盐酸多奈哌齐、西酞普兰对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠认知功能的影响

目的观察盐酸多奈哌齐、西酞普兰对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠认知功能的影响,方法将36只SD大鼠雌雄各半随机分为假手术组(A组),缺血90 min再灌注0．9%氯化钠溶液治疗组(B组)、盐酸奈哌齐治疗组(C组)和西酞普兰治疗组(D组)。采用Zea Longa's线栓法制备SD大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,评定术后B、C、D组大鼠神经行为学评分,观察A组、B组术后14 d红四氮唑(TTC)染色以及各组水迷宫实验及听觉事件相关电位(P300)测试。结果术后大鼠神经行为学评分均＞2分。B组大鼠术后第14 d TTC染色的结果显示了模型的可靠性。定位航行试验:实验的第2～5 d,B组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著长于A组(P＜0．01);C组、D组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著短于B组(P＜0．01);实验的第3～5 d,C组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著短于D组(P＜0．05)。空间探索试验:C组、D组大鼠平台象限游泳时间和总游泳时间的比值(tP/tT)、平台象限距离和总距离的比值(dP/dT)均显著大于B组(P＜0．05);B组大鼠的dP/dT、tP/tT值均显著小于A组(P＜0．01);C组dP/dT、tP/tT值均显著大于D组(P＜0．05)。4组大鼠听觉事件相关电位间差别有显著性意义(P＜0．01)。结论大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞90 min后再灌注能导致认知功能下降,盐酸多奈哌齐和西酞普兰均能改善大鼠认知障碍,前者的效果可能更好。     

盐酸多奈哌齐联合西酞普兰治疗青中年脑梗死患者抑郁及认知功能障碍临床分析

目的探讨青中年脑梗死患者抑郁和认知功能障碍的发生及多奈哌齐联合西酞普兰的治疗效果。方法 80例青中年脑梗死抑郁和认知障碍患者随机分为2组,治疗组40例,给予盐酸多奈哌齐联合西酞普兰及心理治疗8周;对照组40例仅给予西酞普兰治疗。所有患者治疗前后均进行Zung量表评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、简易智能状态评分及临床神经功能缺损评分(NFDS)测评。结果治疗组Zung量表、密尔顿抑郁量表评分、NFDS评分明显改善,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。治疗组总有效率为87.5%,对照组为77.5%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论抑郁和认知功能障碍发生率较高,是生物-心理-社会因素共同作用的结果,多奈哌齐联合西酞普兰治疗对青中年脑梗死抑郁和认知功能障碍有重要意义。     

盐酸多奈哌齐对拟VaD大鼠海马CA1区NR1及NR2B免疫组织化学表达的影响

目的探讨盐酸多奈哌齐对拟血管性痴呆大鼠海马神经元N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚单位R1(NMDAR1,NR1)和R2B(NMDAR2B,NR2B)的免疫组织化学表达的影响。方法采用双侧颈总动脉反复夹闭、再通,并腹腔注射硝普钠法制备模型,用盐酸多奈哌齐溶液灌胃,Y-型迷宫试验观察其行为学改变,用免疫组织化学技术观测大鼠海马神经元NR1、NR2B的表达变化。结果盐酸多奈哌齐组大鼠海马CA1区NR1表达明显降低,与模型组比较有显著性差异(均P<0.01),与假手术组相比差异无显著性;NR2B表达较模型组明显增高(P<0.01),与假手术组比较无显著性差异。结论盐酸多奈哌齐有可能通过降低NR1的表达,提高海马NR2B的表达,从而改善拟血管性痴呆大鼠的学习、记忆成绩。     

盐酸多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆小鼠海马CA1区Calpain 1表达的影响

目的 探讨盐酸多奈哌齐对反复脑缺血-再灌注后血管性痴呆(VaD)小鼠海马CA1区Calpain 1表达的影响.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血-再灌注合并尾端放血的方法制备VaD动物模型.分别于术后第4周和第8周测试小鼠的学习和记忆成绩,应用免疫组化方法观察海马CA1区Calpain 1表达的变化及盐酸多奈哌齐对其的影响.结果 术后4周和8周时模型组小鼠的学习、记忆成绩均明显劣于假手术组小鼠(P<0.01),海马CA1区Calpain 1表达分别是(0.090 0±0.010 0)和(0.102 0±0.008 4),显著高于假手术组的(0.033 2±0.004 3)和(0.031 7±0.004 6)(P<0.01).多奈哌齐治疗组小鼠在术后4周和8周时学习记忆能力较模型组显著改善(P<0.01),海马CA1区Calpain 1表达各为(0.052 0±0.008 4)和(0.068 0±0.008 4),显著低于模型组小鼠(P<0.05).结论 Calpain 1可能参与了脑缺血再灌注后小鼠VaD的发生,盐酸多奈哌齐改善VaD小鼠学习和记忆的能力可能与其减少Calpain 1表达有关.     

