多结节性肝癌和复发性肝癌的外科治疗

分析了53例多结节性肝癌和18例复发性肝癌手术切除的疗效。多结节性肝癌手术切除有三种：①左半肝切除十右叶局切（35例），②右半肝大部分切除十左叶局切（3例），③多处局切（15例）。术后0.5、1、2、3、5和10年生存率分别为77．4％、52．8％、27．7％、20．9％、11．4％和8．3％，有半数以上患者（26／49）术后AFP转阴。18例复发性肝癌手术也有三种：①首次为根治性切除术，1年后肝内再出现肿瘤而行切除10例，再手术后平均生存27．3月，②首次学漏切肿瘤3例，再手术后平均生存10．7月，③首次为姑息性肝切除术5例，再手术后平均生存8．6月。肿瘤起源可分单中心和多中心。多中心起源者分别切除各肿瘤可达到良好的治疗效果，单中心起源至肝内播散者，疗效稍差。     

小肝癌的外科治疗（附手术切除103例临床分析）

9年间我科共对223例肝癌病人完成各种类型的肝切除术．其中肿瘤直径≤5cm者103例．包括≤3cm者28例．3．1～5cm者75例。其年龄范围为26～76岁，平均为51．3±10．4岁．男93例，女10例。HBsAg( )75例．肝硬变88例。行联合肝段切除15例．肝段切除20例．局部肝切除68例。病理类型为肝细胞癌100例，胆管细胞癌3例。结果：103例小肝癌TNM分期为Ⅰ期6例、Ⅱ期37例、Ⅲ期53例、ⅣA期5例和ⅣB期2例。其中肝细胞癌99例，高分化21例、中分化65例和低分化13例。手术死亡率为0．97％，术后1、3、5年生存率为92．7％、72．5％、54．3％。高、中、低分化者术后5年生存率分别为79．6％、49．9％和41，1％。术后1、3、5年复发(转移)率为12，8％，40，7％、71．5％。结论刊、肝癌具有与太肝癌一样的肝病背景．综合多种因素选择肝癌手术方式．合理掌握肝切除量是提高手术切除率、减少术后并发症的重要途径。小肝癌并不等于早期肝癌，尽管行肝癌根治性切除，远期复发和转移率与大肝癌一样高．是亟待解决的课题。     

原发性肝癌的综合治疗

目的探讨以手术为主综合治疗原发性肝癌的并发症及患者生存率情况。方法总结1998年1月-2002年12月手术切除的112例原发性肝癌患者。手术类型包括：右三叶切除术、左三叶切除术、右半肝切除术、左半肝切除术、左外叶切除术、右后叶切除术、肝方叶切除术、肝部分切除术等。术后1个月、6个月、12个月行肝动脉造影，未发现肝癌复发者给予预防性化疗，发现复发者给予化疗栓塞后分别给予再次手术、射频或无水酒精注射治疗。结果全组手术并发症发生率为13．1％（15／112）。并发症包括术后出血、腹腔积液、肝功能衰竭、胆汁漏、上消化道出血，发生率分别为4．5％（5／112）、3．6％（4／112）、2．7％（3／112）、1．8％（2／112）、0．9％（1／112）。全组1、3、5、7年生存率分别为89．6％、56．8％、41．0％、32．7％。结论肝癌行手术切除后的密切检查、随访，及时有效的治疗，是提高患者5年生存率的有效方法。     

再切除在肝癌复发治疗中的作用和地位

目的 探讨再切除在肝癌术后复发治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析1988～1999年30例肝癌复发再手术切除的随访资料。结果 对30例肝癌术后复发病人共行33例次手术，首次手术后1，2，3，5年总生存率分别为93．3，73．3，56．7，36．7％。第一次再手术后1，3，5年生存率分别为63．3，23．3，13．3％。肺转移切除后1，3，5年生存率分别为71．4，42．9，28．6％。结论 肝癌术后复发行再切除能显著提高病人远期生存率，是目前肝癌术后复发的首选治疗方案。     

