Bladder exstrophy: effects on bone age, bone mineral density, growth, and metabolism

Bladder exstrophy patients with or without augmentation have not been investigated according to metabolic bone problems, bone ages and growth, and development in details yet. We studied alterations in growth, bone ages, biochemistry of bone, bone mineral densities (BMD) of the forearm, neck of femur and lumbar vertebrae, blood gases, glomerular filtration rates (GFR), and electrolytes of 15 bladder exstrophy patients with augmentation and in those who had no augmentation. In six patients, a sigmoid colon was used for bladder augmentation and one patient underwent a ureterosigmoidostomy. Growth charts of all children were analyzed for determination of the percentiles. The parameters were compared with normal children and a comparison between augmented and nonaugmented patients were made. Growth retardation and decreased bone age were detected in all of the children. Ten patients with bladder exstrophy were below the 10th percentile for height. The mean age/bone age ratio of the patients was 1.59. The mean lumbar and femoral Z scores of the patients were -1.00 and -0.49, respectively. Mean BMD for distal radius was 0.239 g/cm2. Seven patients had a marked BMD decrease, their femoral and/or lumbar Z scores were below -1. Four cases had a pH lower than 7.35. In five patients, a HCO3 level less than 19 mmol/l was detected, four of them had an augmentation. Chloride measurements were slightly increased in six patients and alkaline phosphatase levels in five cases. Reduced GFR values were detected in two patients. There were no significant difference in laboratory values, in percentile height, and weights, in BMDs of femur, vertebra, forearm nor were any differences noted in age/bone age ratios in patients with augmentation when compared with those who had no augmentation. We found varying alteration in bone mineral density and HCO3 levels in patients with bladder exstrophy. Patients with bladder exstrophy, with or without augmentation, may develop serious growth retardation. As much as 45% of them, regardless of presence of augmentation, have an osteopenia or osteoporosis. We found a considerable difference in percentiles of heights as well as bone ages in bladder exstrophy patients when compared with normal population. We recommend close follow up of children with bladder exstrophy for linear growth, development of osteopenia, and bone ages.     

Depression in older breast cancer survivors

Background

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among U.S. women .The 5-year survival rate for this tumour is nowadays 85%, and the 61% of these women are still alive at 15 years. When depression symptoms are present as a consequence of breast cancer treatments, they may interfere negatively with patients’ quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of breast cancer treatment on the quality of life and the impact of depression on the health-related life.

Methods

We enrolled 173 women aged 65-75 years with early stage breast cancer diagnosed over the last 10 years, initially recruited to participate in a study examining heath-related quality of life in the first 5 years after breast cancer diagnosis. Participants were divided into four groups: 1) 46 breast cancer survivors (aged 65-70); 2) 62 women diagnosed with breast cancer (aged 65-69); 3) 32 women with recurrent breast cancer after 10 years (aged 66-75); 4) 30 women in good health status (aged 60-70). The Geriatric Depression Scale was used as a routine part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Collection of data for the application of instruments, such as sociodemographic variables (age, educational level, social state) and clinical date (stage and time of the disease and treatment), was carried out by trained researcher assistants.

Results

Our results demonstrated the correlation between depression and previous cancer experiences. In fact, in patients with cancer experience, the grade of depression was significantly higher compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the patients with recurrent breast cancer were severely depressed compared to other groups.

Conclusions

A high percentage of participants were identified as having emotional and/or well being problems. Further investigations on the cause of depression problems cancer-related are needed.

