制备磷酸川芎嗪载药壳聚糖微球及其体外性质的考察

本研究以具有多种治疗作用的磷酸川芎嗪为模型药物,采用生物可降解材料壳聚糖为载体材料,采用乳化交联固化法制备磷酸川芎嗪壳聚糖微球。结果显示,磷酸川芎嗪壳聚糖微球载药量为（8.26±1.23）%,包封率为（81.67±0.97）%,显微镜下观察微球的形状良好,呈圆球形,平均粒径为25μm,粒径跨度为0.76。采用动态膜透析法测定含药微球的体外释药曲线,磷酸川芎嗪壳聚糖微球在体外缓慢释放药物,在第8天时释药量达到总药量的82%,说明磷酸川芎嗪壳聚糖微球具有良好的缓释效果。     

阿苯达唑固体分散体及其肝动脉栓塞分散微球的研究

目的以具有优良成型性的壳聚糖（CS）为载体,选用阿苯达唑（ABZ）为模型药物,先制备成固体分散体,再进一步制备阿苯达唑壳聚糖微球（ABZ-LSD-CS）,考察微球载药量、包封率、表面形态及理化特性,并考察微球在不同介质中的体外释放特性。方法以液体石蜡为油相,Span-80为乳化剂,戊二醛为交联剂,采用乳化-交联固化法制备ABZ-LSD-CS。应用扫描电镜（SEM）观察微球的表面形态,光学显微镜测量粒径大小及分布;采用红外光谱（FT-IR）,X-射线粉末衍射（XRD）法和差示扫描量热（DSC）法表征微球特性,体外动态透析法测定微球在不同介质条件下的释药性能。结果制备出的微球形态圆整,粒径分布较均匀,平均粒径为（153±7）μm,载药量（20．92±0．15）％,包封率（25．37±0．22）％。微球在0．1mol／LHCl、pH3．5和7．4的PBS及生理盐水4种介质中的释放缓慢,其中在pH3．5的PBS中释放效果最好,符合Weibull释放模型。结论该实验制备的ABZ．CS-MS性能良好,具有较好的药物载药量和包封率,微球形态圆整,并且药物的释放时间延长,达到缓释的目的,制备工艺简单易行。     

TGF-β1壳聚糖缓释微球的制备和体外检测

【目的】通过制备新型的转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)缓释系统，并对其载药、体外释药及降解特性进行检测，评估应用生物可降解壳聚糖微球作为TGF-β1控制释放载体的可行性。【方法】应用三聚磷酸钠(TPP)作为交联剂，以乳化交联法制备具有控制释放功能的负载TGF-β1的壳聚糖微球；以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作为模板蛋白，应用相同的方法制备负载。BSA的微球。应用扫描电镜、微镜粒度分、药物包封率测定、体外药物释放动力学检测等方法分析微球的特性。【结果】制备的微球球形良好，球体表面光滑，具有较高的TGF-β1包封效率90．1％)。持续7d的药物释放试验表明，BSA与TGF-β1两种蛋白均可以从微球中缓慢释放，其中TGF-β1的释放率低于BSA的释放率。溶菌酶溶液降解作用下，4周的体外降解过程中，可见微球质量持续下降并伴有明显的微球形貌改变。【结论】应用乳化交联法可制备负载TGF-β1的壳聚糖缓释微球。这种新型药物控制释放系统在细胞因子的控制释放及软骨组织工程中有潜在的应用价值。     

氟尿嘧啶微球体外释药的影响因素

目的 探讨对以羧甲基壳聚糖为载体的氟尿嘧啶微球体外释药特性的影响因素。方法 超声作用下采用乳化交联法制备氟尿嘧啶羧甲基壳聚糖微球（Fu—CMCS-MS）；光镜观察微球的形态和粒径分布；恒温振荡透析法和紫外分光光度法测定Fu—CMCS-MS的药物释放，考察5种因素对微球体外释药的影响。结果 超声作用下制得Fu—CMCS-MS成球性良好，粒径分布均匀，微球76．4％在1～3μm，平均粒径1．6μm。微球体外释药受投药方式、投药量、交联剂、释放介质和超声作用的影响显著，前期释药速率快，遵守溶胀控制机制，缓释后期释药缓慢，遵守扩散控制机制。结论 超声作用下以戊二醛乳化交联所制Fu—CMCS-MS在体外具有缓释作用。     

