内吗啡肽对小鼠树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的研究内吗啡肽-1和内吗啡肽-2对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞表型和免疫功能的影响。方法从7～8周龄的C57BL/6J小鼠提取骨髓前体细胞培养,经CD11c免疫磁珠分选,获得纯化的树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)。未成熟DC用脂多糖或脂多糖+不同浓度内吗啡肽共培养,流式细胞术检测DC的表型;检测内吗啡肽对DC趋化性的影响。在DC和T淋巴细胞共培养的条件下,用氚标记胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-TdR)参入测定的方法检测T淋巴细胞的增殖能力。结果内吗啡肽抑制DC的趋化性;与T淋巴细胞体外共培养时,经内吗啡肽-1或内吗啡肽-2处理的DC能抑制T淋巴细胞的增殖反应。上述内吗啡肽的作用都能被Mu阿片受体特异性拮抗剂CTOP翻转或部分翻转,提示内吗啡肽的作用是由Mu受体介导的。结论内吗啡肽可通过作用于Mu阿片受体,改变树突状细胞的部分免疫功能,调节免疫反应。     

Effect of methotrexate on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice

We investigated the effect of the anti-rheumatic drug methotrexate (MTX) on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice. For this investigation, mice were immunized subcutaneously at the base of the tail with ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (day 0). Varying doses of MTX were orally administered daily from days 0 to 20. On day 21, anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as indicators of Th1 responses and anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as those of Th2 responses were measured. The results showed that treatment with MTX was followed by decreases in OVA-specific IgG and proliferation of spleen cells to the antigen. The anti-rheumatic drug inhibited both anti-OVA IgG2a and IgG1 production, although the inhibitory effect of MTX on the antigen-specific IgG2a production appeared to be greater than that on IgG1 production. IFN-gamma, but not IL-10, secretion was markedly downregulated by MTX. Administration of MTX resulted in suppression of antigen (OVA)-induced arthritis in mice. The suppression of the joint inflammation by MTX was associated with inhibition of OVA-specific proliferative responses of spleen cells, anti-OVA IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 production, and IFN-gamma and IL-10 secretion, although more pronounced decreases in IgG2a and IFN-gamma were observed compared with those in IgG1 and IL-10 in MTX-treated mice. These results indicate that MTX appears to suppress Th1 and, to a lesser extent, Th2 immune responses and its anti-arthritic effect on human rheumatoid arthritis might be at least in part explained by down-regulation of Th1 responses involved in the disease.     

Resveratrol inhibits phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

This study investigated the effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in grapes and grape products such as wine and having a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities effecting on the phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DC). Resveratrol inhibited the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II significantly, and had the same effect dose-dependently on DC. Resveratrol also significantly suppressed the ability of BM-DC to produce intracellular IL-12 p40/p70 and secretory IL-12 p70 in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. Resveratrol-treated DC were highly efficient in antigen capture via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Also, they were poor stimulators of na?ve allogeneic T-cell proliferation and induced lower levels of IL-2 in responding T cells. These results indicate the immunosuppressive properties of resveratrol, which may be therapeutically useful in controlling chronic immune and/or inflammatory diseases through the down-regulation of DC differentiation and maturation.     

Flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranaceus) is an important traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used as a tonic to enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms. In this phytochemical study, 12 flavonoids, isoliquiritigenin (1), liquiritigenin (2), calycosin (3), calycosin 7-O-β-d-glucoside (4), formononetin (5), formononetin 7-O-β-d-glucoside (6), daidzein (7), daidzein 7-O-β-d-glucoside (8), methylnissolin (9), methylnissolin 3-O-β-d-glucoside (10), isomucronulatol (11), and isomucronulatol 7-O-β-d-glucoside (12), were isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus. Their structures were elucidated by comparing spectroscopic data with reported values. The effects of the isolated compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-12 p40 production, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.7 to 6.1 μM. Compound 1 also showed a moderate inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α with an IC₅₀ value of 20.1 μM. Further studies of the potential anti-inflammatory effects and benefits of flavonoids from A. membranaceus are warranted.     