     

Change in hip bone mineral density and risk of subsequent fractures in older men

Low bone mineral density (BMD) increases fracture risk; how changes in BMD influence fracture risk in older men is uncertain. BMD was assessed at two to three time points over 4.6 years using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) for 4470 men aged ≥65 years in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Change in femoral neck BMD was estimated using mixed effects linear regression models. BMD change was categorized as “accelerated” (≤?0.034 g/cm²), “expected” (between 0 and ?0.034 g/cm²), or “maintained” (≥0 g/cm²). Fractures were adjudicated by central medical record review. Multivariate proportional hazards models estimated the risk of hip, nonspine/nonhip, and nonspine fracture over 4.5 years after the final BMD measure, during which time 371 (8.3%) men experienced at least one nonspine fracture, including 78 (1.7%) hip fractures. Men with accelerated femoral neck BMD loss had an increased risk of nonspine (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–2.8); nonspine/nonhip (HR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.3); and hip fracture (HR = 6.3; 95% CI 2.7–14.8) compared with men who maintained BMD over time. No difference in risk was seen for men with expected loss. Adjustment for the initial BMD measure did not alter the results. Adjustment for the final BMD measure attenuated the change in BMD‐nonspine fracture and the change in BMD‐nonspine/nonhip relationships such that they were no longer significant, whereas the change in the BMD‐hip fracture relationship was attenuated (HR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1–6.4). Total hip BMD change produced similar results. Accelerated decrease in BMD is a strong, independent risk factor for hip and other nonspine fractures in men. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

辅助化疗对乳腺癌患者骨密度的影响

目的观察辅助化疗对乳腺癌患者骨密度的影响。方法选取2015年3月至2016年3月就诊宣武医院普外科并行辅助化疗的乳腺癌患者71名,绝经前32人,绝经后39人,根据疾病采用不同化疗方案(EC、FEC、TC、EC-T),患者化疗前均进行骨密度的检查,同时在化疗结束后再进行骨密度的检查。结果在绝经前患者,化疗导致患者腰椎骨密度下降,且患者基础BMI越高,骨密度下降越快;在绝经后患者,化疗导致患者股骨骨密度的下降,与患者的基础BMI关系不大。结论化疗使乳腺癌患者骨密度下降,骨健康受损,且与绝经前患者的BMI相关。     

Genetic and environmental influences on bone mineral density in pre- and post-menopausal women

Genetic factors influencing acquisition of peak bone mass account for a substantial proportion of the variation in bone mineral density (BMD), although the extent to which genes also contribute to variation in bone loss is debatable. Few prospective studies of related individuals have been carried out to address this issue. To gain insights into the nature of the genetic factors contributing to variation in BMD, we studied 570 women from large Amish families. We evaluated and compared the genetic contributions to BMD in pre- and post-menopausal women, with the rationale that genetic variation in pre-menopausal women is due primarily to genetic determinants of peak bone mass, while genetic variation in post-menopausal women is due to the combined genetic effects of peak bone mass and bone loss. Bone mineral density was measured at one point in time at the hip and spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We used variance decomposition procedures to partition variation in BMD into genetic and environmental effects common to both groups and to pre- and post-menopausal women separately. Total variation in BMD was higher in post- compared to pre-menopausal women. Genes accounted for 58–88% of the total variation in BMD in pre-menopausal women compared to 37–54% of the total variation in post-menopausal women. In absolute terms, however, the genetic variance was approximately similar between the two groups because the environmental variance was 3 1/2- to 4-fold larger in the post-menopausal group. The genetic correlation in total hip BMD was 0.81 between pre- and post-menopausal women and differed significantly from one, consistent with the presence of at least some non-overlapping genetic effects in the two groups for BMD at this site. Overall, these analyses suggest that many, but not all, of the genetic factors influencing variation in BMD are common to both pre- and post-menopausal women.     

The effect of weight training on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with bone loss: a 24-month randomized controlled trial

Summary  

This study examined whether 24 months of weight training exercises enhanced the effectiveness of risedronate, calcium, and vitamin D in maintaining or improving bone mineral density (BMD) in 223 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Subjects who were ≥50% adherent to exercise had no improvement in BMD but were less likely to lose BMD.     

