Prognostic implications of adhesion molecule expression in colorectal cancer

Research on the expression of adhesion molecules, E-cadherin (ECAD), CD24, CD44 and osteopontin (OPN) in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been limited, even though CRC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. This study was conducted to evaluate the expression of adhesion molecules in CRC and to determine their relationships with clinicopathologic variables, and the prognostic significance. The expression of ECAD, CD24, CD44 and OPN was examined in 174 stage II and III CRC specimens by immunohistochemistry of TMA. Negative ECAD expression was significantly correlated with advanced nodal stage and poor tumor differentiation. Multivariate analysis showed that both negative expression of ECAD and positive expression of CD24 were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS) in CRC patients (P<0.001, relative risk [RR] = 5.596, 95% CI = 2.712-11.549; P = 0.038, RR = 3.768, 95% CI = 1.077-13.185, respectively). However, for overall survival (OS), only ECAD negativity showed statistically significant results in multivariate analysis (P<0.001, RR = 4.819, 95% CI = 2.515-9.234). Positive expression of CD24 was associated with poor OS in univariate analysis but was of no prognostic value in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, our study suggests that among these four adhesion molecules, ECAD and CD24 expression can be considered independent prognostic factors. The role of CD44 and OPN may need further evaluation.     

综合护理干预对心脏手术后患者疼痛的影响分析

目的:探讨综合护理干预对心脏手术后患者疼痛的影响.方法:将我院2012年1月~2014年1月行心脏外科手术的138例病人随机分为对照组与观察组,对照组进行围手术期的常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上进行综合护理干预,比较两组患者术后各时间点患者疼痛情况、术前术后患者心理状况及住院时间.结果:与对照组相比,观察组患者24 h疼痛评分无明显差异,而48及72 h的疼痛评分均明显降低,住院时间缩短(P<0.05).观察组患者术后躯体化、焦虑及抑郁评分明显降低(P<0.05).结论:对心脏外科手术的患者进行综合护理干预可明显减轻患者的疼痛,改善患者情绪,值得在临床推广使用.     

乳腺癌保乳术后不同放射治疗计划剂量学研究

目的研究乳腺癌不同放射治疗计划的剂量学差异。方法对18例保乳手术的患者分别设计常规切线野计划、正向调强计划、逆向调强计划,处方剂量均为5000cGy。利用剂量体积直方图来比较各种计划中临床靶区、危机器官的剂量学差异。结果常规切线野计划、正向调强计划、逆向调强计划的靶区覆盖率V95％分别为84.35％、98.37％、96．71％．剂量不均匀性指数分别为15．870％、7．189％、10．820％;逆向调强计划与常规切线野计划、正向调强计划相比危机器官的受照射量与体积明显增加．各指标组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;正向调强更能有效降低各危机器官的平均受照射量和体积,与常规切线野计划相比对侧肺、脊髓、心脏的Dmean差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论正向调强计划能够有效地提高靶区覆盖率和剂量分布均匀性,也能降低正常组织、器官的受照剂量和体积;逆向调强计划有待进一步完善。     

不同麻醉深度对结直肠癌腹腔镜手术患者肠道免疫及肠功能恢复的影响

目的探讨不同麻醉深度对结直肠癌腹腔镜手术患者肠道免疫以及肠功能恢复的影响。方法选择拟行全身麻醉下腹腔镜结直肠癌根治手术患者80例,随机分为2组。对照组(40例)术中脑电双频指数(BIS)维持在50~59,观察组(40例)BIS维持在40~49。比较2组患者术前(T0)、术后12 h(T1)、术后24 h(T2)、术后72 h(T3)肠道免疫指标,包括Treg/Th17、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+,以及肠道功能恢复情况。结果2组患者围术期不同时间肠道免疫指标变化差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清IL-6、IL-17均于T1时升高,T2时达高峰,T3时回落,Treg/Th17、TGF-β1、IL-10、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、IgA、IgG则于T1时降低,T2时达低峰,T3时回升。观察组患者T1、T2、T3时血清IL-6、IL-17低于对照组(P<0.05),Treg/Th17、TGF-β1、IL-10、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、IgA、IgG高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者术后肠鸣音恢复时间、首次肛门排气时间、首次肛门排便时间、进食恢复时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论全身麻醉时BIS维持在40~49,可保护结直肠癌腹腔镜手术患者肠道免疫功能,促进肠道功能恢复。     

Application of molecular techniques in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of patients with colorectal cancer: a practical approach

There has been an increasing role for molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis and management of cancer, and colorectal carcinoma is no exception. Recent molecular advances have elucidated 3 broad molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, including chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and cytosine-phosphoguanine island methylator phenotype, which will be discussed. Also, the common syndromes associated with colorectal carcinoma will be reviewed with a focus on the differentiation between Lynch syndrome and microsatellite unstable tumors. Molecular biomarkers for predictive and prognostic markers are also becoming widely used, and due to the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor, an emphasis is placed on that pathway.     

