大鼠肢体缺血再灌注后肝损伤中TNF-α的变化及牛磺酸的保护效应

①目的探讨大鼠肢体缺血再灌注(limbischemia-reperfusion,LIR)后牛磺酸对肝损伤及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的变化及其对肝损伤的保护效应。②方法实验采用Wistar大鼠40只,建立大鼠LIR损伤模型,随机分为对照(C)组,缺血再灌注(IR)组,牛磺酸(T)组和牛磺酸+缺血再灌注(TR)组,每组10只。分别测定各组大鼠血浆谷草转氨酶(ALT)、谷丙转氨酶(AST)和肝组织钙、MDA、XOD、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及TNF-α含量,HE染色观察肝组织形态学变化。③结果与C组比较,IR和TR组血浆和肝组织ALT、AST、肝组织钙、MDA、XOD、MPO含量,TNF-α表达水平升高,但TR组水平较IR组显著降低。④结论牛磺酸可降低大鼠LIR引起肝损伤中TNF-α水平升高,减轻大鼠LIR所致肝脏损伤。     

热休克预处理对兔肝缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的:探讨热休克预处理对肝缺血-再灌注损伤的影响. 方法:随机将家兔分为对照组和热休克预处理组,复制肝脏缺血-再灌注模型,分别于缺血前、缺血45 min、再灌注45 min取血,赖氏法检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)活性. 结果:热休克预处理组缺血前的ALT活性高于对照组(0.31±0.04) μkat/L→(0.17±0.02) μkat/L (P<0.01), 但缺血45 min及再灌注45 min ALT活性显著低于对照组(0.46±0.06) μkat/L→(0.68±0.09) μkat/L,(0.57±0.05) μkat/L→(1.34±0.05) μkat/L (P<0.01). 结论:热休克预处理对肝细胞有损伤作用, 但对缺血-再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用.     

淮山药灌胃预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨淮山药灌胃预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的可能保护作用。方法 48只3~4周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注淮山药灌胃预处理组(淮山药组,n=24)和缺血再灌注无菌生理盐水灌胃对照组(生理盐水组,n=24)。淮山药组、生理盐水组在缺血再灌注损伤前连续灌胃5天。分别于再灌注损伤后2、12、24、48h四个时间点随机选淮山药组、生理盐水组各6只大鼠再次手术行下腔静脉采血和收获肾脏标本。测定血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)以及血清丙二醛(MDA)含量。肾组织常规病理切片H-E染色光镜下参照Paller评分标准进行评分,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果再灌注后12、24、48h,同时间点淮山药组与生理盐水组比较,其血清Scr、BUN含量显著下降[BUN 12h:(15.30±2.60)mmol/L比(22.07±4.57)mmol/L,24h:(19.56±3.89)mmol/L比(34.75±6.32)mmol/L,48h:(14.72±2.99)mmol/L比(20.16±2.40)mmol/L;Scr 12h:(56.38±8.70)μmol/L比(98.72±12.37)μmol/L,24h:(81.53±10.17)μmol/L比(128.52±17.30)μmol/L;48h:(55.01±9.71)μmol/L比(80.72±11.13)μmol/L;P0.05,P0.01]。再灌注后2、12、24h,淮山药组血清MDA含量较同时间点生理盐水组显著下降[2h:(4.74±0.50)nmol/L比(7.45±1.03)nmol/L,12h:(6.19±0.68)nmol/L比(10.52±1.57)nmol/L,24h:(5.16±0.58)nmol/L比(6.93±1.32)nmol/L;P0.05,P0.01]。肾组织学评分于再灌注后12、24、48h,同时间点淮山药组较生理盐水组有显著减低[12h:(7.50±0.55)分比(8.50±0.55)分,24h:(6.17±0.75)分比(7.50±1.05)分,48h:(4.17±0.75)分比(5.50±1.05)分;P0.05]。再灌注后2h就有凋亡细胞出现,12h时可见大量凋亡细胞脱落到肾小管腔中,此时间点淮山药组凋亡细胞数较生理盐水组明显减少[(10.17±2.14)个/HPF比(13.67±2.94)个/HPF,P0.05]。结论淮山药灌胃预处理可以减轻缺血再灌注模型大鼠肾组织氧化损伤和减少肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的发生,降低血清Scr、BUN和MDA水平,有效保护肾功能。     