Accelerated differentiation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in atopic prone mice

NC/Nga mice are atopic prone mice that can be an animal model for human atopic dermatitis (AD). Dendritic cells (DC) as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) are the most capable inducers of immune responses. The present study using BALB/c, C57BL/6J, and NC/Nga male mice investigated whether differentiation and function of DC were associated with atopic prone. Bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) were differentiated by culture with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). At days 0, 6, and 8 of culture with GM-CSF, the expression of MHC class II, co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86), and of DC markers (CD11c, DEC205) was measured by flow cytometry. Antigen-presenting activity of BMDC and cytokine production were measured by ELISA. The cell numbers and the expression of MHC class II, co-stimulatory molecules, and of DC markers on BMDC from NC/Nga mice were significantly larger than those from BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice. Antigen-presenting activity of BMDC was significantly greater in NC/Nga and C57BL/6J mice than in BALB/c mice. BMDC-stimulated IFN-gamma production from T-cells was significantly lower in NC/Nga or BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6J mice, whereas IL-4 production was significantly greater in NC/Nga and C57BL/6J mice than in BALB/c mice. Taken together, GM-CSF-stimulated differentiation of BMDC was more accelerated in atopic prone NC/Nga mice than in the other strains of mice. The enhancement of differentiation and function of DC caused by genetic background may be related, at least partly, to the induction or aggravation of allergic/atopic diseases.     

Lead and immune function

The heavy metal lead is a widely deposited environmental toxicant known to impact numerous physiological systems, including the reproductive, neurological, hepatic, renal, and immune systems. Studies illustrating the capacity of lead to impair immune function and/or host resistance to disease date back to at least the 1960s. However, it has only been in recent years that lead has been recognized among a new category of immunotoxicants-those that dramatically shift immune functional capacity while producing only modest changes to immune cell populations and lymphoid organs. These relatively noncytotoxic immunomodulating chemicals and drugs represent the immunotoxic hazards most difficult to identify and problematic for risk assessment using historic approaches. As a result, such environmental factors are also among the most likely to contribute to chronic immune-related disease at relevant exposure levels. This review considers the animal and human evidence that lead exposure can produce a stark shift in immune functional capacity with a skewing predicted to elevate the risk of atopic and certain autoimmune diseases. At the same time, host defenses against infectious agents and cancer may be reduced. Age-based exposure studies also suggest that levels of blood lead previously thought to be safe, that is, below 10 microg/dl, may be associated with later life immune alterations.     

右美托咪定对小鼠树突状细胞免疫功能的影响

目的研究右美托咪定对小鼠树突状细胞功能的影响及作用机制。方法分离获取小鼠骨髓原性树突状细胞鉴定成功后,体外分组培养,以正常培养基作为空白组,实验组为含有10μmol·L-1右美托咪定的正常培养基,对照1组和对照2组分别为含有10μmol·L-1酚苄明及同时含有10μmol·L-1右美托咪定和酚苄明的正常培养基,分别于96孔板培养24 h、Transwell 24孔板培养4 h和6孔板培养24 h。测定实验药物对小鼠树突状细胞活力、细胞迁移数量及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的影响情况。结果空白组、实验组、对照1组和对照2组的树突状细胞活力分别为(99.96±0.19)%,(62.61±0.08)%,(98.74±0.45)%和(79.25±0.23)%,树突状细胞迁移细胞数量分别为(3684.68±38.36),(1836.37±21.38),(3659.90±27.92)和(2670.06±27.61)个,树突状细胞培养上清液的TNF-α浓度分别为(67.26±1.51),(353.81±6.29),(67.92±1.45)和(169.63±2.89)pg·mL-1,IL-6浓度分别为(29.64±1.20),(511.29±12.97),(29.38±1.88)和(230.17±2.19)pg·mL-1,IL-1β浓度分别为(46.51±2.43),(436.97±5.86),(46.19±1.29)和(147.30±3.57)pg·mL-1,实验组与其他组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定能够影响小鼠树突状细胞的活力、迁移能力以及促炎性细胞因子的分泌,其作用机制跟α肾上腺素受体的激活有关。     