Clinical correlations of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase expression in colorectal cancer patients

We have previously demonstrated a link between alpha2,6-Sialyltransferase (alpha2,6-ST; E.C. 2.4.99.1) expression and differentiation of colon tumors. So far, information is not available relative to the expression of alpha2,6-ST in tumors and the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. We have examined the expression of alpha2,6-ST in a variety of colorectal adenocarcinomas (n = 46) at different stages of differentiation (G1 to G3) by immunoperoxidase assay using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6B9. Clinical outcome of the patients in a 5-year follow-up study has been correlated with the expression of alpha2,6-ST in tumors surgically removed from the same patients. No significant difference in the alpha2,6-ST expression was noted when age, sex, and tumor locations (colon, rectum) were included as parameters. However, 52% of the moderate (G2) and well-differentiated (G1) adenocarcinomas showed stronger alpha2,6-ST expression compared with poorly differentiated (G3) adenocarcinomas. Notably, absence to moderate levels of tumor alpha2,6-ST expression was correlated with 100% survival in patients with stage I and II tumors compared with 64% survival in patients with strong tumor alpha2,6-ST expression (p < 0.01). These studies suggest a negative correlation between the expression of alpha2,6-ST in tumors and a good clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients.     

Prognostic importance of COX-2 expression in patients with colorectal cancer

A relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer has been reported in recent studies. Moreover, it has been indicated that COX-2 expression may have a prognostic role in colorectal cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in 83 patients with colorectal cancer. COX-2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemical methods and was evaluated by grading both staining intensity and staining extension. The relationships between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological features of the patients and patient survival were evaluated. There was no relationships between COX-2 expression and tumor size (tm < 3 cm or tm > or = 3 cm), tumor histopathological differentiation (poorly differentiated or moderately + well differentiated), number of metastatic lymph nodes (< 4 or 3 > or = 4), histopathology of the tumor, localization of the tumor (colon or rectum), distant metastasis, and vascular invasion of the tumor. In the multivariate analysis, COX-2 expression was not found as an independent prognostic factor. We demonstrated that COX-2 expression was not correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of colon carcinoma and disease outcome.     

白细胞黏附分子CD44在肺结核患者体内的表达水平、作用及机制研究

目的:研究CD44在肺结核患者体内的表达,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:选取本院拟诊为肺结核患者236例,分为肺结核组(n=152)和非肺结核组(n=84),随机选取健康体检者100名作为健康对照组,qRT-PCR检测不同组别人群外周血单个核细胞PBMC和结核性胸膜炎患者胸水中CD44的表达,ELISA检测治疗前后结核性胸膜炎患者血浆和胸水中CD44的水平;进一步分析CD44在结核感染中的产生机制和发挥作用的方式;同时分析CD44与T-spot. TB联合检测对肺结核的诊断价值。结果:在肺结核患者外周血PBMC和结核性胸膜炎患者胸水中CD44 mRNA的表达水平显著高于非肺结核组和健康对照组,肺结核患者血浆和结核性胸膜炎患者胸水中CD44蛋白浓度显著高于非肺结核组和健康对照组;治疗后3、6、9月肺结核患者的外周血中CD44的mRNA水平,以及血浆中CD44浓度,显著降低,相比治疗前差异具有统计学意义;CD44和结核杆菌共作用的THP-1细胞可以显著提高细胞中CCL-2的表达,表明CD44通过促进结核杆菌感染的巨噬细胞中CCL2的表达来调节细胞的迁移;利用TNF-α中和抗体或者功能性TNF-α作用THP-1细胞,结果发现TNF-α可以显著提高细胞中CD44的表达。结论:CD44在结核患者体内高表达,可能是由于结核患者中高表达的TNF-α,从而刺激巨噬细胞产生CD44,为肺结核的临床诊断提供一定的研究基础。     

