下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗后支架内再狭窄的治疗

目的:探讨下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)腔内治疗后支架内再狭窄的治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年12月收治的支架内再狭窄的31例下肢ASO患者(49条肢体)资料,其中狭窄病变37条肢体,闭塞病变12条肢体;病变长度8.5~35 cm,平均(25.2±7.5)cm。结果:所有患者均接受腔内治疗,包括单纯球囊扩张成形术35例,球囊扩张后导管溶栓术3例,球囊扩张后支架植入术3例,导管溶栓后球囊扩张术7例,斑块旋切术1例。术后所有患者症状均不同程度缓解,平均踝肱指数较术前明显升高(P0.05)。28例获得随访3~32个月,平均(16.2±5.8)个月,期间出现再狭窄6例(21.4%),均再次行球囊扩张成形术,无截肢及死亡病例。结论:结合其他腔内疗法,球囊扩张术治疗下肢动脉支架内再狭窄疗效满意。     

腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的短中期疗效

目的:探讨腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(SISMAD)的短中期临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2009年3月—2016年8月收治的16例SISMAD患者资料,根据Sakamoto分型,其中I型3例(18.75%),II型3例(18.75%),III型10例(62.5%)。结果:1例I型患者经保守治疗效果满意,2例I型患者、3例II型患者、5例III型患者行单支架植入术,5例III型患者行双支架植入术(其中1例III型患者真腔狭窄约95%,行球囊扩张后植入2枚支架)。所用支架均为自膨式裸支架。随访1~34个月,中位时间16个月,均未再发相关性腹痛等症状,腹部CTA显示夹层假腔不显影,支架无移位、变形,支架腔内无狭窄、闭塞。结论:腔内介入治疗SISMAD的短中期效果好,但其长期效果需进一步观察。     

27例多发性大动脉炎血管介入治疗

目的探讨血管介入治疗多发性大动脉炎(Takayasu arteritis,TA)所致血管狭窄或闭塞性病变的临床疗效。方法 2003年6月～2011年6月对27例TA经股动脉穿刺选择性血管造影,确定病变部位,明确诊断,并对因大动脉炎引起的锁骨下动脉、颈动脉、肾动脉、腹主动脉病变进行了选择性球囊扩张或支架植入手术。结果 27例施行血管腔内扩张成形术或支架植入术,其中颈总动脉扩张10例,支架2例;锁骨下动脉扩张6例;腹主动脉扩张4例;肾动脉扩张10例,支架4例;无名动脉扩张1例,支架1例;共置入支架7枚。2例颈动脉扩张时因并发症而终止治疗,其余病例病变血管均获得满意的治疗。27例随访5个月～7年,平均4年,其中<12个月6例,1～3年12例,3～5年6例,>5年3例:11例头晕、视觉异常等脑缺血症状改善;12例肾动脉狭窄所致高血压经球囊扩张及支架植入后血压控制正常;2例肾动脉狭窄在球囊扩张后14、18个月再次发生血压增高,造影显示扩张后肾动脉再次狭窄,再次行肾动脉球囊扩张成形术,扩张后高血压恢复正常。结论介入性血管内成形术治疗TA所致血管狭窄或闭塞性病变疗效满意。     

管腔内介入技术治疗肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄

目的 探讨管腔内介入治疗技术在肝移植术后胆管并发症治疗中的价值.方法 应用管腔内介入治疗技术对9例肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄(1例伴胆汁瘘)的病人进行治疗,其中4例胆管明显扩张、胆汁淤积者先行经皮胆管引流术.9例中2例单纯行球囊扩张成形术,7例反复球囊扩张无效者行胆道支架置入术.术后利用临床、化验及影像学手段进行观察与随访.结果 所有行管腔内介入技术治疗的病例均获成功,未出现与治疗相关的并发症.所有病例术后临床症状均有明显好转,胆红素在1个月内全部降至正常,肝内外胆管扩张明显减轻,胆汁瘘在支架置入术后1个月后消失.随访期间1例于支架置入术3个月后死于肿瘤复发,其余病人均健在,未出现与管腔内治疗相关并发症,均未出现再次黄疸,影像学检查显示无胆管扩张,支架通常.结论 管腔内介入技术治疗肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄疗效确切,并发症少,应在外科术前首先考虑.     

弹簧支架在下肢动脉硬化性狭窄和闭塞治疗中的应用

目的总结使用弹簧支架对下肢动脉硬化性狭窄和闭塞行介入球囊扩张、支架术的临床经验和近、远期疗效。方法对23例患者的29条肢体的下肢动脉硬化性病变行球囊扩张后置入弹簧支架（Introcoil）。结果成功完成29条肢体的治疗，无术中并发症。置入后即时造影示病变处管径明显增大，血流通畅。所有患者均获2～36个月随访，平均随访20个月。6例患者的6条肢体（20．7％）因重新出现动脉闭塞而行搭桥手术，其他患者下肢原有症状消失，20条足背动脉搏动恢复，超声示支架处血流通畅。结论弹簧支架置入是一种有效的下肢动脉狭窄和闭塞的介入治疗方法。     