牛磺酸在大鼠止血带休克后肺损伤中的保护作用

目的 :观察牛磺酸对大鼠止血带休克 (ToS)后肺损伤的保护作用 .方法 :采用大鼠止血带休克模型 ,将Wistar大鼠随机分为 3组 :对照组 (control)、止血带休克组 (ToS)、牛磺酸 +止血带休克组 (Tau +ToS) ,分别测定动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )和二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 ) ,肺系数 (LI)和肺通透指数 (LPI)以及肺组织黄嘌呤氧化酶 (XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH PX)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)及活性氧 (ROS)、组织Ca2 + 含量、丙二醛 (MDA)和髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)的含量 .结果 :po牛磺酸可有效地改善肺呼吸功能 [PaO2 (1 1 .7± 1 .6 )kPavs (8.5± 0 .7)kPa ,P <0 .0 1 ],降低自由基生成酶的活性[XOD (6 7± 7) μkat/gvs (79± 1 3) μkat/g;(76± 1 1 ) μkat/gvs(1 0 9± 2 6 ) μkat/g ,P <0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1 ],增加自由基清除酶的活性 [SOD (4 8± 8) μkat/gvs (2 0± 3) μkat/g;CAT (38± 8)vs (1 9± 6 ) μkat/g ;GSH PX (86± 2 ) μkat/gvs (2 3± 4 ) μkat/g,P <0 .0 1 ],抑制组织脂质过氧化的发生 [MDA (1 0 8± 1 7)μmol/gvs (1 4 7± 2 3) μmol/g ,P <0 .0 5 ;(1 32± 1 3) μmol/gvs(1 5 1± 1 9) μmol/g ,P <0 .0 5 ],减轻组织水肿及中性粒细胞的聚集 [MPO (0 .0 1 7± 0 .0 0     

肾康注射液对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨肾康注射液对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其机制.方法 将36只SD大鼠随机分为随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和肾康注射液治疗组(T组),双肾缺血60 min后恢复灌注,术后24 h检测血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Scr),观察肾组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白介素(IL)-1β和IL-10水平.结果 与S组相比,I/R组BUN和Scr升高、肾组织SOD活力下降、MDA含量、TNF-α、IL-1 β和IL-10水平均升高;而与I/R组相比,T组BUN[(37.74±4.39)比(48.56±4.75)mmol/L]和Scr[(197.25±17.43)比(248.63±19.25)μmol/L]降低,肾组织SOD活力[(69.95±5.43)比(60.46±3.18)u/(mg·prot)]和IL-10水平[(63.59±2.49)比(56.37±1.64)ng/L]上调,MDA含量[(9.28±2.70)比(14.71±3.46)nmol/(mg·prot)]、TNF-α[(169.72±5.67)比(182.64±6.84)ng/L]和IL-1β[(10.62±0.69)比(13.53±0.94)ng/L]水平下调.结论 肾康注射液可以减轻大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与减轻氧化应激、抑制炎症反应有关.     

阿托伐他汀钙预防大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀钙对肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其作用机制.方法 采用在体大鼠单肺原位缺血再灌注模型.30只Wistar大鼠随机分成假手术组(SO)、缺血再灌注组(IR)、阿托伐他汀钙处理组(AT),每组10只.各组进行肺湿干重比(W/D)、肺通透性指数(LPI)、脂质过氧化合物[丙二醛(MDA)]、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性测定,并进行肺组织光镜评价.采用免疫组织化学方法检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A(SPA)表达的变化.结果 AT组较IR组LPI[(0.023±0.003) vs (0.030±0.004)]、MDA[(17.685±1.537) nmol/mL vs (37.364±3.166) nmol/mL]、MPO[(0.052±0.002) U/mL vs (0.080±0.004) U/mL],W/D[(4.650±0.114) vs (4.769±0.106)]降低(P＜0.05),而SOD较IR组[(34.726±0.943) U/mL vs (19.728±0.817) U/mL]升高(P＜0.01).AT组较IR组肺SPA表达[(1996.584±260.081) vs (1119.609±348.256)]、eNOS[(181.933±65.715) vs (69.228±16.759)]升高(P＜0.01),而iNOS表达较IR组[(82.294±41.150) vs (303.739±95.383)]降低(P＜0.01).结论 阿托伐他汀钙有保护肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用.其可能的机制为维持肺表面活性物质和内皮NO活性,减少自由基的产生及抗炎作用.     

S-腺苷蛋氨酸对大鼠缺血再灌注肝线粒体超微结构的影响

[目的]研究S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤线粒体超微结构的影响.[方法]大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、I/R组(B组)和SAM处理组(C组),SAM组大鼠在缺血再灌注前2 h先行腹腔注射SAM预处理.三组动物在阻断肝门30 min后(A组仅做分离,不阻断肝门),于再灌注0、1、6 h抽取下腔静脉血检测ALT、AST,切取肝组织用电镜观察线粒体的超微结构及制备线粒体匀浆检测SOD、MDA.[结果]再灌注1 h,B组MDA(5.15±0.33)nmol/mg、SOD(29.73±4.48)u/mg;C组MDA(4.57±0.15)nmol/mg、SOD(36.61±3.09)u/mg.再灌注6h,B组MDA(6.82±0.27)nmol/mg、SOD(23.86±1.68)u/mg;C组MDA(5.52±0.21)nmol/mg、SOD(28.38±2.18)u/mg.电镜下A组线粒体结构基本正常;B组线粒体数量减少,肿胀明显,部分细胞核固缩,可见凋亡小体;C组线粒体轻度肿胀,未见到细胞凋亡现象.[结论]SAM能抑制脂质过氧化反应,保护线粒体的形态和结构,肝细胞缺血再灌注后的损伤程度.     