复发性肝癌再切除手术

目的探讨肝内复发性肝细胞癌(肝癌)的治疗方法和再手术切除的疗效。方法对1995年1月至2010年6月收治的124例肝癌术后肝内复发病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果1、3、5年生存率再手术组分别为73.3%、33.6%、18.3%,局部治疗组分别为44.1%、11.6%、7.0%,保守治疗组仅5例存活超过1年。早期复发病例1、3、5年生存率分别为46.3%、14.7%、7.4%,晚期复发病例1、3、5年生存率分别为69.0%、37.9%、24.1%。结论肝癌术后肝内复发应采取积极的治疗,再手术切除是最有效的治疗方法;对不能再手术的病例,介入为主的综合治疗可提高生存率。     

142例肝门胆管癌的外科治疗及预后分析

目的比较不同治疗方法对肝门胆管癌预后的影响。方法回顾性研究我院1983～2003年收治的142例肝门胆管癌的临床资料。结果142例中手术切除103例，根治性切除(R0)组50例、非根治性切除(R1，R2)组53例。引流39例：切除者中联合不同范围肝切除者36例、未切肝者67例；引流组中开腹引流15例、非开腹组24例。(1)根治性切除组1、2、3和5年生存率分别为90．61％、59．55％、40．23％和24．76％，非根治性切除组1、2、3和5年生存率分别为49．60％、8．77％、4．38％和4．38％；(2)开腹及未开腹引流组1年生存率分别为26．00％和37．31％，无2年生存者。(3)切肝组1、2、3和5年生存率分别为87．43％、51．04％、36．46％和25．52％，非切肝组1、2、3和5年生存率分别为55．82％、22．41％、12．80％和6．40％。结论术前正确评价可切除性、术中选择适宜的手术方式、合理应用肝切除术是提高疗效的关键问题。在开腹手术中，根治性切除(R0)的效果最佳，非根治性切除(R1，R2)的效果要优于单纯旁路手术；对于非手术处理，支架内引流术的效果优于PTCD。     

原发性肝癌的现代外科治疗（附1600例报告）

１９５９年１月至１９９５年１２月，我院对１６００例原发性肝癌行外科治疗，其中行各类肝切除术７１２例（手术切除率４４．５％），肝切除术后１、３、５年生存率为８８．３％、４９．３％、３２．９％。术中肿瘤未能切除者均行外科综合治疗，术后１、３、５年生存率为５２．６％、１８．４％、６．４％。本文着重讨论肝切除在肝癌治疗中的地位，强调综合治疗的作用，并对早期诊断、二期切除及复发性肝癌再切除等问题进行了讨论。     

原发性肝癌合并胆管内癌栓12例临床分析

目的探讨原发性肝癌继发胆管癌栓的临床特点和诊治要点。方法回顾性分析1990～2003年12例HCC伴癌栓的外科治疗情况。结果本组原发性肝癌合并胆管内癌栓的发生率为4．69％(12／256)．术前确诊牢为25％(3／12)．肝癌切除加胆管癌栓清除术8例,肝癌切除加肝外胆管切除．胆肠内引流1例．单纯胆总管切开取栓术3例。术后1年生存率66．7％(8／12)．3年生存率25％(3／12),其中1例生存已超过5年。结论原发性肝癌伴胆管内癌栓十分少见．术前易误诊．手术治疗不失为一种积极有效的治疗方法。     

以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌:附108例报告

目的 探讨和总结以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌的方法和疗效。方法 回顾分析1999年1月～2002年9月实施的以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗108例原发性肝癌的临床资料。综合疗法包括手术切除肝癌，配合射频、经肝动脉化疗栓塞、经皮酒精注射、皮下药物输注系统化疗栓塞、冷冻、生物治疗等方法。结果 手术死亡率0．9％，术后并发症发生率18．7％，1年内肝内复发转移率56．1％，远处转移者为17．9％，1，2，3年生存率分别为79．46％，61．83％，36．61％。结论 以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌疗效满意，其治疗后肝内复发及远处转移率低，能提高原发性肝癌的无瘤生存率和长期存活率。     