Effects of oral clodronate on bone mineral density in patients with relapsing breast cancer

The high prevalence of bone metastases in breast cancer and the risk that spinal and femoral osteoporosis may add further morbidity provide a rationale for bisphosphonate therapy in patients with skeletal metastases from mammary carcinoma. We investigated the effects of oral clodronate given during 9 months, with a 24-month follow-up, on bone mineral density (BMD), on biochemical markers of bone remodeling, and on osseous complications in 67 women with documented relapsing breast cancer, aged 58.7 ± 1.5 years (x ± SEM). Patients with active cancer disease were randomly allocated to two groups, with or without clodronate treatment (1600 mg/day, orally). Twenty-six women considered in complete remission (52.4 ± 2.4 years) were also studied. Expressed in deviation from gender- and age-matched normals (z score), base-line BMD at the levels of lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and midfemoral shaft (FS) was +0.10 ± 0.22 vs. −0.12 ± 0.25, +0.03 ± 0.19 vs. −0.54 ± 0.24, and +0.08 ± 0.14 vs. −0.02 ± 0.22, in patients with active breast cancer and in subjects in remission, respectively. After 9 months of treatment, fasting urinary calcium to creatinine ratio was lower (0.26 ± 0.04 vs. 0.40 ± 0.04 mmol/mmol creatinine, p < 0.02) and serum osteocalcin was stabilized (−2.1 ± 1.1 vs. +7.0 ± 3.3 μg/L, as compared with pretreatment values, p < 0.02), in the clodronate-treated group. The rate of osseous complications (pathological fracture, hypercalcemic episode, scintigraphic or radiological evidence of metastasis development, chemo- or radiotherapy for bone disease progression) was 28.8 events per 100 patient-year in the clodronate-treated group vs. 39.0 in controls, and 31.5 vs. 40.5, after 9 and 15 months of follow-up, respectively. In 15 women without evident LS bone metastasis (7 clodronate-treated and 8 controls), LS BMD increased in the clodronate-treated group by +5.2 ± 2.5% vs. −0.3 ± 1.4%, and +8.1 ± 4.7 vs. −0.9 ±1.7, after 10.3 ± 0.4 and 17.3 ± 1.2 months, respectively (p < 0.01), as compared with pretreatment values. These results indicate that clodronate treatment decreased bone turnover and attenuated cancer-related bone morbidity. In addition, clodronate increased LS BMD in apparently unaffected bone of women with relapsing breast cancer.     

Plasma phosphatidylcholine concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids are differentially associated with hip bone mineral density and hip fracture in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may influence bone health. The objective of this work was to examine associations between plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) PUFA concentrations and hip measures: (1) femoral neck bone mineral density (FN‐BMD) (n = 765); (2) 4‐year change in FN‐BMD (n = 556); and (3) hip fracture risk (n = 765) over 17‐year follow‐up among older adults in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. BMD measures were regressed on quintile of plasma PC PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], linoleic acid [LA], and arachidonic acid [AA]), adjusted for covariates. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hip fracture were estimated by quintile of plasma PC PUFAs, adjusted for covariates. Higher concentrations of PC DHA were associated with loss of FN‐BMD over 4 years in women (p‐trend = 0.04), but was protective in men in the uppermost quintile compared to men grouped in the lower four quintiles, in post hoc analysis (p = 0.01). PC LA concentrations were inversely associated with baseline FN‐BMD in women (p‐trend = 0.02), and increased hip fracture risk in women and men (p‐trend = 0.05), but body mass index (BMI) adjustment attenuated these associations (p‐trend = 0.12 and p‐trend = 0.14, respectively). A trend toward a protective association was observed between PC AA and baseline FN‐BMD in men (p‐trend = 0.06). Women and men with the highest PC AA concentrations had 51% lower hip fracture risk than those with the lowest (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.24–1.00). Opposing effects of PC DHA on FN‐BMD loss observed in women and men need further clarification. Bone loss associated with PC LA may be confounded by BMI. High PC AA concentrations may be associated with reduced hip fracture risk. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者骨密度及骨标志物水平研究