TGF-β1壳聚糖缓释微球的制备和体外检测

[目的]通过制备新型的转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)缓释系统,并对其载药、体外释药及降解特性进行检测,评估应用生物可降解壳聚糖微球作为TGF-β1控制释放载体的可行性.[方法]应用三聚磷酸钠(TPP)作为交联剂,以乳化交联法制备具有控制释放功能的负载TGF-β1的壳聚糖微球;以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作为模板蛋白,应用相同的方法制备负载BSA的微球.应用扫描电镜、微镜粒度分、药物包封率测定、体外药物释放动力学检测等方法分析微球的特性.[结果]制备的微球球形良好,球体表面光滑,具有较高的TGF-β1包封效率90.1%).持续7 d的药物释放试验表明,BSA与TGF-β1两种蛋白均可以从微球中缓慢释放,其中TGF-β1的释放率低于BSA的释放率.溶菌酶溶液降解作用下,4周的体外降解过程中,可见微球质量持续下降并伴有明显的微球形貌改变.[结论]应用乳化交联法可制备负载TGF-β1的壳聚糖缓释微球.这种新型药物控制释放系统在细胞因子的控制释放及软骨组织工程中有潜在的应用价值.     

5-氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球的制备

本文报道了采用两种不同的方法制备５－Ｆｕ壳聚糖微球,微球Ａ采用乳化交联法制备,微球Ｂ是首先制备成白蛋白微球,然后在其表面固定壳聚糖。研究了微球的一些基本特征,包括微球大小、形态与表面状态,结果表明微球Ａ及微球Ｂ粒径主要分布于３．５～６．５μｍ和０．６～２．８μｍ范围内,药物含量分别为１０．８６％和８．５２％,体外释放实验表明,在ｐＨ７．１磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,微球Ｂ具有显著的缓释作用,其释放特征符合Ｈ     

环丙沙星/壳聚糖植入微球的制备及其体外释放研究

目的:探讨制备植入微球的工艺、确定调控微球缓释速率的途径.方法:以水溶性羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)作为缓释辅料,以环丙沙星(CPX)为模型药物通过乳化交联工艺制备CPX/CMC微球;应用扫描电镜等方法考察其理化特性;建立持续流动释放系统,检测微球的体外释放特性和影响因素.结果:微球的理化特性受工艺条件如温度、离子强度、载药量比例量等因素影响;CPX体外释放行为符合Higuchi方程,微球的体外释放速率与微球交联度、粒径呈负相关,与载药量呈正相关,与酶的降解无关.结论:CMC可作为缓释微球辅料;乳化交联的制备工艺简单且稳定;微球的释放速率可控.CMC微球是一种良好的药物缓释载体.     

离子交联法制备氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球

以壳聚糖为药用载体,5氟尿嘧啶为模型药物,三聚磷酸钠为离子交联剂,采用离子交联法制备壳聚糖微球制剂,考察处方和工艺因素对载药微球形态、包封率及体外释放行为的影响;采用扫描电镜、粒度分析仪和红外光谱对微球结构进行表征。结果表明：5氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球的包封率可达到77.8%,平均粒径为6.4 μm,30 min时体外突释为21.3%,48 h以内的累积释药率为77.0%,缓释作用明显。     

DNA疫苗海藻酸钠微球的制备及体外释药

目的:研制DNA疫苗海藻酸钠微球,并对其体外释药特性进行考察.方法:以海藻酸钠为载体,采用W/O乳化-离子交联法制备DNA疫苗海藻酸钠微球;考察粒径大小、外观、载药量等理化特性;考察微球的体外释药特性及影响因素.结果:微球球形圆整,分散性好,平均粒径为(12.03±6.9) μm,载药量可达5%, 包封率为56.0%;微球的体外释放速率与载药量呈正相关,与壳聚糖的交联固化度呈负相关.结论:海藻酸钠可以作为DNA疫苗微球的可生物降解辅料;乳化离子交联法的制备工艺简便,有利于DNA疫苗结构和功能的稳定性;海藻酸钠微球是DNA疫苗的一种理想给药系统.     

左氧氟沙星羧甲基壳聚糖缓释微球的制备及其体外释放研究

目的:探讨乳化交联法制备可植入左氧氟沙星羧甲基壳聚糖缓释微球的最佳工艺,了解微球体外释药规律.方法:按正交设计,考察不同壳聚糖浓度、投药比、交联度、乳化转速条件对质量指标的影响,选出最佳方案,进一步用转篮法检测微球的体外释放特性.结果:各因素对所制微球综合指标的影响大小依次为:壳聚糖浓度＞投药比＞乳化转速＞交联度,用优化后工艺制得微球平均粒径64.55μm,载药量21.69%,包封率58.07%,体外释放行为符合Higuchi方程,T 50为47.01 h,7 d累计释放量72.02%.结论:本法所制缓释微球工艺稳定,微球在体外具有缓释作用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.