Variation in radiation-induced apoptosis in ataxia telangiectasia lymphoblastoid cell lines

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the ability of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from healthy individuals (normals) and ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) patients to undergo apoptosis after exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four normal and eight A-T LCL were exposed to doses of up to 20 Gy ionizing radiation. Apoptosis induction was studied 24 h after irradiation using three different methods: measurement of caspase-3 activity, PARP-1 cleavage and estimation of the sub-G(1) cell fraction. RESULTS: Of the eight A-T LCL tested, all harbouring truncating ATM mutations, five had a higher level of spontaneous apoptosis than the normal LCL as assessed by the sub-G(1) cell fraction. Four of the eight A-T LCLs showed a similar level of radiation-induced apoptosis after exposure to 5 Gy as the normal LCL. The other four A-T LCL showed a greater radiation-induced apoptotic response, as assessed by at least one of the three techniques. CONCLUSIONS: LCL from A-T patients can undergo ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in spite of a defect in ATM-p53-dependent signalling pathways. However, the apoptotic response is characterized by a large degree of variability between the A-T cell lines, the causes of which remain to be established.     

Variation in radiation-induced apoptosis in ataxia telangiectasia lymphoblastoid cell lines

Purpose : To investigate and compare the ability of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from healthy individuals (normals) and ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) patients to undergo apoptosis after exposure to ionizing radiation. Materials and methods : Four normal and eight A-T LCL were exposed to doses of up to 20 Gy ionizing radiation. Apoptosis induction was studied 24 h after irradiation using three different methods: measurement of caspase-3 activity, PARP-1 cleavage and estimation of the sub-G 1 cell fraction. Results : Of the eight A-T LCL tested, all harbouring truncating ATM mutations, five had a higher level of spontaneous apoptosis than the normal LCL as assessed by the sub-G 1 cell fraction. Four of the eight A-T LCLs showed a similar level of radiation-induced apoptosis after exposure to 5 Gy as the normal LCL. The other four A-T LCL showed a greater radiation-induced apoptotic response, as assessed by at least one of the three techniques. Conclusions : LCL from A-T patients can undergo ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in spite of a defect in ATM-p53-dependent signalling pathways. However, the apoptotic response is characterized by a large degree of variability between the A-T cell lines, the causes of which remain to be established.     

High-LET radiation induces apoptosis in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from ataxia-telangiectasia patients

Purpose : To investigate and compare the propensity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), derived from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients and from unaffected healthy individuals (controls), to undergo apoptosis after exposure to high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Materials and methods : Four A-T (ARO, BMA, CSA and RJO) and two control (JAC and KKB3) LCL were exposed to doses of up to 4 Gy of accelerated nitrogen ions (32-45 MeV/u, 8-12 Gy/min). For comparative purposes X-ray irradiation (1.36 Gy/min) was also performed. The induction of apoptosis was studied 0-48h after irradiation with the use of two methods: (1) monitoring of high molecular weight (HMW) DNA fragments by field inversion pulse gel electrophoresis (FIGE); and (2) morphological characterization of apoptotic cells after fluorescent staining. In parallel, cell-cycle distribution, monitored by DNA flow cytometry, as well as measurements of p53/p21(WAF1) protein levels by Western blots, were investigated in these cells. Results : High-LET radiation-induced apoptosis and G2/M-arrest in both A-T and control LCL. No significant increase in the amount of p53/p21(WAF1) proteins preceded apoptosis in control or in A-T LCL after high-LET irradiation. However, low-LET radiation did induce significant enhanced levels of p53 proteins in control but not in A-T LCL. Conclusions : LCL from both A-T homozygous and unaffected healthy individuals undergo apoptosis without accumulation of p53/p21(WAF1) proteins after exposure to high-LET radiation. In contrast, low-LET radiation induces apoptosis and significantly increases levels of p53 protein in control but not in A-T LCL.     