解剖学方法行肝切除在老年肝癌患者临床应用的疗效观察

目的探讨解剖学方法行肝切除在老年肝细胞癌患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析了125例行手术切除的老年肝细胞肝癌患者的临床资料，其中72例为解剖学方法行肝切除的患者，53例为传统方法行肝切除的患者。结果解剖学方法组无手术死亡，无术后腹腔出血，术后并发症7例（9．7％），术后住院时间（12．6±4．5）d；1、3、5年生存率分别为87．4％、70．1％、60．7％；传统方法组围手术期死亡2例（3．7％），术后腹腔出血2例，术后并发症15例（28．3％），术后住院时间（17．2±9．7）d，1、3、5年生存率分别为79．5％、53．9％、40．8％。解剖学方法组较传统方法组术中出血及输血少，手术并发症发生率低，住院时间缩短（P〈0．05）。结论老年肝癌患者采取解剖学方法行肝切除术，术中出血少，术后并发症少，临床疗效满意。     

原发性肝癌术后复发再切除问题探讨

目的　探讨复发性肝癌发现的途径 ,再切除的路径和手术方法 ,再切除的疗效以及影响再切除肝癌预后的因素。方法　研究 5 7例肝癌术后复发的各种发现途径 ,5 7例复发性肝癌进行再切除 ,比较第一次术后的无瘤生存期、再切除术后的生存期、累积生存期以及影响预后的相关因素。结果　复发性肝癌的诊断手段为术后AFP再次升高 36例 (81.8% ) ,CT发现病灶 43例 (87.7% ) ,B超发现病灶 33例 (6 4.7% )。第一次手术后的 1,3,5 ,10年无瘤生存率分别为 6 3.9% ,38.3 % ,2 6 .6 % ,12 .8% ;再切除后的 1,3,5 ,10年生存率为 5 6 .6 % ,37.7% ,31.9% ,16 .2 % ;而 1,3,5和 10年的累积生存率分别为 82 .1% ,6 0 .8% ,47.6 % ,19.5 %。影响再切除预后的因素有肿瘤的大小、数目、复发时间、再手术切除根治与否。结论　肝癌术后AFP的监测和定期的CT检查是发现复发性肝癌的最佳途径。再切除是治疗复发性肝癌的有效方法之一。肿瘤的大小、数目、复发时间、是否有完整包膜和再手术方式都是影响复发性肝癌手术预后的因素     

Surgical treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and challenges

Primary liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and was the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide in 2020. It includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (representing 75%-85% of cases), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (representing 10%-15% of cases), and other rare types. The survival rate of patients with HCC has risen with improved surgical technology and perioperative management in recent years; however, high tumor recurrence rates continue to limit long-term survival, even after radical surgical resection (exceeding 50% recurrence). For resectable recurrent liver cancer, surgical removal [either salvage liver transplantation (SLT) or repeat hepatic resection] remains the most effective therapy that is potentially curative for recurrent HCC. Thus, here, we introduce surgical treatment for recurrent HCC. Areas Covered: A literature search was performed for recurrent HCC using Medline and PubMed up to August 2022. Expert commentary: In general, long-term survival after the re-resection of recurrent liver cancer is usually beneficial. SLT has equivalent outcomes to primary liver transplantation for unresectable recurrent illness in a selected group of patients; however, SLT is constrained by the supply of liver grafts. SLT seems to be inferior to repeat liver resection when considering operative and postoperative results but has the major advantage of disease-free survival. When considering the similar overall survival rate and the current situation of donor shortages, repeat liver resection remains an important option for recurrent HCC.     

