精神分裂症患者的认知功能及其影响因素

目的 了解精神分裂症患者的认知功能及其影响因素。方法 对100例精神分裂症患者及79例正常对照进行韦氏智力测验（WAIS）评定，同时调查患者的临床特征。结果与正常对照比较发现，精神分裂症患者的IQ、言语智商和操作智商均显著低于正常对照，709／6患者的IQ低于平常，19％的患者智力缺损。多元逐步回归分析显示：①IQ与发病年龄有关，发病年龄越晚，IQ越高；②言语智商与发病年龄、诊断分型有关，发病年龄晚、偏执型患者，言语智商高；③操作智商与病程有关，病程越短，操作智商越高。结论精神分裂症的认知功能损害是明显的、广泛的，受多种因素的影响。     

儿童智力低下的相关因素

了解儿童智力低下的相关因素。将１６８例智力低下儿童与正常儿童进行对比。发现父母文化程度、生母智力、家庭内关系、母孕期情绪，出生体重，出生时有无窒息及家长对儿童的教育态度和行为训练与儿童智力低下关系密切。儿童智力低下的因素很多，必须予以重视。     

中国成人智力发展特征分析

目的分析中国成人智力发展的特征。方法以中国成人智力量表常模样本（16～64岁）为基础，对智商（IQ）、两个能力量表分（操作量表和言语量表）和四个智力因素量表分（语言一理解因素量表、数学一逻辑因素量表、知觉一组织因素量表、注意一分辨因素量表）进行单因素方差分析和相关及回归分析。结果IQ均值在21～25岁组最高，61～64岁组最低，组间差异具有统计学意义（F=22．85，P〈0．01）；两个能力量表分和四个智力因素量表分变化与IQ基本相似；各智力统计值在各年龄组间的差异并不完全一样；IQ和年龄、教育程度呈显性相关。结论成人智力及其组成因素随年龄增长呈现逐渐下降趋势，各年龄段变化存在差异，教育程度对智力发展有影响作用。     

小儿烟雾病血管损害与手术的远期疗效(附153例报告)

对１５３例小儿烟雾病（ｍｏｙａｍｏｙａ病）施行血供重建治疗，术后经１０年（平均１５．５年）以上随访，经格拉斯哥预后积分、智商测定、经颅多普勒（ＴＣＤ）、脑血管造影及头颅ＣＴ扫描与术前对比，１２４例脑功能有不同程度改善，７８例恢复了学习，有效率８１％。研究发现预后结果与术前脑血管损害分期有相关性，Ⅰ～Ⅲ期预后好，智商高，Ⅳ～Ⅴ期预后差，智商低。     

影响癫痫患者智力状况的多因素分析

目的：探讨影响癫痫患者智力状况的主要因素。方法：用韦氏儿童智力量表（ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ）和韦氏成人智力量表（ＷＡＩＳ－ＲＣ）以２０５名５￣６０岁的癫痫患者进行智力测试并对结果与影响和的因素进行分析,结果：癫痫患者ＦＩＱ均分为８７．７４±２３．６７,智力低下者为２０％。逐步回归分析提示影响患者语言智商（ＶＩＱ）的主要因素依次为文化程度低、低年龄、无职业、有脑病史及药物治疗效果差;影响患者操作智商（ＰＩＱ     

智商测定和动态脑电图在儿童精神发育不全诊断中的意义

目的探讨儿童精神发育不全的AEEG变化及AEEG与智商发育的关系。方法分析1998-08～2004—12,本院精神发育不全的住院患儿26例。结果AEEG正常10例,异常16例．其中痈样波发放6例,非特异性异常10例。与REEG相比两组痈样波发放有着显著性差异（X^2=6．98,P〈0．05）。智商测定：智力偏低（89～70）8例（30．8％）,智力低下（70以下）18例（69．2％）。其中愚鲁者（69～50）9例,痴愚者（49～25）7例,白痴（25以下）2例。结论AEEG检测和智商测定对评估儿童智能发育障碍的程度有着重要的意义。脑电图的异常和儿童智商测定及智能发育障碍的程度有着密切的关系,同时显示AEEG对儿童精神发育不全的诊断作用又明显优于REEG。     