High-LET radiation induces apoptosis in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from atazia-telangiectasia patients

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the propensity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), derived from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients and from unaffected healthy individuals (controls), to undergo apoptosis after exposure to high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four A-T (ARO, BMA, CSA and RJO) and two control (JAC and KKB3) LCL were exposed to doses of up to 4Gy of accelerated nitrogen ions (32-45 MeV/u, 8-12Gy/min). For comparative purposes X-ray irradiation (1.36 Gy/min) was also performed. The induction of apoptosis was studied 0-48 h after irradiation with the use of two methods: (1) monitoring of high molecular weight (HMW) DNA fragments by field inversion pulse gel electrophoresis (FIGE); and (2) morphological characterization ofapoptotic cells after fluorescent staining. In parallel, cell-cycle distribution, monitored by DNA flow cytometry, as well as measurements of p53/p21(WAF1) protein levels by Western blots, were investigated in these cells. RESULTS: High-LET radiation-induced apoptosis and G2/M-arrest in both A-T and control LCL. No significant increase in the amount of p53/p21(WAF1) proteins preceded apoptosis in control or in A-T LCL after high-LET irradiation. However, low-LET radiation did induce significant enhanced levels of p53 proteins in control but not in A-T LCL. CONCLUSIONS: LCL from both A-T homozygous and unaffected healthy individuals undergo apoptosis without accumulation of p53/p21(WAF1) proteins after exposure to high-LET radiation. In contrast, low-LET radiation induces apoptosis and significantly increases levels of p53 protein in control but not in A-T LCL.     

Rapid repair of potentially lethal damage in normal and ataxia telangiectasia cell lines

Potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) was investigated in two normal and three ataxia telangiectasia (AT) human-skin fibroblast cell lines cultured in vitro. Using plateau-phase cells, both the time kinetics and the amount of repair were measured after irradiation. PLDR depended on both dose and survival level, as previously seen in rodent cells. Human cells differed from rodent cells in PLDR speed and the ability to discern two components within the repair response. Fast repair had a t1/2 of approximately 5-7 min while the slow response occurred over hours. AT cells had demonstrable PLDR in contrast to previous studies. Quantitatively, the proportion of fast and slow repair was similar for each dose in either normal or AT cells. However, AT cells had lower levels of both types of repair. When analyzing PLDR in human cells, differences in the rate of repair between human and rodent cells must be taken into account.     

Lack of effect of caffeine post-treatment on X-ray-induced chromosomal aberrations in Werner's syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines: a preliminary report

Purpose: To investigate whether in Werner's syndrome cells the G2 phase of the cell cycle has some abnormal response to post-treatment with agents such as caffeine and hydroxyurea known to interfere with cellular response to DNA damage. Materials and methods: Two Werner's syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines (KO375 and DJG) and the normal cell line SNW646 were exposed to 50cGy of X-rays or mitomycin-C and post-treated with caffeine or hydroxyurea in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Results: Hydroxyurea post-treatment potentiated the X-ray-induced aberration levels both in the normal and Werner's syndrome (KO375 and DJG) cell lines; in contrast caffeine was only effective in the normal cell line. Similar results were observed when Werner's syndrome cells were treated in the G1 phase with the S-dependent agent mitomycin-C and post-treated with caffeine in G2, extending the observation that Werner's syndrome cells are unaffected by caffeine G2 post-treatment. Conclusions: These results show a lack of caffeine effect in Werner's syndrome cells, suggesting an involvement of the Werner's syndrome protein in the signal transduction pathway by which caffeine could override the DNA damage induced G2 checkpoint.     

Lack of effect of caffeine post-treatment on X-ray-induced chromosomal aberrations in Werner's syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines: a preliminary report

PURPOSE: To investigate whether in Werner's syndrome cells the G2 phase of the cell cycle has some abnormal response to post-treatment with agents such as caffeine and hydroxyurea known to interfere with cellular response to DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two Werner's syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines (KO375 and DJG) and the normal cell line SNW646 were exposed to 50 cGy of X-rays or mitomycin-C and posttreated with caffeine or hydroxyurea in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. RESULTS: Hydroxyurea post-treatment potentiated the X-ray-induced aberration levels both in the normal and Werner's syndrome (KO375 and DJG) cell lines; in contrast caffeine was only effective in the normal cell line. Similar results were observed when Werner's syndrome cells were treated in the G1 phase with the S-dependent agent mitomycin-C and post-treated with caffeine in G2, extending the observation that Werner's syndrome cells are unaffected by caffeine G2 post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a lack of caffeine effect in Werner's syndrome cells, suggesting an involvement of the Werner's syndrome protein in the signal transduction pathway by which caffeine could override the DNA damage induced G2 checkpoint.     