原发性肝癌的外科治疗体会

１９８５年４月至１９９６年１２月２０２例原发性肝癌行肝叶切除，均经手术和病理证实。伴肝硬化者占８７．１２５，有乙肝背景者１５２例，占７５．２４％。ＡＦＰ正常者６３例（３１．１８％）。化疗缩小后再切除１４例，复发再切除８例，术后复发灶注射无水酒精８例，术中均经胃网膜右静脉置管至门静脉化疗。多数行免疫治疗，１、３、５年生存率８５．８０％、５２．４６％、２０．２９％。作者认为，术中Ｂ超检查对小肝癌定位、     

原发性肝癌术后复发再切除162例体会

目的 探讨原发性肝癌术后抗复发对策,及以再切除为主的综合治疗措施的远期疗效。方法 对我院自1960年1月至1996年5月间162例原发性肝癌术后复发行再切除者的临床特点、手术方法和预后进行回顾性分析。结果 全组1、3、 5、10年总生存率分别为96.8%、66.7%、43.6%和21.8%。中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年5个月;其中肝内复发组126例术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为99.2%、71.3%、46.6%和19.1%,二次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为83.5%、38.2%和19.6%,三次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为94.7%、44.9%和25.0%;肝外转移组30例首次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为89.7% 、61.0%和32.6%,二次肝外转移灶切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.4%、29.0%和15.6%;兼行肝内复发癌和肝外转移灶切除组共6例,现存活3例,手术至今分别为1年10个月,3 年9个月和9年9个月。另3例相继于术后3年11个月、5年8个月和6年11个月死亡。结论 复发的原因与门静脉癌栓及肿瘤多中心性生长有密切关系;及时切除肝内复发癌和单发的肝外转移灶可达到延长生存期甚至治愈的目的。     

复发性结直肠癌的临床病理特征和预后

目的探讨复发性结直肠癌的临床病理特征和预后。方法对进行根治性切除的993例结直肠癌患者中235例复发患者的临床资料进行总结，并分析术后复发的影响因素。结果根治术后全组总体5、10年生存率分别为67．7％和55．8％；术后复发组则分别为43．9％和28．1％；差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。复发组患者中，再次行根治性切除者的5、10年生存率分别为50．2％和32．7％；而予以姑息手术或保守治疗者则分别为25．8％和0；差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。单因素分析显示，复发的结直肠癌患者年龄、癌性肠梗阻和腹水、淋巴结转移及肿瘤大体分型、侵袭程度及病理分期与术后复发密切相关；而多因素分析则显示，癌性肠梗阻和腹水、肿瘤大体分型及病理分期与术后复发和转移密切相关。结论根治术后结直肠癌患者的复发和转移与癌性肠梗阻和腹水及肿瘤病理分期密切相关；再次手术切除可以提高复发转移患者的生存率。     

Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of re-resection, transarterial oily chemoembolization (TOCE), or percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) in selected patients with intrahepatic recurrent HCC. The overall results of a treatment strategy combining these modalities have not been fully evaluated, and the prognostic factors determining survival in these patients remain to be clarified. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-four patients who underwent curative resection for HCC were followed for intrahepatic recurrence, which was treated aggressively with a strategy including different modalities. Survival results after recurrence and from initial hepatectomy were analyzed, and prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis using 27 clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients (43%) with intrahepatic recurrence were treated with re-resection (11), TOCE (71), PEIT (6), systemic chemotherapy (8) or conservatively (9). The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates from the time of recurrence were 65.5%, 34.9%, and 19.7%, respectively, and from the time of initial hepatectomy were 78.4%, 47.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. The re-resection group had the best survival, followed by the TOCE group. Multivariate analysis revealed Child's B or C grading, serum albumin < or = 40 g/l, multiple recurrent tumors, recurrence < or = 1 year after hepatectomy, and concurrent extrahepatic recurrence to be independent adverse prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment with a multimodality strategy could result in prolonged survival in patients with intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection for HCC. Prognosis was determined by the liver function status, interval to recurrence, number of recurrent tumors, any concurrent extrahepatic recurrence, and type of treatment.     