儿童智力低下的回顾性分析

目的通过回顾近5年间智力低下（MR）儿童186例，并对其造成的原因进行分析，探讨怎样达到早期干预目的。方法对186例儿童智力低下的病因进行调查，并予脑CT、MRI检查，部分予丹佛智力筛查法（DDST）及绘人测查法测智商。结果脑CT显示脑水肿、脑软化灶、硬脑膜下积液；MRI显示胼胝体、脑白质发育不良。测智商（IQ）：轻度智力低下，IQ〈70分；重度智力低下，IQ〈55分。结论对智力低下儿童应给予早期干预或治疗，针对发病原因，有的放矢地进行早期干预。有望降低智力低下患儿的发病率，并可提高智力低下惠儿的智商。     

小儿烟雾病血管损害与手术的远期疗效

对１５３例儿童烟雾病施行血供重建治疗，术后经１０年（平均１５．５年）以上随访，经格拉斯哥预后积分、智商测定，经颅多普勒、脑血管造影及头颅ＣＴ扫描与术前对比，１２４例脑功能有不同程度改善，７８例恢复了学习，有效率８１％，研究发现预后结果与术前脑血管损害分期有相关性，Ⅰ￣Ⅲ期预后好，智商高，Ⅳ￣Ⅴ期预后差，智商低。     

女性性罪错者智能状况

性罪错或性犯罪近年有逐步增多的趋势，为探讨其犯罪原因，作者对一劳改农场女劳教大险犯有性罪错者200人作WAIS成人韦氏智力测验（IQ）及社会适应能力评估，结果发现智商＜70有49人，占25％，提示智商较低者占有相当的比例。     

颅脑损伤后综合征患者的心理健康状况及其影响因素

目的探讨颅脑损伤后综合征（PCS）的心理健康水平以及影响因素。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）测定50例PCS患者的个性特征及心理健康水平；并对年龄、性别、个性特征、文化程度、职业满意度、家庭满意度、病程长短对PCS患者的心理健康影响进行分析。结果PCS患者的个性特征与正常人无差异（P〉0．05），但心理健康水平比中国人常模差（P〈0．01）；职业及家庭满意度差、妇性、个性神经质、个性精神质、个性内向倾向以及文化程度低与PCS患者的心理健康水平呈相关性（P〈0．05）。结论PCS忠者有着不良的心理障碍；其心理障碍与职业满意度、家庭满意度、神经质、精神质、内外向、性别及文化程度有相关性。     

抑郁发作患者的智力及其影响因素分析

目的 探索抑郁发作患者的智力及其影响因素。方法 采用韦氏成人智力量表中国版（WAIS-RC）对120例抑郁发作患者进行测验。结果 抑郁发作患者的智商均数为92.41，言语智商为93.90，操作智商91.85；87.5%的患者在正常范围，智商与文化程度的相关系数为0.531(P=0.000)。结论 抑郁发作患者的智商在正常范围，言语智商与操作智商无显著差异。文化程度高，智商高。病程、年龄、脑电图与智商的相关程度较小。发作期和缓解期的智商无差异。     

Die operative Behandlung des Karpaltunnelsyndroms in der Schwangerschaft Erfahrungsbericht anhand von 314 Fällen

A total of 314 hands of patients suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in pregnancy or puerperium were treated by carpal tunnel release. In 53% of these cases, other members of the family were also affected, usually the mother. Ninety-seven patients were operated upon at both hands. One hundred thirty-three operations were performed during pregnancy, mostly in the last trimester, and 181 during puerperium. In four patients, the operation was performed on both hands simultaneously. There were also 12 cases of associated De Quervain's tenosynovitis and ten trigger fingers. Severe night pain and/or permanent hypoesthesia was experienced by 93% of the patients. All patients were operated on with local anesthesia and in a bloodless field. The distal motor latency was 7 +/- 1.5 ms in cases with hypoesthesia and 4.9 +/- 1.75 ms without sensory loss. Of the patients, 98% reported good or excellent results of the operation during pregnancy via questionnaires. Since symptoms are often very severe in pregnancy and puerperium and the operation is well-tolerated by pregnant women and without risk to either mother or child, we recommend surgery, especially when sensory loss is present and motor latency is more than 5 ms.     