线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其机制

目的观察线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤中的作用及其机制。方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:A组(假手术组)、B组(脑缺血再灌注组)、C组(脑缺血再灌注+钌红组)、D组(脑缺血再灌注+精胺组),采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,各组在脑缺血2h后进行再灌注,再灌注24h后观察各组大鼠神经功能评分,检测各组血清脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(malondial-dehyde,MDA)的含量、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,免疫组化检测皮质区Caspase-3阳性细胞数的变化。结果 B、C、D组神经功能评分升高,血清MDA的含量以及LDH活性显著高于A组,SOD活性与A组相比显著降低,caspases-3表达细胞与A组相比明显增多。C组能明显改善上述结果,而D组相反。结论抑制线粒体钙单向转运体可以明显减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与减少氧自由基产生、维护线粒体功能有关。     

丁苯酞对慢性低灌注大鼠认知功能的保护作用

目的通过建立双侧颈总动脉结扎动物模型探讨慢性低灌注后认知功能的变化及丁苯酞的保护作用。方法雄性Wistar大鼠48只随机分为假手术组、缺血模型组、丁苯酞组。缺血组与丁苯酞组大鼠结扎双侧颈总动脉。Morris水迷宫行为学实验评估1个月后各组大鼠空间认知功能。结果慢性低灌注后1月大鼠认知功能减退,丁苯酞治疗组逃避潜伏期较缺血组明显增加,显著延长在第四象限停留时间(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞对慢性低灌注大鼠认知功能损害有保护作用。     

多奈哌齐对血管性痴呆大鼠海马CA_1区NF-κB及COX-2表达的影响

目的观察血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠行为学改变及海马CA1区核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达的变化及多奈哌齐干预效果。探讨多奈哌齐对VD大鼠脑保护作用的可能机制。方法双侧颈总动脉结扎法建立血管性痴呆大鼠动物模型,120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为:假手术4w、8w组、模型4w、8w组;多奈哌齐治疗4w、8w组。Morris水迷宫实验检测认知行为学改变,免疫组织化学法检测大鼠海马CA1区NF-κB、COX-2的表达。结果多奈哌齐可以显著提高血管性痴呆大鼠的学习记忆力和反应能力;模型组和多奈哌齐治疗组NF-κB、COX-2表达均较假手术组明显增高(P0.01),但多奈哌齐治疗组两者表达较模型组明显降低(P0.01)。结论多奈哌齐可以明显改善血管性痴呆大鼠的行为学症状,可能是抑制大鼠脑组织NF-κB、COX-2的表达发挥其脑保护作用。     

异丙酚联合亚低温对脑缺血-再灌注损伤后P75基因的影响

目的探讨脑缺血-再灌注(I/R)损伤后P75基因的表达变化及异丙酚联合亚低温对脑损伤的保护作用。方法 96只雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、异丙酚组(B组)、亚低温组(C组)、异丙酚联合亚低温组(D组),各组又分为再灌注后4h、8h、12h亚组,每组8只动物。采用RT-PCR技术检测各组大鼠不同时间点大脑皮质中P75基因表达变化,TUNEL技术观察再灌注12h大鼠脑皮质细胞凋亡情况。结果各组大鼠脑皮质于I/R损伤后各时间均可检测到P75 mRNA表达,且随再灌注时间延长表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.01);B、C、D组P75 mR-NA水平于再灌注4h、8h、12h均显著减低于A组(P<0.01),以D组降低最为明显(P<0.01)。D组大鼠再灌注12h脑皮质凋亡细胞数明显少于其他各组(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚和亚低温处理可通过抑制P75表达减轻缺血-再灌注损伤大脑细胞凋亡的发生,实现对脑组织的保护,异丙酚联合亚低温处理对脑组织的保护效果更佳。     

艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者疗效比较

目的:比较艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症疗效和安全性. 方法:76例符合入组标准的患者随机分为艾司西酞普兰组和盐酸舍曲林组各38例,疗程6周.用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定安全性.结果:两组HAMD、HAMA评分均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.01),以艾司西酞普兰组HAMD、HAMA评分在治疗1周时降分显著低于盐酸舍曲林组(t=-2.839,-2.862;P ＜0.01),其余各周差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).艾司西酞普兰组与舍曲林组不良反应发生率分别为39.5％和42.1％ (P＞0.05).结论:艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症疗效相当,但艾司西酞普兰起效更快.     

L-精氨酸通过抑制NF-кB途径减轻大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤

目的观察L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注(I/R)损伤的作用并探讨其机制。方法成年健康SD大鼠36只随机分3组,假手术(Sham)组、I/R组、L-Arg治疗(ARG)组,每组12只,采用大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)法建立大鼠局灶脑缺血模型。I/R组、ARG组于缺血2 h再灌注时分别给予生理盐水和L-Arg,实验中监测大鼠血压。于再灌注72 h后进行神经功能评分,TTC染色检测各组脑梗死体积百分比,Western blot测定大鼠缺血脑组织内NF-κB p65、IκBα的表达水平并进行组间比较。结果 1各组大鼠血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2与I/R组相比较,I/R后72 h,ARG组神经功能缺损程度评分明显改善(P<0.05),脑梗死体积显著缩小(P<0.05);3与Sham组比较,I/R组NF-κB p65表达明显升高(P<0.01),IκBα蛋白的表达明显降低(P<0.01);ARG组NF-κB p65的表达水平显著低于I/R组、高于Sham组(P<0.05),ARG组IκBα的表达水平显著高于I/R组、低于Sham组(P<0.05)。结论 I/R后早期给予L-Arg可减轻脑组织损伤,其机制与一氧化氮(NO)抑制NF-кB激活有关。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.