甲苯二异氰酸酯职业接触人群尿中代谢产物调查

为探讨职业环境中甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)水平和接触人群尿中甲苯二胺(TDA)水平的关系,为建立TDI职业接触的生物限值提供依据,选取深圳市2家企业61名作业工人作为接触组,另选取同企业的50名行政、后勤人员(不接触TDI)为对照组,采用气相色谱法测定车间空气中TDI水平以及2组人群尿中TDA水平,并对其相关关系进行分析。结果显示,接触组工人接触TDI浓度中位数为0.051 mg/m3,尿中TDA浓度中位数为0.563μmol/mol Cr;对照组人群接触TDI水平低于检出限(0.000 2 mg/m3),尿中TDA水平低于检出限(0.025μmol/mol Cr)。接触组人群班末尿中TDA的水平与工作场所空气中TDI水平呈正相关性[r=0.675,P0.05],尿中TDA水平(y赞,μmol/mol Cr)对工作场所空气中TDI浓度(x,mg/m3)的回归方程为:y赞=8.065 x+0.147(r=0.675,P0.05),按照我国现行的工作场所空气中TDI时间加权平均容许浓度(PCTWA=0.1 mg/m3)推算,接触工人班末尿中TDA水平为0.954μmol/mol Cr。提示本研究的职业接触甲苯二异氰酸酯生物标志物监测方法适用于评价作业环境接触人群的职业接触水平。     

二甲基甲酰胺生物接触限值的研究

目的研究我国职业接触二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的生物限值。方法气相色谱法检测工作场所空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度和作业工人班末尿中甲基甲酰胺(NMF)浓度,同时研究两者的相关性。结果 DMF接触者班末尿中NMF浓度与工作场所空气中DMF浓度有密切正相关(Y=0.3389X+3.0297,r=0.9986,P0.01)。根据作业场所空气中DMF的国家职业卫生标准,按回归方程推导出职业接触DMF的生物限值。结论 DMF接触者生物接触限值推荐值:班末尿中NMF为12.0 mg/gCr。     

某荧光灯制造企业汞接触工人职业健康状况及影响因素

[目的]了解某荧光灯制造企业汞接触工人职业健康状况,分析影响尿汞水平的因素。[方法]根据国家相关职业卫生标准对工作场所进行职业卫生学调查,并按照《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ159-2004）中规定的采样原则在每个岗位设置了一个采样点。对汞接触人员进行职业健康检查,检查内容包括问诊,内、外科,口腔科,实验室检查,B超,心电图等。共调查汞接触工人1031名,其中男性351名,女性680名,年龄20～57岁。[结果]该企业122个检测点空气中汞浓度范围为0．001～0．013mg／m3,均未超标。1031名工人尿汞浓度范围为0．22～58．71μg／m3,中位数为3．26μg／g肌酐,9人尿汞浓度超标,超标率0．87％。尿蛋白阳性198人,阳性率19．20％;神经系统异常113人,异常率10．96％。女性工人的尿汞水平（中位数为3．38μg／g肌酐）商于男性（中位数为3．07μ∥g肌酐）（P=0．036）;年龄与尿汞浓度呈正相关（r=-0．089,P=0．011）;工龄与尿汞浓度无相关。[结论]该企业各岗位空气中汞浓度均低于O．02mg／m。,O．87％的工人尿汞浓度超标。性别和年龄可能为尿汞浓度的影响因素。     

职业接触二甲基乙酰胺工人尿中甲基乙酰胺生物限值研究

目的 研制我国职业接触二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)工人尿中甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)的生物限值.方法 选择3家氨纶生产企业201名接触DMAC工人,应用个体采样器采集工作周末工作日的车间空气样品,用气相色谱法检测个体DMAC接触水平,同时收集当日工人班末尿样,应用气相色谱法测定尿中NMAC浓度以评价DMAC接触工人内暴露水平.通过内外剂量的回归方程、百分位数和相对内暴露(RIE)指数计算,推荐我国职业接触二甲基乙酰胺工人尿中NMAC生物接触限值.结果 201名DMAC接触工人中接触浓度符合我国DMAC接触限值133名,占66.2％,接触浓度范围在0.40～300.12mg/m3,几何平均浓度为19.4 mg/m3.工作周末班未尿中NMAC浓度范围为1.30～189.42 mg/g Cr,几何平均浓度为23.7 mg/g Cr.尿中NMAC浓度与个体DMAC外暴露浓度有相关性(F=188.872,R2=0.487,P＜0.001),回归方程为log(NMAC mg/g Cr)=0.685+0.455 log(DMAC mg/m3).以我国DMAC职业接触限值PC-TWA为20 mg/m3推算,尿中NMAC浓度为18.92 mg/g Cr.当工作场所空气中DMAC＜20 mg/m3时,90％的工人尿中NMAC水平为23.9 mg/g Cr.按RIE指数推算的尿中NMAC为19.0 mg/g Cr.结论 参考国外DMAC生物接触限值标准,建议我国DMAC生物接触限值为工作周末班未尿中NMAC 20 mg/g Cr.     

