全髋置换预期目标实现调查表评估患者术后随访满意度。结果:所有植骨块均获得愈合。无植骨块塌陷和髋假体松动。Harris评分由术前平均51分增加到88分。根据全髋置换预期目标实现调查表,患者术后满意度为89%。结论:结合筛眼技术加自体股骨头骨泥植骨重建髋臼侧的全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼骨质严重硬化性髋关节骨关节炎可获得良好结果。该方法髋臼固定可靠,可保留髋臼的骨量。     

人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位全髋关节翻修:同一机构13年143例置换者中的5例翻修

背景:前期文献对人工双动股骨头置换后翻修原因的分析主要集中在假体松动下沉、髋臼磨损、假体柄断裂等方面,有关置换后近期脱位翻修的报道较少。目的:分析人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的原因,探讨行人工全髋关节置换翻修的必要性。方法:回顾性分析1995-05/2008-10行人工双动股骨头置换后全髋关节翻修5例患者的临床资料,男3例,女2例,年龄75～87岁,平均81岁。翻修原因均为置换后近期脱位,所有病例均一期翻修,有骨质缺损者同时植骨。翻修后早期观察血常规及血沉变化;翻修后6个月,1,2年评估髋关节Harris评分;以X射线平片观察骨盆前后位髋臼假体位置。结果与结论:所有患者翻修后获得至少1年(1～4年)随访,无一例需要再翻修,末次随访Harris评分平均88分。全部病例翻修后无伤口感染和神经血管损伤。扩髓时骨皮质不全骨折1例,X射线片显示人工关节假体位置正常,无松动感染征象。提示手术技巧不当及病例选择不当为人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的主要原因。由于双动头的双动特点,一旦脱位难以闭合复位,只能行翻修术。若手术指征正确,手术技巧娴熟,全髋翻修手术可以获得良好的临床效果。     

Zweymüller SLR-Plus~非骨水泥柄用于髋关节翻修的中期效果

背景:SL-Plus非骨水泥柄在初次人工髋关节置换中已取得了很好的疗效,但SLR-Plus柄在翻修术特别是感染病例翻修过程中的应用效果仍有待观察。目的:观察以Zweymüller SLR-Plus非骨水泥柄行髋关节翻修的临床效果。方法:对1997年11月至2013年5月以SLR-Plus股骨柄行人工髋关节翻修的39例(41髋)患者进行了随访,其中男26髋,女15髋;年龄34-73岁,平均53岁;翻修骨水泥柄36髋,非骨水泥柄5髋。随访X射线片上的假体变化情况;根据Brooker分类进行异位骨化分级,记录异位骨化发生部位及发生率;对髋关节行Harris功能评定并分析假体生存率。结果与结论:31例33髋获得随访,随访1-16年。患者的平均Harris评分由术前的34分(13-64分)增加到末次随访时的85分(55-94分)。32髋(97%)假体获得良好稳定性;1髋出现1 mm透亮线但无任何症状;1髋出现骨溶解并股骨假体远端穿出股骨皮质而需再翻修;9髋发生异位骨化,其中Brooker 1级2髋,2级4髋,3级3髋;未见术后感染复发。以影像学证明假体松动作为失败标准,利用Kaplan-Meier生存分析方法计算假体随访期间存活率为92%。提示SLR-Plus股骨柄具有良好的即刻稳定性及远期稳定性,用于髋关节翻修术中能达到令人较满意的中期效果。     

人工髋关节翻修手术时机的探讨

目的　探讨人工全髋关节翻修术的疗效和手术时机 .方法　对因人工髋关节松动而行翻修术患者 6例 ,手术前后Harris评分 .结果　翻修术后Harris评分较术前增加 2 8分 .结论　术前人工假体周围骨溶解程度轻 ,术后优良率高 .人工髋关节髋臼边缘和股骨近端出现假体周围骨溶解者可选择清除骨溶解区域纤维肉芽组织和植骨术式 ,推迟全髋翻修的时间     

人工髋关节翻修手术时机的探讨

目的探讨人工全髋关节翻修术的疗效和手术时机.方法对因人工髋关节松动而行翻修术患者6例,手术前后Harris评分.结果翻修术后Harris评分较术前增加28分.结论术前人工假体周围骨溶解程度轻,术后优良率高.人工髋关节髋臼边缘和股骨近端出现假体周围骨溶解者可选择清除骨溶解区域纤维肉芽组织和植骨术式,推迟全髋翻修的时间.     

Accolade TMZF生物型股骨假体用于全髋置换的早期随访

背景：生物型股骨假体的固定方式与骨水泥假体相比,没有水泥-假体分离,水泥套破裂,水泥碎屑引起骨溶解的担忧,长期结果优良,并且假体远期生存率较高。 目的：观察Accolade TMZF生物型股骨柄假体用于全髋关节置换的近期疗效及并发症。 方法：2010年2月至2012年7月采用生物型股骨柄行初次全髋关节置换67例70髋,均采用Accolade TMZF生物型髋关节假体系统,股骨侧假体使用同一款Accolade TMZF生物锥形柄,髋臼侧则采用Secure-fit HA和Trident PSL HA两种髋臼杯行生物学固定。关节头臼摩擦面采用陶瓷-陶瓷组合49髋,陶瓷-聚乙烯组合19髋,金属-聚乙烯组合2髋。置换后根据髋关节影像学资料评估股骨柄假体的生物学固定、假体周围骨溶解及假体下沉情况,并观察髋关节功能、大腿痛及并发症发生情况。 结果与结论：全部病例随访均超过2年。由置换前Harris髋关节评分(32.7±6.2)分改善至末次随访时(89.2±5.1)分。末次随访时大腿轻度疼痛4例(6%),无中重度、极重度疼痛。未见患髋因各种原因失败需翻修。X射线片结果示,最终随访时无假体移位或松动现象,股骨侧可见假体周围均为骨性固定,假体下沉< 2 mm者1髋,其余均无假体下沉。术中无血管、神经损伤等并发症出现,但因假体置入时发生股骨距劈裂骨折而采用钢丝环扎4髋。置换后无下肢深静脉血栓形成,无假体周围骨折。提示Accolade TMZF生物型股骨柄用于初次全髋置换的早期疗效满意,可以有效改善髋关节功能。但随访时间较短,中远期疗效需进一步观察。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.