小鼠树突状细胞过继转移免疫作用的研究

目的 探讨树突状细胞（DCs)在过继免疫中的作用。以及递呈不同性质抗原的特点,为应用DCs诱导免疫耐受或治疗肿瘤奠定基础。方法 分别用绵羊红细胞（SRBC）和人白蛋白单次免疫和再次免疫小鼠,分离脾DCs和腹腔巨噬细胞（Mφ）,并分别转移至各组小鼠体内,检测抗SRBC和抗人白蛋白抗体效价。结果 实验组中不论是DCs组,还是Mφ组产生的抗体效价均较高于对照组。过继转移白蛋白时,DCs组产生抗体水平较Mφ组低;过继转移SRBC时,DCs组产生的抗体水平较Mφ组稍高,但无统计学意义,而血清中的抗体水平与抗体形成细胞（AFC）水平发生分离。结论 DCs既能处理递呈可溶性抗原,又具有较强的处理,递呈颗粒性抗原通过过继转移给受体,使受体T、B细胞活化。     

壳聚糖表面修饰PLGA纳米粒对小鼠骨髓系树突细胞交叉递呈的影响

目的:探讨壳聚糖表面修饰聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米粒对诱导树突细胞交叉递呈的影响。方法:采用复乳法制备包裹模型抗原卵清白蛋白(OVA)的PLGA纳米粒,采用高、中、低3种浓度的壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)进行表面修饰。将纳米粒作用于体外培养的小鼠骨髓系树突细胞(BMDC),用流式细胞仪检测BMDC表面分子CD80,CD83,CD86,MHC I和MHC II的表达;B3ZT细胞检测纳米粒被BMDC摄取后引起的交叉递呈反应;并用ELISA法检测BMDC分泌的IL-4和IL-12p70。结果:壳聚糖表面修饰PLGA纳米粒可以促进BMDC表达CD80、CD83和MHC I表面分子;增强BMDC对纳米粒包裹OVA的交叉递呈作用;并增加BMDC分泌IL12p70。结论:壳聚糖包覆PLGA纳米粒可以增强BMDC对外源性抗原的交叉递呈作用,可能与其促进BMDC成熟及上调MHC I表达有关。     

Effects of diesel exhaust particle extracts on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of extracts of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In order to separate compounds from DEP different in hydrophobicity, a single DEP sample was consecutively extracted with hexane (HEX-DEP), benzene (BEN-DEP), dichloromethane (DIC-DEP), methanol (MET-DEP), and 1M ammonia (AMM-DEP). The last unextracted residue (UNE-DEP) was also used to test its effect on immune responses. To immunize mice, hen egg lysozyme (HEL) was injected i.p. (day 0). Varying doses of DEP, each DEP extract, and UNE-DEP were intranasally administered every 2 days from days 0 to 18. Anti-HEL IgG2a antibodies in sera and IFN-γ secreted from spleen cells were measured as an indicator of Th1 immune responses, while anti-HEL IgG1 antibodies and IL-4 as that of Th2 responses. The results showed that treatment with DEP and DIC-DEP increased both Th1 and Th2 responses to HEL. UNE-DEP facilitated Th1 but not Th2 responses, while MET- and AMM-DEP administration was followed by enhancement of Th2 but not Th1 responses. Neither HEX- nor BEN-DEP modulated Th1 as well as Th2 responses. These results suggest that DEP contain various compounds different in hydrophobicity which may affect both Th1 and Th2, Th1 but not Th2, and Th2 but not Th1 immune responses.     