大肠癌患者外周血细胞CD133的表达

背景：近期有报道称在肿瘤患者外周血中检测出了高于正常值的CD133阳性细胞。 目的：观察CD133 mRNA和蛋白在大肠癌患者外周血中的表达并探讨其临床意义。 方法：应用流式细胞技术与RT-PCR反应检测29例大肠癌患者和20例正常对照外周血中CD133 抗原与mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：发生转移的大肠癌患者外周血中CD133阳性细胞比例显著高于正常对照及无转移的大肠癌患者(P < 0.01)。正常健康人群和无转移大肠癌患者外周血中CD133mRNA表达为阴性,发生转移的部分大肠癌患者外周血中CD133mRNA表达阳性,阳性率为35.7%(5/14),在超过38个以上循环时表达为弱阳性。结果表明,无转移大肠癌患者外周血中CD133 mRNA和蛋白表达与正常对照无区别,发生转移的大肠癌患者外周血中CD133 mRNA和蛋白高于正常对照和未发生转移者。     

The Infusaid pump in the management of intractable cancer pain

At Howard University Hospital, nine terminally ill cancer patients with chronic pain have been treated with continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine delivered by the implantable Infusaid pump. The case of a patient treated at Howard University Hospital with this method of pain management is presented. Following Infusaid pump insertion, the patient lived for 22 months and obtained substantial relief of his cancer pain with no adverse side effects.     

Incidence and management of diaphragmatic palsy in patients after cardiac surgery

Background:

Diaphragm is the most important part of the respiratory system. Diaphragmatic palsy following cardiac surgery is not uncommon and can cause deterioration of pulmonary functions and attendant pulmonary complications.

Objectives:

Aim of this study was to observe the incidence of diaphragmatic palsy after off pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) as compared to conventional CABG and to assess the efficacy of chest physiotherapy on diaphragmatic palsy in post cardiac surgical patients.

Design and Setting:

An observational prospective interventional study done at a tertiary care cardiac centre.

Patients:

2280 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery from February 2005 to august 2005.

Results:

30 patients out of 2280 (1.31%) developed diaphragmatic palsy. Patients were divided based on the presence or absence of symptoms viz. breathlessness at rest or exertion or with the change of posture along with hypoxemia and / or hypercapnia. Group I included 14 patients who were symptomatic (CABG n=13, post valve surgery n=1), While Group II included 16 asymptomatic patients (CABG n=12, post valve surgery n=4), 9 patients (64%) from Group I (n=14) and 4 patients (25%) from group II showed complete recovery from diaphragmatic palsy as demonstrated ultrasonographically.

Conclusion:

The incidence of diaphragmatic palsy was remarkably less in our adult cardiac surgical patients because most of the cardiac surgeries were performed off pump and intensive chest physiotherapy beginning shortly after extubation helped in complete or near complete recovery of diaphragmatic palsy. Chest Physiotherapy led to marked improvement in functional outcome following post cardiac surgery diaphragmatic palsy.We also conclude that ultrasonography is a simple valuable bed-side tool for rapid diagnosis of diaphragmatic palsy     

Down-regulation of HLA-A expression correlates with a better prognosis in colorectal cancer patients

To evaluate the prognostic impact of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression on immune surveillance in colorectal cancer, we studied 88 curatively resected tumors for HLA-A and HLA-B/C expression and correlated these data to clinical and histopathological parameters. HLA-A was normal (all tumor cells had HLA expression) in 32%, reduced (HLA-negative and -positive tumor cells coexisted) in 56%, or absent (no tumor cells expressed HLA) in 12% of evaluable cases. HLA-B/C was normal in 47%, reduced in 47%, and absent in 7% of the cases. Considering both markers, total HLA-I expression was normal in 27%, reduced in 63%, absent in 7%, and could not be evaluated in 3% of the cases due to absent HLA-A expression in tumor and normal cells. Down-regulation of HLA-A expression significantly correlated with a lower tumor stage (p = 0.005), mucinous tumors (p = 0.05), a lower incidence of recurrences (p = 0.03), and a longer disease-free survival (p = 0.02). Down-regulation of HLA-B/C expression correlated with a lower tumor stage (p < 0.001) and a longer disease-free survival (p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, HLA-A down-regulation was the only prognostic factor correlated with a longer disease-free survival (p = 0.02). Six tumors were negative for HLA-A and -B/C and did not recur during follow-up. Therefore, we analyzed microsatellite instability (MSI) in these cases. Three of these six tumors indeed showed down-regulation of MLH-1, MSH-2, or MSH-6, indicating a MSI-high phenotype. Beta-2-microglobulin protein expression was lost in five of six of the HLA-I-negative cases, but frame shift mutations in three repetitive sequences in beta2-microglobulin were absent. In contrast, loss of MLH-1, MSH-2, and MSH-6-protein expression was only observed in two of nine matched controls with reduced or normal HLA-A and -B/C expression. Our data showed that HLA-I was down-regulated in 72% of colorectal cancers and provided independent prognostic information for a longer disease-free survival. The better prognosis may be caused by elimination of HLA-negative cells by natural killer cells or by an attenuated tumor aggressiveness, as is seen in tumors with a MSI-high phenotype.     