Surgical management of recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases

The optimal treatment for recurrent lesions after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases is controversial. We report the outcome of aggressive surgery for recurrent disease after the initial hepatectomy and the influence on quality of life of such treatment. Forty-five (70%) of the 64 surviving patients developed recurrence after the initial hepatectomy for liver metastases. The determinants of hepatic recurrence were the distribution and the number of liver metastases. Twenty-eight (62%) of patients with recurrence underwent resection. A second hepatectomy was performed in 20 patients, and a third hepatectomy was done in 5 patients. Ten patients with pulmonary metastasis underwent partial lung resection on 14 occasions, while resection of brain metastases was performed in 3 patients on 5 occasions. There were no operative deaths after resection of recurrent disease. The morbidity rate was 28% after repeat hepatectomy, 21% after pulmonary resection, and 0% after resection of brain metastasis. The Karnofsky performance status (PS) after the last surgery was not significantly different from that after the initial hepatectomy. The 3- and 5-year survival rates after the second hepatectomy were 54% and 14%, respectively. The 3-and 5-year survival rates of the patients undergoing resection of extrahepatic recurrence were both 17%. The survival rate after resection of recurrent disease (n=28) was significantly better than that of patients (n=17) with unresectable recurrence (P < 0.05). For the 66 patients with colorectal liver metastases, the 5-year survival rate after initial hepatectomy was 50%. The distribution and the number of liver metastases and the presence of extrahepatic disease, as single factors, significantly affected prognosis after the initial hepatectomy. Multivariate analysis revealed that only the presence of extrahepatic metastasis and a disease-free interval of less than 6 months were independent predictors of survival after the initial and second hepatectomy, respectively. It is concluded that aggressive surgery is an effective strategy for selected patients with recurrence after initial hepatectomy. Careful selection of candidates for repeat surgery will yield increased clinical benefit, including long-term survival.     

Liver Surgery for Colorectal Metastases: Results after 10 Years of Follow-Up. Long-Term Survivors,Late Recurrences,and Prognostic Role of Morbidity

Background  Liver surgery is the gold-standard treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Five-year survival rates may be inadequate to evaluate surgical outcomes because some patients are alive with recurrence and late recurrences are possible. The aim of this study was to analyze 10-year survival outcome in terms of late recurrence rate and prognostic factors of survival. Methods  One hundred twenty-five patients underwent liver resection for colorectal liver metastases between 1985 and 1996. Four patients who experienced postoperative mortality were excluded. The analysis was performed on 121 patients. Results  Five- and 10-year survival rates were 23.1% and 15.7%, respectively. Nineteen patients were alive 10 years after liver resection and 17 were disease-free (5 after re-resection). Five- and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 17.4% and 14.8%, respectively. In patients with recurrence, re-resection significantly improved survival (P < 0.001); 98% of recurrences occurred within the first 5 years, but 15% of patients disease-free at 5 years developed later recurrence. Multivariate analysis evidenced five independent negative prognostic factors of survival: male sex (P = 0.029), synchronous metastases (P = 0.011), >3 metastases (P < 0.001), metastatic infiltration of nearby structures (P < 0.001), and postoperative morbidity (P < 0.001). In 17 patients without negative prognostic factors the 10-year survival rate was 35.3%. Conclusion  Liver resection for colorectal liver metastases may be curative in more than one-third of patients without negative prognostic factors. Postoperative morbidity significantly worsens long-term outcomes. The risk of recurrence after liver resection is high even after 5 years of follow-up, but re-resection can improve the outcome.     

Patterns of pelvic invasion are prognostic in the treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Local recurrence of rectal cancer after curative resection remains a difficult clinical problem. The aim of this study was to elucidate prognostic risk factors after resection of recurrent cancer. METHODS: Between January 1983 and December 1999, 83 patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer were studied retrospectively for survival benefit by re-resection. Sixty patients underwent resection for recurrent cancer, including total pelvic exenteration in 30 patients and sacrectomy in 23 patients. The extent of locally recurrent tumour was classified by the pattern of pelvic invasion as follows: localized, sacral invasion and lateral invasion. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that the pattern of pelvic invasion was a significant prognostic factor which independently influenced survival after resection of recurrent cancer (P < 0.001). The 5-year survival rates were 38 per cent in the localized type (n = 27), 10 per cent in the sacral invasive type (n = 16) and zero in the lateral invasive type (n = 17). CONCLUSION: Resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer is potentially curative in patients with localized or sacral invasive patterns of recurrence. Alternatives should be explored in patients with recurrence involving the lateral pelvic wall.