P糖蛋白抑制X射线诱导凋亡及对线粒体膜电位的影响

目的　观察P糖蛋白 (P gp)对X射线诱导凋亡和线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm)的影响。方法运用流式细胞仪检测X射线照射后不同时间点细胞凋亡率和ΔΨm的动态变化。结果　P gp功能抑制组细胞在X射线照射后 6、12、2 4h细胞凋亡率分别为 2 5 5 3%± 2 85 % ,30 4 3%± 2 2 1%和39 0 3%± 2 6 0 % ;对照组分别是 16 13%± 1 16 % ,2 1 73%± 1 31%和 2 7 5 3%± 2 5 5 %。抑制组显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。在X射线照射后 6、12、2 4hP gp抑制组和对照组细胞ΔΨm平均荧光强度 (MIF)均较照射前降低 ,但P gp抑制组各时间点ΔΨmMIF值较对照组细胞下降更显著 (P <0 0 1)。结论　P糖蛋白对X射线诱导凋亡具有显著抑制效应 ,其机理可能和其稳定的ΔΨm有关。     

Quantitative evaluation of brain involvement in ataxia telangiectasia by diffusion weighted MR imaging

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in diagnosing ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and to investigate the spatial distribution of cerebral microstructural changes caused by the disease. METHODS: Six AT patients (9-13 years) and nine healthy control subjects were examined on 1.5 T scanner. In addition to conventional MR images, DWI were performed with a fat suppressed, multishot spin echo EPI sequence using B values of 0, 500 and 1000 s/mm2. Mean ADC values were measured from 16 different supra and infratentorial location. The difference between controls and AT patients regarding ADC values, and the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of them in discrimination were analyzed with t-tests, logistic regression analysis, ANOVA and ROC curves. RESULTS: Conventional images of the controls were normal. In AT patients, the only conventional MR abnormality was cerebellar atrophy. The difference between both groups regarding mean ADC values was not significant for any of the cerebral structures. In contrary to cerebrum, cerebellar mean ADC values of patients and controls were statistically different (p < 0.011-0.0001). Patients and controls were classified with 100% accuracy using ADC values of cerebellar white matter and cortex together (p < 0.016). The cut-off ADC value (0.699 mm2/s) for middle cerebellar cortex had produced highest (100%) sensitivity and specificity. There was a difference between superior, middle and inferior cerebellar cortex regarding ADC values (p < 0.026). Superior cerebellar cortex (0.987+/-0.1956 mm2/s) had higher ADC values than the middle and inferior cerebellar cortex. CONCLUSION: DWI provides a supplementary and objective imaging finding in AT. This finding is highly accurate in the radiological discrimination of healthy subjects and AT. Our findings also implicate that AT causes a diffuse atrophy and mostly affects superior part of the cortex.     

Radiation induced chromosome aberrations and clonogenic survival in human lymphoblastoid cell lines with different p53 status

PURPOSE: To better understand the relation of radiation induced chromosome aberrations and clonogenic survival in cells with different p53 status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human lymphoblasts TK6 and WTK1 were derived from the same donor, but differ in radiosensitivity, p53 status and kinetics of apoptosis. TK6 cells have wild type p53 (p53wt), whereas WTK1 cells have a mutated, non-functional p53 (p53mut). Additionally, a HPV16 E6 transfected TK6 cell line (TK6E6), which is also negative for p53 function (p53neg), was studied. The cells were irradiated, incubated with colcemid, hypotonically lysed and fixed. After staining with Giemsa, asymmetric chromosomal exchange type aberrations were counted in 50 mitoses each per dose point (0 to 4 Gy). Clonogenic survival was determined using the microtiter plate assay. All experiments were performed in triplicate. RESULTS: WTK1 (p53mut) show a higher spontaneous frequency of chromosome aberrations than TK6 (p53wt). No significant differences were noted in radiation induced aberration frequency. TK6E6 (p53neg) show comparable aberration frequencies like TK6. However, the dose required to reduce survival to 10% (D10) was about 2 Gy for TK6 and TK6E6, whereas the D10 for WTK1 was approximately 3 Gy. CONCLUSION: The p53 status influences the radiosensitivity in this lymphoblast cell system showing a high rate of radiation induced apoptosis. Cells with p53mut (WTK1), survive with a damaged genome, because they do not undergo apoptosis to loose their clonogenicity. There was no difference between the p53wt (TK6) and p53neg cells (TK6E6) suggesting a suppression of radiation induced apoptosis by p53mut.     

