恶性胸腺瘤WHO病理分类及其CT表现

目的:分析恶性胸腺瘤的CT表现,以便于分类、分期和选择治疗。方法:分析21例手术及病理证实的WHO分类恶性胸腺瘤的CT表现,与手术病理相对照。结果:恶性胸腺瘤WHO分类B1型3例,B2型6例,B3型4例,C型(胸腺癌)8例。CT表现:心脏大血管受侵11例,主要表现肿块的心脏大血管接触面(mass-cardiovascular inferface,MCI)呈灌铸型生长。纵隔胸膜-肺受侵13例,主要表现为肿块-肺接触面(mass-pulmonary interface,MPI)增厚呈尖角或锯齿征。胸膜种植3例。肺门、肺内转移4例。C型(胸腺癌)更具侵袭性,远处转移多见。结论:CT能准确显示恶性胸腺瘤周围侵犯范围、胸膜种植及远隔转移。可准确分期和决定治疗方案,并对分类及预后作出评估。     

侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT表现及病理对照

目的：分析侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT表现，评价CT对其临床分期的准确性。资料与方法：回顾分析32例经手术病理证实的侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT所见，通过对病变的密度、周围纵隔结构的侵犯、胸膜肿植以及纵隔外转移情况的观察进行分期，并和病理分期进行比较。结果：侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT表现主要有：分叶状或不规则肿块；密度不均匀；局灶性钙化；邻近结构的脂肪层消失；侵及心包、胸膜、肺及其他器官。CT对临床分期判断准确性为87．5％，特异性为90％，敏感性为83．3％。结论：CT对侵袭性胸腺瘤术前分期及病变范围的显示准确，对确定手术方案，评价治疗效果及判断复发具有重要意义。     

胸腺瘤的CT诊断

目的评估CT诊断良恶性胸腺瘤的价值.材料和方法分析31例经外科和病理证实的胸腺瘤的CT表现.结果良性胸腺瘤10例,除1例与左肺动脉局部有粘连外,其余边界均清晰.侵袭性胸腺瘤12例,胸腺癌9例,除1例鳞癌外,CT均为不规则肿块,血管间隙均受侵,前者心包受侵8例,胸膜受侵7例,后者心包受侵5例,胸膜受侵5例,肺转移4例,双肾上腺转移1例,胸骨破坏1例.结论CT能准确鉴别良性恶性胸腺瘤,显示恶性胸腺瘤的浸润范围,并对侵袭性胸腺瘤和胸腺癌进行鉴别.     

CT扫描对侵袭性胸腺瘤的诊断价值

目的　探讨侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT表现及其诊断价值。方法　回顾性分析 13例经手术、病理证实为侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT表现。结果　 13例侵袭性胸腺瘤CT均显示为前纵隔软组织肿块。 10例密度不均 ,肿块不规则侵犯邻近结构 11例。主要表现在胸膜种植 3例 ,心血管结构侵犯 9例 ,以及腹腔受侵 1例。结论　常规CT扫描在侵袭性胸腺瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中具有重要作用     

原发性胸腺淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨原发胸腺淋巴瘤（PTL）的CT表现及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析1992年3月-2013年4月临床资料齐全且经病理证实的15例原发胸腺淋巴瘤CT表现,所有病例均经CT平扫加增强扫描,并与相同病例的侵袭性胸腺瘤及胸腺癌CT表现进行对照研究。结果：15例原发胸腺淋巴瘤中霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）8例（8/15）、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤5例（5/15）、T细胞淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤2例（2/15）,女性9例（9/15）、男性6例（6/15）;发病年龄＜40岁13例（13/15）,与侵袭性胸腺瘤（5/15）及胸腺癌（3/15）比较（P＜0．05）。原发胸腺淋巴瘤CT平扫示肿块向两侧生长11例（11/15）,结节状突起、分叶状生长8例（8/15）,密度均匀6例（6/15）,三者分别与侵袭性胸腺瘤、胸腺癌比较差异无显著统计学意义。原发胸腺淋巴瘤CT增强扫描示包绕血管征11例（11/15）,分别与侵袭性胸腺瘤（2/15）、胸腺癌（4/15）比较（P＜0．05）;瘤内小囊肿状改变7例（7/15）,分别与侵袭性胸腺瘤（1/15）、胸腺癌（0/15）比较（P＜0．05）;强化值＜20 HU10例（10/15）,与胸腺癌（1/15）比较（P＜0．05）。结论：原发胸腺淋巴瘤好发年轻女性,CT增强扫描具有一定的特征表现,据之可与侵袭性胸腺瘤及胸腺癌鉴别。     