畲药嘎狗噜对肢体缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠凝血功能影响研究

目的观察嘎狗噜水煎液对肢体缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠凝血功能的影响。方法 SD大鼠30只,采用阻断股动脉建立肢体缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型。随机分为治疗组、假手术组、模型组,各10只,分别以嘎狗噜全草水煎液和等剂量生理盐水灌胃。全自动血凝分析仪检测各组大鼠凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血浆凝血酶时间(TT);全自动生化分析仪测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及肌肝(Cr)等指标。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠PT和APTT显著缩短[(9.03±0.74)s比(9.89±0.72)s,(20.45±1.70)s比(24.24±5.41)s,P0.05)],Fib含量增加[(1.86±0.17)g/L比(1.67±0.22)g/L,P0.05],TT变化不显著(P0.05);LDH、Cr含量显著增高[(791.10±213.6)U/L比(526.50±182.33)U/L,(32.44±6.47)μmol/L比(26.85±4.09)μmol/L,P0.01,P0.05]。与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠PT[(10.15±0.78)s]和APTT[(25.36±2.08)s]显著延长(P0.01),而Fib含量无明显差异(P0.05),TT[(20.65±3.03)s比(24.94±2.41)s]显著缩短(P0.01);LDH[(573.90±142.37)U/L]、Cr[(24.34±5.92)μmol/L]含量显著降低(P0.05,P0.01)。结论嘎狗噜能够通过改善凝血/纤溶功能及代谢环境,有效减轻肢体缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的损害程度。     

雷诺昔酚对去势后大鼠骨密度、血生化指标的影响

目的:研究选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM)雷诺昔酚(RAL)对去势后雌性大鼠血生化及骨密度(BMD)的影响.方法:将5 mo龄未经产雌性二级SD大鼠24只,随机分为假手术(Sham)组、去势(OVX)组、去势 RAL(OVX RAL)组.OVX RAL组大鼠术后7 d开始给药.术后16wk处死各组大鼠,对各组大鼠血生化指标、BMD进行检测,并进行骨组织形态学观察.结果:OVX组与Sham组相比较,血钙(Ca2 )明显增高[(3.02±0.38)mmol/Lvs(2.24±0.30)mmol/L,P＜0.01],血碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高[(2.336±0.032)μkat/Lvs(1.832±0.028)μkat/L,P＜0.05],血磷(P)无明显差异.OVX RAL治疗组与OVX组相比,血清Ca ,ALP均降低[(2.38±0.39)mmol/Lvs(3.02±0.38)mmol/L,(1.952±0.023)μkat/Lvs(2.336±0.032)μkat/L,P＜0.05],血P无明显差异.与Sham组相比,OVX组股骨近端[(0.181±0.021)g/cm2vs(0.287±0.025)g/cm2]、股骨干[(0.157±0.034)g/cm2vs(0.260±0.039)g/cm2]及腰椎BMD明显降低(P＜0.01);OVX RAL治疗组各部位BMD高于OVX组(P＜0.05),但未达到Sham组水平(P＞0.05).结论:去势后16 wk大鼠松质骨、皮质骨骨量、骨组织形态计量学指标均明显下降.经RAL治疗后的去势大鼠松质骨、皮质骨密度、骨组织形态计量学指标得到较好维持.     

黄芪注射液对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用

【目的】探讨黄芪注射液对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用。【方法】采用线栓栓塞法制备大鼠中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,观察各组大鼠神经功能缺损情况并评分,测定脑组织含水量、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)含量,血清谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、天冬氨酸(aspartate,Asp)和一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)含量。【结果】黄芪注射液组神经功能缺损评分[(1.78±0.46)分]和脑组织含水量[(80.4±1.8)%]较模型组神经功能缺损评分[(2.91±0.62)分]和脑组织含水量[(87.6±2.0)%]显著降低(P<0.05);Glu[(61.38±5.28)μg/ml],Asp[(34.86±3.98)μg/ml]和MDA[(7.36±1.29)nmol/mg]含量较模型组Glu[(82.46±7.71)μg/ml],Asp[(48.20±5.01)μg/ml]和MDA[(10.12±1.68)nmol/mg]含量显著降低(P<0.05);SOD含量[(68.37±2.51)U/mg]较模型组SOD含量[(59.15±2.80)U/mg]显著升高(P<0.05)。【结论】黄芪注射液对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有良好的预防作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.