Impaired p53-mediated DNA damage response, cell-cycle disturbance and chromosome aberrations in Nijmegen breakage syndrome lymphoblastoid cell lines.

PURPOSE: To investigate the p53 ionizing radiation-induced response, G1/S cell-cycle block and cytogenetic damage in Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) cells characterized by different haplotypes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from three normals, five NBS and two ataxia telangiectasia (AT) individuals were treated with moderate doses of X-rays and changes in the p53 response were studied by dose-response and time-course experiments. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of bromodesoxyuridine-incorporated cells was carried out to analyse G1/S checkpoint alterations. Cytogenetic damage induced by 2 Gy radiation was assessed in cells harvested 28 h later. RESULTS: Comparison of mean values of p53 accumulation in NBS, AT and control cells indicated that protein induction in NBS cells was between normal and AT cells. Cell-cycle experiments showed a markedly reduced S-phase fraction in irradiated samples of normal cell lines, while NBS, and particularly AT cells, showed less reduction in S-phase fraction. Irrespective of differences in p53 induction and G1/S block, chromatid-type aberrations were induced at a comparable level in both syndromes, while being almost absent in normal cells. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that failure of NBS cells to initiate cell-cycle delay cannot account alone for their extreme sensitivity to radiation.     

广东高本底辐射地区老年居民淋巴细胞永生化细胞系的建立

目的 建立辐射高本底地区老年居民外周血永生化细胞系,以保存高本底居民特有的基因组资源,为进一步开展天然本底辐射的遗传学和分子生物学研究提供材料。方法 在知情同意的情况下收集20例高本底地区老年男性居民的外周血样品,采用EB病毒转化技术,把外周血B淋巴细胞转化成永生化淋巴母细胞系,冻存复苏后,进行细胞活性检测和排除细菌、支原体污染,并用遗传学方法检测其建系前后的遗传稳定性。结果 成功建立20例40株细胞株,所有建成的细胞株冻存后复苏成功率为100%。活性细胞大于90%,无细菌和支原体污染,G显带分析结果为转化后第20代细胞的染色体核型未发生改变。结论 本研究建立的高本底地区老年居民永生细胞系在遗传学特性上是稳定的,可用于进一步的天然本底辐射的遗传学和分子生物学研究。     

Establishment of a novel immortalized cell line from ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts and its use for the chromosomal assignment of radiosensitivity gene

An immortalized cell line was established from a female ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patient by the transfection of primary skin fibroblasts with origin-defective SV40 DNA. The cell line was characterized by a hypodiploid chromosome constitution and radiation hypersensitivity. The established cell line was used as a recipient for microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Among seven G418-resistant clones obtained by the fusion with microcells from mouse A9 cells carrying a pSV2neo-tagged normal human chromosome 11, three clones showed restoration of radiation resistance with concomitant gain of an extra intact chromosome 11, while the others contained no recognizable or deleted chromosome 11. The association of the presence of 11q14----qter region with the radioresistance suggests the presence of AT gene in this chromosomal region.     