Effect of varying types of anti-arthritic drugs on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of varying types of anti-arthritic drugs on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice. To immunize mice, ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant was injected s.c. at the base of the tail (day 0). Indomethacin (IND) as a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), dexamethasone (DEX) as a steroidal antiinflammatory drug, methotrexate (MTX), auranofin (AUR), and D-penicillamine (D-PA) as an anti-rheumatic drugs were orally administrated daily from days 0 to 20. On day 21, anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon (IFN)-gamma as indicators of Th1 responses and anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin (IL)-10 as those of Th2 responses were measured. Treatments with IND, DEX, MTX and AUR were followed by decreases in OVA-specific IgG and proliferation of spleen cells to the antigen. Treatments with IND, DEX, MTX and AUR inhibited both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, although the inhibitory effects of these drugs on the antigen-specific IgG2a and IFN-gamma production appeared to be greater than those on IgG1 and IL-10 production. D-PA failed to influence anti-OVA IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 production as well as IFN-gamma and IL-10 secretion. Administrations of all the drugs used resulted in suppression of antigen (OVA)-induced arthritis in mice which was associated with inhibition of anti-OVA IgG2a but not IgG1 production. These results suggest that anti-arthritic drugs including IND, DEX, MTX and AUR appear to suppress Th1 and, to a lesser extent, Th2 immune responses, and their anti-inflammatory effects on human rheumatoid arthritis might be at least in part explained by downregulation by these drugs of Th1 responses involved in the disease.     

Effects of the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice. Mice were immunized subcutaneously at the base of the tail with ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (day 0) and were treated daily with oral administration of various doses of rolipram from days 0 to 20. On day 21, production of anti-OVA IgG and proliferative responses to the antigen were determined. Anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), as indicators of Th1 responses, and anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as indicators of Th2 responses, were also measured. The results showed that treatment with rolipram failed to affect the production of OVA-specific IgG but decreased the proliferation of spleen cells to the antigen. Its inhibitory effect on these immune responses was correlated with a marked decrease in IFN-gamma but not IL-10 production, although neither anti-OVA IgG2a nor IgG1 production was affected by rolipram. These results suggest that rolipram may preferentially inhibit Th1 responses more effectively than Th2 responses. Administration of rolipram resulted in suppression of antigen (OVA)-induced arthritis in mice. The suppression of joint inflammation by rolipram was associated with the inhibition of the OVA-specific proliferative responses of spleen cells and IFN-gamma secretion. These results indicate that rolipram may be effective in regulating Th1-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.     

Effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on Th1 and Th2 immune responses. For this study, mice were immunized by s.c. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant into the base of the tail (day 0). Varying doses of indomethacin were orally administrated daily from days 0 to 20. On day 21, anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon-gamma as an indicator of Th1 responses and anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin-10 as that of Th2 responses were measured. The results showed that treatment with indomethacin was followed by decreases in OVA-specific IgG and proliferation of spleen cells to the antigen. Indomethacin inhibited both Th1 and Th2 responses, although the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug suppressed the former more effectively than the latter. Administration of indomethacin resulted in suppression of antigen (OVA)-induced arthritis that was associated with inhibition of anti-OVA IgG2a but not IgG1 production. These results suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may downregulate Th1 and, to a lesser extent, Th2 immune responses.     

Transplantation of Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells delays the onset of type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune regulator (Aire) plays an indispensable role in maintaining central immune tolerance by promoting the ectopic expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (DCs), which lead to the deletion of autoreactive T cells or the induction of Tregs and consequently prevent autoimmune disease development. Curing autoimmune diseases has always been a challenge. DC-based immunotherapy represents a new and effective method to establish tolerance. We attempted to transplant Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived DCs (Aire-BMDCs) to treat type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to explore a new strategy for autoimmune disease treatment. We observed that the onset of T1D in recipient mice was delayed; insulin autoantibody (IAA) production was significantly decreased; the structure of islets was protected; and the degree of inflammatory infiltration was lower. Furthermore, we found that Aire-BMDCs can promote apoptosis and induce autoreactive CD4⁺ T cell clonal anergy, inhibit Th1 and Th17 production, and induce Treg production. These results suggest that transplantation of Aire-BMDCs will be a manipulation and effective method for preventing or treating T1D.     