目的探讨绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者的骨密度及骨标志物水平。方法选择2014年12月~2016年3月在309医院骨内科住院的绝经后女性患者128例,其中2型糖尿病者60例为研究组,年龄50-69岁,平均年龄60.8岁,无糖尿病者68例为对照组,年龄50-69岁,平均年龄59.8岁,采用美国好乐杰公司双光能骨密度仪测量所有患者腰椎L2-L4和左侧股骨近端及全髋骨密度,并测定其身高、体重、体重指数(BMI),记录其入院时生化指标如血脂,血钙、磷、镁、空腹血糖情况,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定各组的B-ALP、CTX、PINP、25羟维生素D的水平,比较两组间骨密度值、生化指标及骨标志物水平是否存在统计学差异。结果两组间一般情况如年龄、身高、体重、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血镁、血脂水平无统计学差异,两组髋部及腰1-4椎体骨密度水平、25羟维生素D及PTH无统计学差异。观察组空腹血糖、血钙水平、骨代谢标志物CTX高于对照组,而OC、ALP低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义。结论绝经后2型糖尿病妇女骨转换标志物异常,可能是预测糖尿病性骨质疏松的一个标志。     

A nomogram for predicting lifetime hip fracture risk from radius bone mineral density and age

A statistical model for predicting a woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture using her bone mineral density at menopause has been proposed by Black et al. (1992b). We made an additional assumption concerning the correlation of bone mineral density between any two ages among postmenopausal women and applied the modified model to baseline ages between 50 and 85 years and any bone mineral density level likely to be observed in the population. The results are displayed in a form more convenient for application of this model in the clinical setting.     

Racial differences in bone mineral density in older men.

Studies have examined factors related to BMD in older white, but not black, men. We measured BMD in older white and black men and examined factors related to racial differences in BMD. Black men had significantly higher adjusted BMD at all sites. These results may explain, in part, the lower incidence of fractures in older black men. INTRODUCTION: Several studies have examined factors associated with bone mineral density (BMD)in older men. None, however, have had sufficient numbers of black men to allow for meaningful comparisons by race. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 503 white and 191 black men aged 65 and older(75.1 +/- 5.8 and 72.2 +/- 5.7 years, respectively) were recruited from the Baltimore metropolitan area. All men completed a battery of self-administered questionnaires, underwent a standardized examination, and had BMD measured at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body. Data were analyzed using multiple variable linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounding variables; two-way interactions with main effects were included in models where appropriate. RESULTS: Black men had significantly higher adjusted BMD at the femoral neck (difference 0.09 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.12] mg/cm2), lumbar spine (0.07 [0.04, 0.10] mg/cm2), and total body (0.06 [0.03, 0.08] mg/cm2) than white men. CONCLUSIONS: Older black men have significantly higher BMD than older white men, even after adjustment for factors associated with BMD. These differences, especially at the femoral neck, may explain the reduced incidence of hip fracture in black compared with white men.     

The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius,spine, and hip in young men

Summary We previously demonstrated that muscle-building exercise is associated with increases in serum Gla-protein, serum 1,25(OH)₂D, and urinary cyclic AMP. These studies were interpreted to mean that this form of exercise increases bone formation and modifies the vitamin D-endocrine system to provide more calcium for bone. The present investigation was carried out in normal young adult white men to determine the effects of exercise on bone mineral density at weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing sites. Twelve men who had regularly engaged in muscle-building exercises (use of weights, exercise machines, or both) for at least 1 year and 50 age-matched controls (aged 19–40 years) were studied. The body weights of the two groups were not different from each other (78±2 vs. 74±1 kg, NS). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry, and BMD of the midradius was measured by single-photon absorptiometry. It was found that muscle-building exercise was associated with increased BMD at the lumbar spine (1.35±0.03 vs. 1.22±0.02 g/cm²,P<0.01), trochanter (0.99±0.04 vs. 0.86±0.02 g/cm²,P<0.01), and femoral neck (1.18 ±0.03 vs. 1.02±0.02 g/cm²,P<0.001) but not at the midradius (0.77±0.02 vs. 0.77±0.01 g/cm², NS). These studies provide additional evidence that muscle-building exercise is associated with increases in BMD at weight-bearing sites but not at nonweight-bearing sites.     