Influence of maternal and paternal IQ on offspring health and health behaviours: Evidence for some trans-generational associations using the 1958 British birth cohort study

PurposeIndividuals scoring poorly on tests of intelligence (IQ) have been reported as having increased risk of morbidity, premature mortality, and risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, poor diet, alcohol and cigarette consumption. Very little is known about the impact of parental IQ on the health and health behaviours of their offspring.MethodsWe explored associations of maternal and paternal IQ scores with offspring television viewing, injuries, hospitalisations, long standing illness, height and BMI at ages 4 to 18 using data from the National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort).ResultsData were available for 1446 mother-offspring and 822 father-offspring pairs. After adjusting for potential confounding/mediating factors, the children of higher IQ parents were less likely to watch TV (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for watching 3+ vs. less than 3 hours per week associated with a standard deviation increase in maternal or paternal IQ: 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) or 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) respectively) and less likely to have one or more injuries requiring hospitalisation (0.77 (0.66, 0.90) or 0.72 (0.56, 0.91) respectively for maternal or paternal IQ).ConclusionsChildren whose parents have low IQ scores may have poorer selected health and health behaviours. Health education might usefully be targeted at these families.     

Intelligence or years of education: which is better correlated with memory function in normal elderly Japanese subjects?

Background: We compared differences in intelligence and memory function between normal elderly Japanese subjects with more years of education and those with fewer years of education. We also investigated clinical and neuropsychological factors that are strongly correlated with memory function. Methods: There were 118 normal elderly subjects who underwent the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS‐III), and Wechsler Memory Scale Revised. Subjects with at least 13 years of education were categorized as the H group, and those with 12 years of education or less were categorized as the L group. Results: Age and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores were not significantly different between the two groups. On the WAIS‐III, there were significant differences between the two groups in Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ. On the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised, there were significant differences between the two groups in Visual Memory, General Memory, and Delayed Recall. Correlation coefficients between memory function and the other factors demonstrated significant but weak correlations between years of education and General Memory (R = 0.22) and between years of education and Delayed Recall (R = 0.20). Strong correlations were found between Verbal IQ and Verbal Memory (R = 0.45), between Verbal IQ and General Memory (R = 0.49), between Full Scale IQ and General Memory (R = 0.50) and between Full Scale IQ and Delayed Recall (R = 0.48). Conclusions: In normal elderly Japanese subjects, years of education weakly correlated with memory function while Verbal IQ, Full Scale IQ and Verbal Comprehension on WAIS‐III had stronger correlations with memory function. Verbal IQ and Verbal Comprehension on WAIS‐III were found to be insusceptible to the cognitive decline characteristic of Alzheimer's disease or amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Therefore, verbal intelligence, as measured by Verbal IQ and Verbal Comprehension, may be the most useful factor for inferring premorbid memory function in Alzheimer's disease or amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients.     

颅脑损伤所致精神伤残的影响因素分析

目的:探讨颅脑损伤后精神伤残与其影响因素如受伤部位、颅脑损伤程度、昏迷状况、智商等相关性。方法:对400例颅脑损伤者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,分析年龄、伤前受教育程度、受伤部位、颅脑损伤程度、昏迷状况、认知功能、后遗症等多种与精神残疾伤残程度相关的客观因素,进行多因素二元Logistic回归分析,筛查对伤残等级有重要影响的因素。结果:昏迷时间、GCS评分、损伤性质、人格改变、精神病性症状、软化灶、全量表智商与伤残等级有显著性相关,且GCS评分和全量表智商与伤残等级呈正相关,其他因素与伤残等级呈负相关;(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:昏迷时间、GCS评分、损伤性质、人格改变、精神病性症状、软化灶、脑积水、脑萎缩、全量表智商可以作为评定伤残等级的重要依据。     