胸腺瘤的CT诊断分析

目的 分析胸腺瘤的CT征象,提高胸腺瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 报告31例经手术、病理证实为胸腺瘤的CT表现.结果 27例(87.1%)位于前中上纵隔,其中,良性胸腺瘤11例,肿块与心脏血管接触面(MCI)呈凸出型8例,平坦型1例,凹陷型2例.恶性胸腺瘤20例,MCI呈灌铸型18例,凹陷型2例;肿块不规则侵犯邻近结构11例,心包积液6例,心包、胸膜多发结节状转移2例,胸腔积液4例,肺内炎症2例,肺内、骨、纵隔淋巴结转移各2例,肝、胰腺转移各1例.结论 CT对胸腺瘤的良恶性诊断及鉴别诊断有较高价值.     

侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT诊断及评价

目的分析侵袭性胸腺瘤的ＣＴ表现以便于分期和计划治疗。材料与方法分析２６例手术及病理证实的侵袭性胸腺瘤的ＣＴ所见，着重观察病变的密度，对周围纵隔结构的侵犯、胸膜种植以及纵隔外转移情况。结果２６例侵袭性胸腺瘤ＣＴ均显示为前纵隔软组织肿块，１６例密度不均，肿块不规则侵犯邻近器官２４例，主要表现在纵隔胸膜受侵７例，肺受侵９例，胸膜种植３例，心血管结构受侵２０例，以及心膈角区和腹腔受侵３例。结论ＣＴ在显示胸膜、心包和肺实质侵犯方面极其有效，对病变范围可进行可靠的评价，常规ＣＴ扫描可进行准确的分期和决定治疗方案。     

肾上腺肿瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的：探讨肾上腺肿瘤的CT和MRI影像学特点。方法：回顾分析经临床、手术病理证实的40例肾上腺肿瘤的CT资料和其中10例。MRI资料，观察其CT和MRI征象，提出诊断和鉴别诊断要点。结果：40例中，腺瘤16例，其中Cushing腺瘤8例，直径2．0～3．0cm的密度均匀的肿块，其信号与肝脏信号类似；Conn腺瘤6例，直径1．0～2．0cm的均一水样密度肿块；2例腺瘤无症状。皮质腺癌7例，呈巨大不规则的不均匀密度或信号肿块。嗜铬细胞瘤7例，较大的不均匀密度或信号肿块，实体部分明显强化。转移瘤8例，双侧或单侧肿块，T2WI明显高信号。髓性脂肪瘤1例，不均质肿块内有显著的脂肪组织密度或信号。淋巴管囊肿1例，不强化均一水样密度或信号的肿块。结论：肾上腺肿瘤CT和MRI表现有一定的特征，结合临床及生化检查，能对其做出定性诊断。     

儿童胸腺区恶性肿瘤的CT表现及其鉴别

目的分析儿童胸腺区恶性肿瘤的CT表现。资料与方法对8例经病理证实的儿童胸腺区恶性肿瘤的CT表现进行研究。结果8例均表现为胸腺区不均匀软组织密度肿块。3例侵袭性胸腺瘤，其中2例伴有胸腔积液，l例伴有肝脏转移。3例淋巴瘤胸腺浸润，均伴有其他部位淋巴结增大，l例伴有胸腔积液，2例伴有胸壁浸润以及椎管内侵犯l例。2例恶性生殖细胞瘤，其中l例恶性畸胎瘤肿块内见斑点状钙化灶，l例卵黄囊瘤伴有胸膜不规则增厚。结论CT检查能准确地显示出胸腺区恶性肿瘤的内部特征及其对邻近脏器的侵犯，因而对儿童胸腺区恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有较大价值。     