蓄电池厂铅作业工人的生物监测结果分析

目的 对某蓄电池厂铅作业工人的尿铅、血红蛋白（Hb）和血锌原卟啉（ZPP）进行生物监测分析.方法 检测电池厂工作场所空气中铅浓度,对接触铅作业的工人进行职业健康检查,包括尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉测定.结果 部分工作场所空气中铅浓度超过国家职业卫生标准,铅作业工人中具有不同程度的神经衰弱症状和消化系统症状.162名铅作业工人中15人尿铅含量超过职业接触限值（≥0.34 μmol/L）,7人ZPP≥2.91 μmol/L,15人Hb下降,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.接触组浓度＞0.05 mg/m^3及接铅工龄在2 a～者,生物监测指标明显异常.结论 蓄电池厂的铅作业工人存在明显的职业危害,定期进行尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉生物监测十分必要,可以早期发现职业健康损害,预防铅中毒的发生.     

职业接触可溶性铬盐个体暴露与尿铬水平的相关性研究

目的通过对职业接触可溶性铬盐个体暴露与尿铬水平的相关性研究,探讨并提出可溶性铬盐职业接触者尿铬生物限值,为铬盐职业接触人群健康监护和危险性评价提供依据。方法通过流行病学横断面调查,以不同剂量铬盐接触的83名劳动者为研究对象,10名非铬盐接触的农民为对照,两组人群在年龄、性别和吸烟状况等方面相匹配,进行了个体铬盐暴露与班末尿铬含量的研究,并对二者之间的关系进行了分析。同时复习了对可溶性铬盐职业接触者尿铬生物限值的相关文献。结果对照组8 h个体空气铬连续监测浓度在0.00~0.08μg/m3之间,尿铬浓度经肌酐校正后在0.40~1.02μg/g肌酐之间。铬盐接触劳动者8 h连续空气个体监测浓度在0.10~287.00μg/m3之间,尿铬浓度范围在1.14~79.07μg/g肌酐。职业接触铬盐工人班末的尿铬浓度随个体铬盐暴露水平的增加而增加,两者具有相关性。其回归方程为尿铬浓度(μg/g肌酐)=4.16+236.86×空气中铬的浓度(mg/m3),尿铬与空气铬的浓度相关系数r=0.976。通过文献复习,美国政府职业卫生工作者协会(ACG IH)推荐的职业接触可溶性铬盐在与我国相同的时间加权平均阈限值0.05mg/m3下,尿铬生物接触限值为65.1μmol/mol肌酐(30μg/g肌酐)。结论职业接触可溶性铬盐工人班末的尿铬含量可以用来评价作业场所铬盐的接触情况。依据美国ACG IH推荐的生物接触限值以及本调查结果,作者提出连续工作5个工作日的工作周末/班末尿铬的推荐值为65.1μmol/mol肌酐(30μg/g肌酐)。     

职业接触二硫化碳生物接触限值的探讨

目的 探讨我国职业接触二硫化碳(CS2)的生物接触限值.方法 用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)含量,用气相色谱法测定接触CS2工人作业场所空气中CS2浓度,探讨二者的相关关系,比较生物接触限值和PC-TWA判定结果.结果 CS2作业工人班末尿中TTCA含量与其接触的工作场所空气中CS2浓度呈正相关,回归方程式Y=0.265X-0.165 (r=0.91,P＜0.01).基于本次研究的回归方程,根据GBZ 2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》规定的CS2的PC-TWA 5 mg/m3推算,CS2接触工人班末尿中TTCA浓度生物限值为1.2 mgTTCA/g Cr.结论 建议我国CS2生物接触限值修订为1.2 mg TTCA/g Cr.     