Low expression of RSK4 predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death all over the world. Ribosomal s6 kinase4 (RSK4), an X-linked gene, firstly was found as to be a potential tumor suppressive gene in a variety of cancers and is widely participated in signaling pathway. However its role in CRC is unclear. This study is to explore the correlation between the protein expression of RSK4 and clinical pathologic characteristics in colorectal tumors, which might serve as a prognostic determinant of colorectal cancers. Methods: Biopsies of 103 colorectal cancer and 46 matched adjacent noncancerous tissues were collected for analysis of RSK4 protein by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between RSK4 protein expression and the clinical pathological features of colorectal cancers were evaluated by Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. The survival rates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the relationship between prognostic factors and patient survival was analyzed by the Cox proportional hazard models. Results: RSK4 was conversely correlated with some pathological classifications (P<0.05 for N, G and clinical staging), and there were no statistically significant differences in age, CEA expression in blood, CA199 and tumors t-staging (x² test, P>0.05 for all categories) respectively. Furthermore, patients with high protein level of RSK4 showed prolonged overall survivals (P<0.05). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that low expression level of RSK is an independent risk factor for high mortality in colorectal cancer. Conclusions: Low RSK4 expression is correlated with advanced clinical pathologic classifications and is a poor overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. These findings suggest that RSK4 may serve as a useful marker in prognostic evaluation for patients with colorectal cancer.     

CD133和CD44在结直肠癌细胞中的表达及其与患者5年生存率的相关性分析

目的: 探讨不同CD133/CD44细胞亚群的成瘤能力及CD133、CD44的表达水平对根治性结直肠癌患者术后生存率的影响,明确CD133和CD44作为结直肠癌肿瘤干细胞表面标志物的意义。方法: 利用流式细胞术分选出SW480细胞系中CD133和CD44标记的不同细胞亚群,比较其在裸鼠皮下成瘤情况;并利用免疫组化的方法观察CD133和CD44在90例结直肠癌患者石蜡切片标本的表达情况,对CD133、CD44与患者临床病理资料及生存率进行分析。结果: CD133⁺CD44⁺细胞群成瘤能力明显优于其它各组。CD133和CD44均在细胞膜上表达,两者均与患者性别、年龄 、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肝转移、肿瘤分化程度及UICC分期无关(P＞0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析法显示,CD133高表达组5年生存率为45.2%,CD133低表达组5年生存率为83.8%,两者有明显差异(P＜0.01);而CD44高表达组5年生存率(75.6%)与低表达组(70.1%)无明显差异(P＞0.05);其中CD133/CD44同时高表达者5年生存率明显较差(P＜0.01)。Cox风险回归模型分析结果表明,CD133、肝转移、分化程度及淋巴结转移是影响结直肠癌患者预后的几个独立危险因素(P＜0.05)。结论: CD133可作为结直肠癌肿瘤干细胞的良好标志物。CD133是影响结直肠癌患者预后的独立危险因素,其表达水平越高,预后越差;尽管CD44与结直肠癌患者预后无明显相关性,但联合检测CD133/CD44却能更好地判断患者的预后情况。     

Concepts of adoptive immunotherapy in stomach cancer patients after radical surgery