Matrine derivate MASM suppresses LPS-induced phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation process is a crucial step for the development of T cell immune responses and immune tolerance. In this study, we evaluated MASM, a novel derivative of the natural compound matrine that possesses a significant anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating property, for its efficacy to inhibit lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Here we show that MASM profoundly suppresses LPS-induced phenotypic and functional DC maturation. MASM inhibited LPS-induced expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in a concentration-dependent manner. MASM also attenuated LPS-induced IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-6 and NO release of DCs. The MASM-treated DCs were highly efficient at antigen capture via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis but showed weak stimulatory capacity for allogeneic T cell proliferation. Furthermore, MASM inhibited LPS-induced PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB pathways. These novel findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of MASM in impacting on the DCs.     

Inhibition of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell maturation by glabridin

Glabridin has multiple pharmacological activities including anti-microbial, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-nephritic, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of glabridin on dendritic cells, which play an essential role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Glabridin inhibited lipopolysaccharide-, poly (I:C)-, or zymosan-induced phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), as proven by the decreased expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, and MHC-II. Glabridin decreased the functional maturation of DCs, in that glabridin attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production of IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-α/β, enhanced antigen capture capacity, inhibited migration to SDF-1α and MIP-3β, and impaired induction of allogenic T cell activation. We also showed that glabridin inhibited zymosan-induced inflammation in mice. As a mode of action, we showed that glabridin inhibited degradation of IκΒα/β, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65/p50, and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs. Taken together, the present results show that glabridin inhibits dendritic cell maturation by blocking NF-κB and MAPK signalings.     

Salidroside liposome formulation enhances the activity of dendritic cells and immune responses

Salidroside, the important composition, of Rhodiola rosea L. has been reported to have various pharmacological properties. Liposome is known to be effective as drug carriers and immune adjuvant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate immunological adjuvant activity of salidroside liposome. Here we reported the preparation, the effect on DCs in vitro and the immune response in vivo. The immunological adjuvant activity of salidroside liposome formulation was compared with that of salidroside and liposome. The result showed that salidroside liposome formulation not only could promote the maturation of DCs, the stimulation of DCs on MLR proliferation and the antigen presenting ability, but also induced the sustained cellular immune and humoral immune response. Overall, the results showed that salidroside liposome formulation had the potential to act as effective sustained release vaccine delivery systems.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对再生障碍性贫血免疫损伤修复的影响

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对受体调节性T细胞(T-regs)亚群的作用。方法取C57BL/6(B6)小鼠骨髓,培养BMSCs。体外诱导建立再生障碍性贫血(AA)小鼠模型,实验组(10只)于制模后第9天注射BMSCs,对照组(10只)未予处理。注入BMSCs后第5天,取血动态观察CD4+T-regs亚群、CD8+T-regs亚群及小鼠外周血象变化。结果成功培养出BMSCs,并建立AA模型。与对照组相比,实验组注射BMSCs后第5天的血象未出现继续下降,第14天时造血已基本恢复。实验组CD4+T-regs和CD8+T-regs亚群均较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论外源性BMSCs注射通过对T-regs的调节,从而促进AA的造血功能恢复。     

Detection of Th1, Th2 and Th17 immune responses in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

目的 探讨不同类型免疫反应在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病中的作用.方法 24只SD大鼠随机均分为EAE组和对照组,通过行为观测和大脑微观形态学确认免疫诱导的EAE模型,用ELISA法检测淋巴结和脾细胞培养上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ和血清中IgG水平,流式细胞术检测淋巴结和脾细胞中IL-17及Foxp3细胞频数.结果 与对照组相比,EAE组IgG、IFN-γ、IL-17及IL-4水平均明显增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 Th1、Th2和Th17免疫细胞在EAE的发病均起着重要的作用.     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠Th1、Th2和Th17免疫反应检测

目的探讨不同类型免疫反应在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病中的作用。方法 24只SD大鼠随机均分为EAE组和对照组,通过行为观测和大脑微观形态学确认免疫诱导的EAE模型,用ELISA法检测淋巴结和脾细胞培养上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ和血清中IgG水平,流式细胞术检测淋巴结和脾细胞中IL-17及Foxp3细胞频数。结果与对照组相比,EAE组IgG、IFN-γ、IL-17及IL-4水平均明显增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 Th1、Th2和Th17免疫细胞在EAE的发病均起着重要的作用。