The relationship of depression, anxiety and stress with low bone mineral density in post-menopausal women

Summary

The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships of depression, anxiety and stress with bone mineral density (BMD). We hypothesized negative relations between those mood variables and BMD in three assessed areas. The study showed association between depression and decreased BMD. The hypothesis regarding anxiety and stress was partially confirmed.

Introduction

In the last decade, the relationship of osteoporosis to psychological variables has been increasingly studied. The accumulating evidence from these studies supports the conclusion that depression is related to decreased BMD. Nevertheless, several studies found no support for this relationship. Moreover, only a small number of studies examined the association between anxiety or stress and decreased BMD. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships of depression, anxiety and stress with BMD by means of adequate measuring instruments, while controlling for background factors known to be related to BMD decrease (e.g., body mass index, family history).

Method

The study included 135 post-menopausal female participants, who arrived for BMD screening, between the years 2006 and 2009. Several days prior to the examination, participants completed a series of questionnaires assessing depression and anxiety. BMD was measured using DXA, in spine, right and left hip.

Results

The study showed negative associations between depression and BMD variables in the three assessed areas. There were negative correlations between anxiety, stress and spine BMD, as well as a tendency towards negative relations in the right and left hip BMD. Concurrent hierarchical regressions showed that the addition of the three psychological variables increased the explained variance by 6?C8?%. In addition, depression was found to have a unique significant contribution to the explained variance in right and left hip BMD.

Conclusions

The findings provide supporting evidence for the existence of associations between mood variables and decreased BMD. Further research is required for gaining deeper insight into these relationships.     

An association between respiratory function and hip bone mineral density in older men: a cross-sectional study

The association between respiratory function and bone mineral density (BMD) among women living in the community has been reported previously. We examined the association between forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and BMD measured at hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group of 947 men (aged 65 to 76 years) recruited from general practice age-sex registers in Cambridge between 1991 and 1995. A positive and significant correlation was seen between FEV₁ and BMD measured at total hip, femoral neck, and trochanter. A unit change (1 l) in FEV₁ was associated with a change of BMD by 0.019, 0.017, and 0.026 g/cm² in the total hip, femoral neck, and tochanteric region, respectively. These associations were independent of possible confounding factors such as age, height, weight, smoking habit, major disease prevalence, and medications, which might affect bone metabolism. In categorical analyses, the highest BMD was seen in the highest FEV₁ quartile, while the lowest BMD was seen in the lowest FEV₁ quartile. This pattern was seen in all three skeletal sites and was independent of covariates listed above. Compared with the bottom FEV₁ quartile, mean hip BMDs in the top quartile were 2–3.5% higher. The exact mechanism of this association is not clear to us. One plausible explanation is that respiratory function and bone health both reflect common but as yet unknown determinants.     

Bone mineral density changes after parathyroidectomy are dependent on biochemical profile

Background

Bone mineral density (BMD) has been found to improve after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. There are few data on the effect of PTX on BMD in normocalcemic and normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism.

Fish consumption,bone mineral density,and risk of hip fracture among older adults: The cardiovascular health study

Marine n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may be beneficial for bone health, but few studies have investigated the association with fish consumption. Our aim was to study associations of fish and EPA + DHA consumption with bone mineral density (BMD) and hip fracture risk and determine whether high linoleic acid (LA) intake, the major dietary n‐6 PUFA, modifies the associations. The study population consisted of 5045 participants aged 65 years and older from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Data on BMD were available for 1305 participants. Food‐frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake, and hip fracture incidence was assessed prospectively by review of hospitalization records. After multivariable adjustment, femoral neck BMD was 0.01 g/cm² lower in the highest versus lowest tuna/other‐fish intake category (p = .05 for trend). EPA + DHA intake (higher versus lower median of 0.32 g/day) was associated with lower femoral neck BMD (0.66 versus 0.71 g/cm², p < .001) among those with LA intake greater than the median 12.1 g/day (p = .03 for interaction). No significant associations were found with total‐hip BMD. During mean follow‐up of 11.1 years, 505 hip fractures occurred. Fish or EPA + DHA consumption was not significantly associated with fracture incidence [hazard ratio (HR) for extreme categories: HR = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–1.84 for tuna/other fish; HR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.91–1.49 for fried fish; and HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.71–1.36 for EPA + DHA]. High LA intake did not modify these associations. In this large prospective cohort of older adults, fish consumption was associated with very small differences in BMD and had no association with hip fracture risk. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