原发性胸腺癌的CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的分析原发性胸腺癌的影像表现,以期进一步提高对该肿瘤的认识及诊断水平。方法回顾性分析19例经病理证实的原发性胸腺癌的影像表现,17例行CT平扫及增强检查,2例仅行CT平扫检查。结果19例胸腺癌中,鳞状细胞癌16例,未分化癌、粘液表皮样癌及淋巴上皮样癌各1例;CT表现为前中上纵隔较大分叶状软组织肿块,最大径约为3.5~12.8cm(平均为6.6cm),肿块密度不均匀,均有坏死,其中3例鳞状细胞癌有钙化;19例肿瘤中,侵犯大血管10例,心包侵犯9例,胸内转移(纵隔淋巴结转移11例,胸膜转移7例,肺内转移4例),胸外转移(腹膜后淋巴结及骨骼各2例,肝脏3例)。结论原发性胸腺癌是一种罕见的纵隔肿瘤,CT表现具有一定的特征,结合病变的临床及CT表现,可提高病变的诊断率。     

Malignant thymic epithelial tumors: CT-pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to describe and compare the CT and pathologic findings of atypical thymoma and thymic carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven consecutive patients (14 men, 13 women ranging in age from 22 to 77 years [mean age, 52 years]) with pathologically proven atypical thymoma (n = 9) and thymic carcinoma (n = 18) constituted the study population. The chest CT findings in each of the 27 patients were reviewed retrospectively in consensus by two chest radiologists. These findings were correlated with pathologic findings. RESULTS: The tumors were located in the anterior mediastinum, and most tumors had a lobulated margin (24/27, 89%). Atypical thymomas were significantly smaller (mean, 4.7 cm) than thymic carcinomas (mean, 7.2 cm) (p = 0.041) on CT. The findings of invasion of the great vessels, lymph node enlargement, extrathymic metastases, and phrenic nerve palsy were seen only in patients with thymic carcinoma. The frequencies of necrosis, intratumoral calcification, pleural effusion, pleural implants, pericardial effusion, and obliteration of the mediastinal fat plane were not significantly different between atypical thymomas and thymic carcinomas (p > 0.05). Various histologic subtypes were included in thymic carcinoma. The tumor necrosis and calcification seen on CT were confirmed at pathologic examination. CONCLUSION: When a large thymic tumor appears with invasion of the great vessels, lymph node enlargement, phrenic nerve palsy, or extrathymic metastases on CT, thymic carcinoma rather than atypical thymoma should be considered.     

胸腺瘤的CT和平片分析

目的　探讨胸腺瘤的X线与CT诊断价值。方法　分析 30例经手术病理证实的胸腺瘤X线和CT表现 ,并与病理对照。结果　 18例非侵袭性胸腺瘤 ,胸片仅发现 15例 ,CT扫描 10例 ,均为前纵隔软组织肿块 ,边界清楚 ,密度均匀。 12例侵袭性胸腺瘤 ,肿瘤侵犯邻近器官 ,CT显示纵隔胸膜受侵 3例 ,心包受侵 2例 ,大血管结构受侵 2例 ,胸膜种植 3例 ,胸腔积液 2例 ,腹腔受侵和纵隔淋巴结转移各 1例 ;胸片仅能显示 1例肿瘤侵犯纵隔胸膜和 1例胸膜种植。结论　CT扫描在胸腺瘤的发现和判别侵袭性方面明显优于X线平片并且是可靠预测胸腺瘤侵袭性的检查方法。     

胸腺内胚窦瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨胸腺内胚窦瘤的CT表现。方法:回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的胸腺内胚窦瘤患者的CT表现。主要观察内容包括病变位置、大小、内部结构、边界及与周围结构的关系等。结果:8例中病灶位于前上纵隔5例,前中纵隔2例,前下纵隔1例。最大截面直径<3cm者2例,3~5cm者2例,>5cm者4例。CT平扫示病灶内密度不均匀,可见片状坏死,增强后呈明显不均匀强化。所有病灶边界不清,其中2例病变与纵隔血管分界不清,脂肪间隙消失;1例病变推移纵隔血管,但血管没有明显变形;5例可见病变周围结构受侵犯,3例为血管受侵,表现为血管变形,其内并见软组织密度影,1例病变侵及邻近肺组织,1例侵犯前胸壁及胸骨。结论:胸腺内胚窦瘤的CT表现具有恶性肿瘤的特点但缺乏特异性,确诊有赖于病理学检查。     