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundExposure to tobacco during pregnancy may disrupt fetal brain development and impact offspring cognitive development.AimsTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient (IQ) in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Lilacs, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Original articles evaluating tobacco use/exposure during pregnancy and the offspring’s IQ as the outcome. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO (number CRD 42,019,116,257). For the meta-analysis, we included studies with information on the regression coefficient and its confidence interval (CI) or standard error. Random effects model was used for pooling the estimates.Results25 studies were included in the review, and of these 14 met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate showed that subjects who were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy presented lower IQ scores, compared to those not exposed to maternal smoking (β -1.30; 95 % CI ―1.74, ―0.86; I² = 87.8 %); IQ scores were also lower in crude (β -5.46; 95 % CI -7.31, -3.60; I²: 79.0 %) and adjusted pooled estimates (β =―0.45; 95 % CI ―0.76, ―0.13; I² = 80.4 %), for the group exposed to maternal smoking. In the stratified analysis, an inverse association was also observed in studies with large sample size (n≥1000 participants) (β=―0.49; 95 % CI ―0.96, ―0.02), among those performed with adolescents (β=―1.16; 95 % CI ―2.18, ―0.14), and among those adjusted for maternal education (β=―0.57; 95 % CI ―1.05, ―0.08).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that exposure to tobacco during pregnancy may have negative effects on IQ. However, the findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution.     

Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective,controlled study

OBJECTIVE: Previous work suggested that first-trimester exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine does not affect adversely child IQ and language development. However, many women need antidepressants throughout pregnancy to avoid morbidity and suicide attempts. Little is known about the fetal safety of tricyclic antidepressants and fluoxetine when taken throughout pregnancy. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of tricyclic antidepressants and fluoxetine used throughout gestation on child IQ, language, and behavior. METHOD: In a prospective study, mother-child pairs exposed throughout gestation to tricyclic antidepressants (N=46) or fluoxetine (N=40) and an unexposed, not depressed comparison group (N=36) were blindly assessed. The three groups were compared in terms of the children's IQ, language, behavior, and temperament between ages 15 and 71 months. The authors adjusted for independent variables such as duration and severity of maternal depression, duration of pharmacological treatment, number of depression episodes after delivery, maternal IQ, socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use. RESULTS: Neither tricyclic antidepressants nor fluoxetine adversely affected the child's global IQ, language development, or behavior. IQ was significantly and negatively associated with duration of depression, whereas language was negatively associated with number of depression episodes after delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout gestation does not appear to adversely affect cognition, language development, or the temperament of preschool and early-school children. In contrast, mothers' depression is associated with less cognitive and language achievement by their children. When needed, adequate antidepressant therapy should be instituted and maintained during pregnancy and postpartum.     

Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case-control study

BACKGROUND: Smoking and obesity are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between smoking, obesity (BMI>30), and risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy and the puerperium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a population-based case-control study nested within a Danish cohort of 71,729 women, we identified 129 cases with VTE in pregnancy or the puerperium, and 258 pregnant non-VTE controls. We obtained data from medical records regarding current smoking status, BMI, and other covariates, and computed the odds ratios (OR) for VTE as a measure of relative risk. RESULTS: Smoking and obesity were associated with increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the puerperium (adjusted OR 2.7 (95% CI: 1.5, 4.9) and 5.3 (95% CI: 2.1, 13.5), respectively). Obesity appeared to be associated with a higher risk of pulmonary embolism (adjusted OR: 14.9 (95% CI: 3.0, 74.8) than of deep venous thrombosis (adjusted OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 11.9). CONCLUSION: Smoking and obesity are risk factors for VTE in pregnancy and the puerperium.     

注意缺陷多动障碍与智商及事件相关电位的关系

目的：研究事件相关电位(ERP)与智商(IQ)及注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)之间的相互关系。方法：采用肌电图诱发电位仪记录靶刺激及非靶刺激结果，结合测试智商的方法。结果：ADHD组事件相关电位靶刺激计数正确率显著低于对照组儿童；P2，P3潜伏期显著延长；NlP2峰峰值显著低于对照组；两次记录P3波重复性显著低于对照组儿童；IQ(包括总智商(FIQ)、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ))均显著低于对照组儿童；相关分析结果显示P2，N2，P3潜伏期与FIQ，PIQ呈显著负相关；NlP2峰峰值与FIQ，VlQ呈显著正相关。Logistic回归分析显示靶刺激计数正确率及FIQ为ADHD的显著保护因素，岛潜伏期与FIQ存在显著的交互作用。结论：ADHD患儿排除干扰的能力及认知功能显著受损。交互作用结果则显示IQ与P3潜伏期对ADHD的影响互为拮抗。提示ADHD患儿的额前区功能不成熟。