Although there has been a sufficiently steady trend towards a decrease in the incidence of carcinoma of the stomach (CS), the problem related with treatment of this malignant tumor remains acute up to now in many countries. Presently, the surgical method, i.e. gastrectomy in the volume of D2 (with splenectomy being an element of it) remains the basic treatment for CS of stages I-III. A removal of an essential portion of the lymphoid tissues brings about a pronounced, prolonged and hard-to-correct immunodeficiency, which, in its turn, aggravates the risk of postoperative infectious complications and cuts the relapse-free life period. The method, offered by us, makes it possible to obtain the lymphocine-activated cells from the mononuclear cell population of the spleen, removed in operation, and to use them in the adoptive immunotherapy for the purpose of improving the life duration and quality for this category of patients. However, elaboration of methods combining the activation of both non-specific and specific anti-tumor immunity through designing the anti-tumor auto-vaccines based on dendrite cells is the most promising direction in the adoptive immunotherapy for a radically operated CS.     

直肠癌术后并发改道性结肠炎的临床研究

目的　探讨直肠癌术后改道性结肠炎的发生情况、临床症状和肠镜特点,以期能够提高临床对改道性结肠炎的认识。 方法　将89例直肠癌保护性造瘘患者与375例直肠癌未造瘘患者的临床症状和内镜资料进行回顾性对比分析。 结果　造瘘组中有30例出现改道性结肠炎的临床症状,其腹痛、肛门粘液便、粘液血便的发生率分别为14.6%、23.6%和12.4%,均高于未造瘘组的2.9%、5.1%和1.9% (均P<0.05);造瘘组内镜检出其旷置结肠黏膜出现红斑肿胀、糜烂溃疡、炎性滤泡样增生、炎性息肉以及吻合口狭窄的阳性率分别为93.3%、29.2%、15.7%、29.2%和15.7%,均高于未造瘘组的14.1%、7.5%、0.5%、6.7%、4.5%(P<0.05);造瘘组T淋巴细胞外周血绝对计数CD3+ (980±475)个/μl、CD4+ (550±243)个/μl、CD8+ (342±206)个/μl和CD4+/ CD8+比值1.94±1.44,与未造瘘组相比无统计学差异 (P＞0.05)。 结论　改道性结肠炎在直肠癌造瘘术后3月左右即有较高的发生率,内镜检查有助于该病的临床早期诊断以得到及早的对症治疗。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者不同疾病阶段的血清细胞因子水平研究

目的探讨不同疾病阶段的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清细胞因子水平变化情况及其可能的临床意义。方法 CHB患者98例和正常对照组20例入组本研究,依据HBV感染后的自然史将CHB患者分为免疫清除期患者(活动组)和非活动期患者(非活动组),采用Luminex液相芯片技术检测血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、GM-CSF、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平,并分析各组细胞因子的变化情况和与临床指标的相关性。结果除IL-10以外,IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、GM-CSF、IFN-γ和TNF-α在3组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中,非活动组IL-2、IL-4、IL-8、GM-CSF、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平高于对照组,活动组IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、GM-CSF和TNF-α水平高于对照组,活动组IL-4、IL-8和IFN-γ水平低于非活动组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);另外,IL-6、IL-8与ALT、AST、TBil之间显著相关(P<0.05);而其余细胞因子与生化指标、HBV-DNA载量和HBsAg之间无明显相关性。结论慢性HBV感染者血清中的多种细胞因子表达增加,其中免疫清除期以炎性细胞因子升高为主,非活动期以抗炎和Th1型细胞因子升高为主,因此,检测血清细胞因子对了解患者机体免疫状态和疾病严重程度有重要意义。     

The role of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the management of familial ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: Familial ovarian cancer is most often associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, implicating mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, another common syndrome, is also associated with ovarian cancer and is caused by DNA mismatch repair genes. We sought to identify the role of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in women with family histories of ovarian cancer. METHODS: The likelihood of a genetic syndrome in 226 oophorectomized women in the Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry was determined by pedigree analysis using clinical criteria and by calculating the probability of a mutation in genes responsible for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer using available risk models. RESULTS: Some 86% had a BRCA gene mutation likelihood of 7.8% or higher, warranting consideration of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Of the 32 women below this threshold, 4 (12.5%) had family histories that met criteria for clinical diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In addition, 16 women (7%) with a BRCA mutation likelihood greater than 7.8% met clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or warranted its inclusion in the differential diagnosis. Among all study respondents, 9% had family histories warranting consideration of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of women with family histories of ovarian cancer.