纵隔囊性病变的CT与MRI诊断

目的：探讨纵隔囊性病变的CT、MRI诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性总结30例经手术、病理确诊的纵隔囊性病变的CT及MRI表现，包括胸腺囊肿7例，囊性畸胎瘤8例，气管、支气管囊肿9例，食管囊肿4例，囊性淋巴管瘤2例。结果：不同纵隔囊性病变均有其较特定的发病部位。7例胸腺囊肿中6例位于前上纵隔的胸腺区，1例位于前纵隔中下部；8例囊性畸胎瘤主要位于前纵隔中部、大血管起始处；9例气管、支气管囊肿位于中上纵隔，气管、支气管右旁区；4例食管囊肿，其中3例位于后纵隔，1例位于中纵隔；2例囊性淋巴管瘤，其中1例为颈纵隔型，1例为颈一腋纵隔型。结论：纵隔囊性病变虽无明显特征性影像学表现，仔细观察CT与MRI征象特点，结合发病部位，对提高本病的诊断具有重要意义。     

Thymic lesions and myasthenia gravis. Diagnosis based on mediastinal imaging and pathological findings

Purpose:
To achieve a better understanding of the role of CT and MR imaging in the study of the mediastinum in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Material and Methods:
Mediastinal CT and MR findings were correlated with the histopathological results in 104 thymectomized MG patients. Results:
CT was performed in 104 patients; in 11 of them, MR was also carried out. 44 patients had hyperplasia at histology. On CT, thymic hyperplasia was confirmed in 16 cases, thymoma was diagnosed in 10 and a normal thymus in 18 (sensitivity 36%, specificity 95%). Of 52 patients with thymoma at histology, CT showed thymoma in 46, hyperplasia in 1, and normal thymus in 5. CT showed 88.5% sensitivity and 77% specificity for thymoma. In 10 patients with invasive thymoma, CT was indiscriminate, while invasiveness was detected in 7 cases at MR (70% sensitivity) and at CT in 1 case. Both CT and MR detected tumor recurrence in 5 cases, but the exact localization and degree of invasion were best defined by MR. Conclusion:
In MG patients CT is a sensitive, specific and efficient modality for detecting thymoma, but is less so for detecting thymic hyperplasia. MR was shown to be accurate in detecting invasive thymoma both preoperatively and in postoperative follow-up.     

^18F-FDG符合线路显像在胸腺上皮肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）符合线路显像在胸腺上皮肿瘤（TET）诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析37例TET患者的^18F—FDG符合线路显像结果,图像分析采用视觉分析及半定量方法[肿瘤／正常肺组织放射性比值（TLR）]。按WHO TET病理学分类结果将患者分成3组（高生存率组,包括A、AB、B1型;中生存率组,包括B2、B3型;低生存率组,包括胸腺癌）;同时将^18F—FDG显像结果与增强CT影像进行对比,TLR与免疫组织化学检查所测Ki67标记指数（细胞增殖指标）进行相关性分析。组间TLR比较采用方差分析。结果（1）^18F—FDG符合线路显像阳性率91．9％（34／37）;（2）3个不同生存率组TLR间差异有统计学意义（高、中、低生存率组TLR依次为：1．42±0．27,2．13±0．74,3．00±1．19,F=9．99,P〈0．05）;（3）TLR与Ki67标记指数有明显相关性（r=0．613,P=0．002）;（4）^18F-FDG显像发现2例增强CT未发现的病灶,病灶分别位于前胸壁和右锁骨上淋巴结;（5）共有4例伴发重症肌无力。结论^18F—FDG符合线路显像有助于WHO TET病理学分类和发现更多的TET侵犯、转移灶;可以用^18F—FDG在TET的浓聚程度反映细胞的增殖活力。     