介入手术治疗复杂主髂动脉闭塞症：附16例分析

目的:探讨经皮腔内介入治疗复杂主髂动脉闭塞症的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析收治的16例复杂主髂动脉闭塞患者临床资料,患者均行介入手术治疗,通过多穿刺入路途径,采用内膜下血管再通技术和导丝抓捕技术建立工作导丝通道,然后行球囊扩张术及对吻技术支架植入等。结果:16例复杂主髂动脉闭塞的患者,手术均获得成功,手术成功率100%。16例患者中15例患者血管完全通畅,症状明显改善,1例患者症状中度改善,下肢缺血症状消失。1例患者出现穿刺部位血肿,术后并发症发生率为6.25%。所有患者均随访3~48个月,其中有5例患者出现支架内狭窄及血栓形成,经过腔内介入治疗后再次恢复血流。术后12、24、36个月血管通畅率分别为87.5%、81.25%、68.75%。结论:经皮腔内介入治疗复杂主髂动脉闭塞,能够迅速打通血管、恢复血流,且并发症少,临床效果满意。     

经皮腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层16例

目的探讨经皮腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection,SISMAD)的效果和安全性。方法 2009年3月~2016年3月16例SISMAD(Yun血管影像学分型,Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱa型5例,Ⅱb型9例)经多穿刺入路,导丝通过病变段,然后行球囊扩张及支架植入。结果 16例接受介入治疗,其中2例保守治疗无效后采用介入治疗,手术技术成功率100%。16例共植入21枚自膨式裸支架,其中植入单层支架11例,双支架重叠术5例,术中造影显示肠系膜上动脉(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)真腔血流通畅。16例随访3~36个月(平均18.8月),均无腹痛症状发生,肠系膜上动脉CTA显示夹层动脉瘤不显影,支架内血流通畅。结论经皮腔内介入治疗SISMAD是一种安全、有效的方法。     

肠系膜上动脉夹层15例诊治分析

目的 探讨肠系膜上动脉夹层的临床诊治路径.方法 分析2006年2月至2010年7月收治的15例肠系膜上动脉夹层患者的临床资料.男13例,女2例.年龄43～63岁,平均(53±8)岁.除1例有明确的外伤史,余无明确诱因.所有患者均经腹部增强CT扫描检查明确诊断.治疗方法包括腔内支架治疗、保守治疗及开放手术治疗.结果 腔内支架治疗成功5例,未成功而转保守治疗9例.1例因疑有严重肠缺血的患者接受开放手术,术中行肠系膜上动脉夹层开窗,恢复远端肠系膜上动脉血供.15例中13例患者得到随访,随访率为86.7％.随访时间12 ～60个月,平均(28±14)个月.在随访期内无腹痛复发及慢性肠缺血症状.保守治疗的患者CT随访无夹层瘤样扩张,腔内治疗成功的患者内支架均通畅.结论 腔内治疗肠系膜上动脉夹层的成功率不高;对于症状缓解的患者及无症状的患者,可在长期随访检测下进行保守治疗;症状不缓解或出现肠缺血坏死征象时应尽早行开放手术治疗.     

介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄38例疗效分析

目的 探讨介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年3月于本院行肝脏移植术后发生门静脉狭窄并接受介入治疗的38例患者资料.所有患者均采用介入手段治疗.介入治疗后再次造影如发现胃冠状静脉仍明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,则以弹簧圈栓塞.总结临床资料、影像随访资料、介入治疗的并发症和预后等情况.结果 38例患者介入治疗的技术成功率为100％.共置入自膨式支架7枚、球囊扩张式支架29枚,覆膜支架1枚.对2例小儿肝移植患者单纯采用球囊扩张成形术治疗.共有2例患者介入治疗后胃冠状静脉明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,予以栓塞治疗.随访3～90个月.介入治疗后发生肝内血肿1例,发生率为2.63％.1例因同时合并肝动脉闭塞、缺血性胆道损伤于术后3个月死于多脏器功能衰竭.因胆道并发症接受三次肝移植1例;因门静脉主干内癌栓形成再次置入覆膜支架1例;发生支架内再狭窄1例.其余34例患者影像随访显示门静脉通畅.结论 肝移植术后门静脉狭窄采用介入治疗安全、有效,远期疗效良好.     

肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管内介入治疗

目的 评价肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的介入治疗的效果及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2004年4月至2012年1月收治的肝移植术后门静脉狭窄患者30例,所有患者均具有门静脉高压的临床症状、体征或经超声检查等影像学检查显示门静脉狭窄.经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影明确门静脉狭窄的部位、范围和程度,球囊扩张后行支架植入.同时行胃冠状静脉造影,如严重曲张或者影响门静脉血流则行栓塞治疗.介入治疗后对患者进行随访,记录患者的临床症状、实验室检查结果及超声检查等影像学检查结果.结果 30例患者均成功接受门静脉造影,其中1例未能通过狭窄的门静脉主干;其余29例中,25例行球囊扩张后支架植入术,共植入26个自膨式支架;4例行球囊扩张治疗.介入治疗的技术成功率为96.7％(29/30).7例行曲张的胃冠状静脉弹簧圈栓塞.介入治疗相关的并发症为胸膜腔出血2例.随访期为1～72个月(平均21.5个月),所有接受介入治疗患者的门静脉均通畅,未出现支架内再狭窄.结论 介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄安全、有效,门静脉通畅率良好.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.