Comparative human cellular radiosensitivity: II. The survival following gamma-irradiation of unstimulated (G0) T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte lines, lymphoblastoid cell lines and fibroblasts from normal donors, from ataxia-telangiectasia patients and from ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes

We have measured clonal survival following gamma-irradiation of unstimulated (G0) T-lymphocytes from 35 donors, of 11 T-lymphocyte cell lines, of six lymphoblastoid cell lines, and of nine primary fibroblast strains for which we have G0 T-lymphocyte material from the same donor. Amongst the G0 lymphocytes we have results from nine normal donors, from eight cord bloods, from seven ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients and from nine A-T heterozygotes. Although there is some variation between samples, G0 T-lymphocytes from normal donors appear to be slightly more radioresistant than T-lymphocyte lines, with a more shouldered survival curve. From our limited sample, lymphoblastoid cell lines appear to be slightly more radiosensitive than T-lymphocytes. The overall radiosensitivity of primary fibroblasts appears to be broadly similar to that of G0 T-lymphocytes. In nine instances, five A-Ts and four A-T heterozygotes, both G0 T-lymphocytes and primary fibroblasts from the same donor were tested. In five cases there was closely similar radiosensitivity in the two cell types, but in four cases there was some discrepancy. Further work, especially with normal donors, will be required in order to establish how reliably radiosensitivity in other cell types can be predicted from that of G0 T-lymphocytes. In all cell types the hypersensitivity of A-T cells was confirmed. Furthermore, the marginally greater sensitivity of A-T heterozygotes, when compared as a group with normals, was confirmed with G0 T-lymphocytes. Our results also suggest a slightly increased radiosensitivity in G0 T-lymphocytes from some, but not all, cord blood samples.     

细胞凋亡抑制因子在心肌病血清中的表达

 目的探讨细胞凋亡抑制因子对心肌病的影响和作用机制.方法运用细胞免疫学方法,检测了66例心肌病患者细胞凋亡抑制因子APO-1/Fas和调节因子IL-6,TNFa等指标.结果心肌病各组APO-1/Fas,IL-6,TNFa等指标较对照组有不同程度升高,心功能愈差,升高愈明显.结论 APO-1/Fas,IL-6,TNFa等细胞凋亡抑制因子在心肌病细胞凋亡病变中有明显抑制或调节作用.     

青藤碱联合顺铂对顺铂耐药Hela细胞株增殖凋亡的作用

目的 探讨青藤碱联合顺铂对顺铂耐药Hela细胞株增殖凋亡的作用.方法 取对数期Hela细胞,建立顺铂耐药模型,分为对照组、青藤碱组、激活剂组、青藤碱联合激活剂组.对照组不处理,青藤碱组加入青藤碱(40μmol/L终浓度),激活剂组加入Notch信号通路配体Jagged1蛋白(500 ng/ml),青藤碱联合激活剂组加入...     

Endovascular treatment of epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The treatment of epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia can be very challenging. The purpose of our study was to evaluate our experience with endovascular epistaxis embolization in patients with hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia and to compare this with our experience in patients treated for idiopathic epistaxis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6-year period, we treated 22 patients with epistaxis by using endovascular embolization. Twelve of 22 patients had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; 10 patients had idiopathic epistaxis. The angiographic findings, efficacy of treatment, and complications for both groups were compared.RESULTS: Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia had angiographic abnormalities in 92% of cases compared with only 30% in the idiopathic epistaxis group. Compared with a group of 10 patients treated for other causes of epistaxis, those with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia required significantly more re-embolization treatments or additional surgical procedures because of continued or recurrent bleeding episodes after embolization (P = .03). Complications were rare; a single patient in the idiopathic epistaxis group had a self-limited groin hematoma and postembolization facial pain.CONCLUSION: Endovascular embolization of epistaxis is a safe procedure that can be useful for patients with severe acute epistaxis or chronic persistent bleeding. Patients who undergo endovascular embolization for epistaxis related to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia require repeat embolization and subsequent surgical procedures more often than those with idiopathic epistaxis.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, is a hereditary disorder involving vascular abnormalities of various organs. Epistaxis from telangiectasias of the nasal mucosa is a common manifestation of this disease and can be an extremely difficult management issue for clinicians.^1–3 At our institution, we have a large population of patients with HHT who are referred to the Otorhinolaryngology department for management of epistaxis. Accordingly, a larger proportion of our epistaxis embolization procedures are performed on patients with HHT compared with most practices. We describe our experience and technique for the endovascular treatment of epistaxis in patients with HHT and compare this to a group of patients treated endovascularly for epistaxis unrelated to HHT.