Use of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the detection of thymoma: A preliminary report

Thymomas are lacking in malignant cytological features. Their staging is defined by the invasiveness of the tumour. This study aimed to analyse the uptake patterns of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in thymomas of different stages. FDG positron emission tomography (PET) scan was performed in 12 patients suspected of having thymoma and in nine controls. Qualitative visual interpretation was used to detect the foci with FDG uptake higher than that of normal mediastinum. Tumour/lung ratio (TLR) was calculated from the counts of ROIs over the mass and over comparable normal lung tissue in thymoma patients. Mediastinum/lung ratio (MLR) was calculated from the counts of ROIs over the anterior mediastinum and lung in controls. The PET scan patterns of distribution of foci with FDG uptake and TLRs were correlated with the computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and staging of the thymomas. Thymectomy was performed in ten patients and thoracoscopy was done in two patients. The results revealed ten thymomas (two stage I tumours, two stage II, four stage III and two stage IV, according to the Masaoka classification), and two cases of thymic hyperplasia associated with myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis was also noted in four thymoma patients. FDG studies showed (a) diffuse uptake in the widened anterior mediastinum in patients with thymic hyperplasia, (b) confined focal FDG uptake in the non-invasive or less invasive, stage I and II thymomas, and (c) multiple discrete foci of FDG uptake in the mediastinum and thoracic structures in stage III and IV advanced invasive thymomas. The thymomas had the highest TLRs, followed by the TLRs of thymic hyperplasia and the MLRs of control subjects (P <0.005). No significant difference was found between thymomas in different stages or between thymomas with and thymomas without myasthenia gravis. In comparison with CT and/or MRI, FDG-PET detected more lesions in patients with invasive thymomas and downgraded the staging of thymoma in four patients. Our preliminary results suggest that FDG-PET is useful in the assessment of the invasiveness of thymomas, and may have the potential to differentiate thymomas from thymic hyperplasia.     

不典型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌的临床与CT表现比较

目的 探讨不典型胸腺瘤(B3型胸腺瘤)和胸腺癌(C型胸腺瘤)在临床和CT表现上的异同.方法 搜集经手术切除、按2004年WHO胸腺上皮肿瘤分类标准分类,并有完整CT资料的B3型(30例)和C型(17例)胸腺上皮肿瘤,对其包括预后在内的临床资料和CT图像做回顾性分析.2组患者年龄和肿瘤横断面最长径的比较采用独立样本t检验;对于性别、有无重症肌无力、手术方法及2组间肿瘤边缘、形态、有无坏死和钙化、肿瘤的强化形式和程度以及对周围纵隔脂肪、胸壁、大血管、纵隔胸膜、心包和胸壁的侵犯情况,是否存在纵隔淋巴结肿大、胸膜种植转移、胸水和远处转移等采用Fisher精确概率法检验.对于2组患者预后情况则采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析.结果 (1)临床:B3型患者[平均年龄(43±15)岁]较C型[(56±11)岁]年轻(t=-2.905,P=0.006);90.0％ (27/30) B3型合并有重症肌无力症状,而C型仅5.9％( 1/17),差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);B3型肿瘤的完整切除率(80.0％,24/30)高于C型(11.8％,2/17,P=0.001);70.6％( 12/17)C型患者于术后2年内死亡,B3型中仅20.0％ (5/30)在术后2～9年内死亡;5年生存率C型为14.7％,B3型为94.7％,差异有统计学意义(P =0.000).(2)CT表现:C型肿块的长径为(6.4±2.1) cm,大于B3型的(4.6±2.3)cm(t=-2.778,P=0.008);C型边缘多为不规则形状( 13/17,76.5％),而B3型则多为分叶状(18/30,60.0％,P=0.019);C型(15/17例,88.2％)较B3型(17/30,56.7％)更容易发生肿瘤坏死(P =0.049);在增强扫描中与B3型比较,92.8％ (13/14)C型表现为不均匀强化(P=0.042);同时C型更易发生大血管侵犯(15/17,P=0.001)和远处转移(8/17,P=0.028).结论 B3型和C型胸腺瘤在临床、预后及CT表现有一定差异,有助于作出区别.