风险评估模型和实际监测在汽车制造厂接触评价中的比较研究

目的 比较风险评估模型和实际监测进行汽车制造厂接触评价的结果，为阐明汽车制造厂职业危害接触提供基础资料。方法 选取3家企业（即A、B、C）发泡车间10个岗位共23名操作工为研究对象，个体采样检测工作场所空气中二氯甲烷浓度，收集检测当日23名工人班后尿液，测定尿中二氯甲烷浓度，对二者进行相关性分析；对3家企业发泡车间各岗位采用6种风险评估模型进行二氯甲烷的接触评价，6种风险评估模型评估结果经Kappa检验两两比较分析一致性，并与实际监测结果比较。结果 3家企业工作场所空气中均检测到二氯甲烷，B企业个体采样空气中二氯甲烷的检出率最高（83.3%）,其次为A企业，再次为C企业，以上检测浓度范围为0.68～3.82 mg/m³,均低于工作场所二氯甲烷职业接触限值（200 mg/m³）。21名发泡操作工尿中检出二氯甲烷，浓度范围为12.1～182.9μg/L,A企业工人检出浓度最高（170.5μg/L）,其次为B企业，再次为C企业，均低于尿中二氯甲烷职业接触生物限值（300μg/L）。两者Spearman相关系数为0.260,呈正向相关，差异无统计学意...     

三硝基甲苯接触者尿中4项指标的检测分析

以兰州市某化工厂从事 TNT作业的 5 1名工人为接触组 ,不接触 TNT的 11名大学生为对照组进行分析。接触组尿中 TNT及 DNAT的含量均随车间空气中 TNT浓度的增高呈上升的趋势 (r TNT =0 .84 0 6 ,r DNNT=0 .812 4 ) ,并且尿中 DNAT的含量随接触工龄的延长也明显增加 (r=0 .9870 ,P <0 .0 5 )。认为尿中 DNAT含量的检测 ,更适合作为职业接触生物监测指标     

尿中苯巯基尿酸的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法

目的 研制我国职业接触苯工人尿中苯巯基尿酸(SPMA)的生物限值.方法 在苯作业车间选择空气中苯浓度在32.5 mg/m~3以下接苯工人55人,应用个体采样器采集空气样品,用气相色谱法检测作业者个体苯接触水平,同时采集当日工人班后尿,应用高压液相色谱/质谱法(HPLC/MS)测定尿中SPMA含量以评价苯接触者的内暴露水平,内外暴露水平的比较用相对内暴露指数(RIE)加以评定.结果 接苯工人工作环境空气苯浓度范围为0.71～32.17 mg/m~3,几何平均浓度为6.98 mg/m~3,中位数为7.50 mg/m~3,尿中SPMA与个体苯暴露量存在良好的线性关系Y(μg/g Cr)=-8.625+18.367 X(mg/m~3),r=0.8035(P<0.01);将我国职业苯接触限值时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA=6 mg/m~3)代入回归方程,推算工作班后尿中SPMA含量为101.58μg/g Cr.计算的RIE指数显示,接触1 mg/m~3苯可平均代谢转化为尿中SPMA 18.23 μg/g Cr,并且随接苯水平的上升其代谢转化效率呈下降趋势.结论 参考国外SPMA生物限值标准,建议我国职业接触苯生物限值班后尿中SPMA为100μg/gCr(47μmol/mol Cr).     

硫酸镁治疗支气管哮喘的疗效观察

目的探讨硫酸镁治疗哮喘的疗效.方法将50例急性发作期重度哮喘患者分为两组.对照组20例,先予以5%萄萄糖20ml+喘定0.25g每日1次静注,继之5%葡萄糖500ml喘定0.5g+地塞米松5mg海日1次静滴(漓速30滴/分),博利康尼2.5mg每日3次口服,并辅以一般治疗.治疗组30例,除应用上述治疗外,仅在静滴的那组液体中加入25%硫酸镁l0ml.1周为1个疗程,随时观察患者的临床表现,并于每天静注前及静滴结束后即刻分别测定最大呼气流量(PEF),以用药后PEF较入院当天用药前增加15%以上为有效.结果对照组用药36～72h起效者3例,72h以上起效者14例,有效率85%(17/20);无效3例.治疗组用药12～70h起效者29例,75h起效者1例,有效率100%(30/30).治疗组有效率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论在常规疗法的基础上合用硫酸镁,可提高治疗哮喘的疗效.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.