年龄、体重、体重指数对青岛市居民骨密度的影响

目的探讨年龄、体重和体重指数对骨密度的影响。方法双能骨密度仪(DEXA)测定269例50~80岁青岛常住人口腰椎前后位和髋部骨密度,记录年龄,测量身高、体重,计算出体重指数,并进行统计学分析。结果高龄、低体重和低体重指数者骨密度均较其他组低,差异有显著性。男性和女性骨密度随年龄、体重和体重指数的变化模式不同。结论年龄、体重和体重指数是影响骨密度的重要因素。年龄、体重和体重指数对男性和女性骨密度的影响结果不同。     

身高、体重、体重指数对绝经后妇女全身骨密度的影响

目的 探讨绝经后妇女骨密度（BMD）与身高、体重、体重指数（BMI）的关系。方法 对南京地区50岁以上绝经后妇女794人，按身高、体重和BMI，将受检者分为3组：低体重组，正常体重组和超体重组，采用双能X线骨密度（DEXA）测定受检者腰椎2-4、股骨上端及全身MBD。结果 腰椎、股骨和全身MBD随体重、BMI增加而增高。各组间腰椎、股骨和全身MBD均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。身高、体重、BMI与腰椎、股骨及全身的BMD呈正相关。体重比身高、BMI与BMD相关性好。结论 体重对绝经后妇女BMD影响较身高和BMI大，低体重是发生骨质疏松（OP）的危险因素之一，对低体重（BMI≤20kg／m^2）绝经后妇女采取适当措施防治OP，以免发生骨折。     

Changes in bone mineral density in transient osteoporosis of the hip

Transient osteoporosis of the hip is a disorder characterised by pain, and associated with temporary osteopaenia. Although osteopaenia is the essence of the condition, data do not exist about the local bone density of the femoral neck if no medication is administered. We describe three patients who were treated with limitation of weight-bearing only. Repeated bone mineral density measurements were obtained, and that at the femoral neck was lowest two months after the onset of the condition. The mean reduction in bone mineral density when compared with an age-matched control group was 13% (3% to 24%). Spontaneous recovery was observed in all patients.     

Predictors of bone mineral density testing among older women on Medicare

Summary

Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for all women ≥65 and is covered by Medicare, 40 % of women on Medicare report never having had a DXA. In a longitudinal cohort of 3492 women followed for two decades, we identified several risk factors that should be targeted to improve DXA testing rates.

Introduction

DXA is used to measure bone mineral density, screen for osteoporosis, and assess fracture risk. DXA is recommended for all women ≥65 years old. Although Medicare covers DXA every 24 months for women, about 40 % report never having had a DXA test, and little is known from prospective cohort studies about which subgroups of women have low use rates and should be targeted for interventions. Our objective was to identify predictors of DXA use in a nationally representative cohort of women on Medicare.

Methods

We used baseline and biennial follow-up survey data (1993–2012) for 3492 women ≥70 years old from the nationally representative closed cohort known as the Survey on Assets and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). The survey data for these women were then linked to their Medicare claims (1991–2012), yielding 17,345 person years of observation. DXA tests were identified from the Medicare claims, and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used with both fixed and time-dependent predictors from the survey interviews including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health status, health habits, and the living environment.

Results

DXA use was positively associated with being Hispanic American, better cognition, higher income, having arthritis, using other preventative services, and living in Florida or other southern states. DXA use was negatively associated with age, being African-American, being overweight or obese, having mobility limitations, and smoking.

Conclusions

Interventions to increase DXA use should target the characteristics that were observed here to be negatively associated with such screening.