深低温停循环上腔静脉逆行脑灌注在主动脉弓部手术中的应用

目的总结上腔静脉逆行脑灌注在主动脉弓部手术中的应用经验。方法选取2014年1月至2015年8月期间南京医科大学第二附属医院心血管外科收治的主动脉瘤及De BakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层患者45例,男性35例,女性10例,年龄23~81(46.7±13.1)岁。采用深低温停循环(DHCA)上腔静脉逆行脑灌注的手术方式治疗。结果体外循环时间为127~314(168.1±53.7)min、心肌血运阻断时间为66~201(122.4±31.8)min、深低温停(DHCA)时间为15~53(24.4±11.5)min、经上腔静脉逆行脑灌注时间为13~47(28.7±13.2)min、停循环时最低鼻咽温度14.1~22.3(17.5±3.0)℃、最低肛温18.5~25.8(20.9±2.5)℃。主动脉开放后,心脏自动复跳39例,电击除颤复跳6例;所有患者在术后1~48 h内神志完全清醒。术后死亡2例,死亡原因为多脏器功能衰竭,与上腔静脉逆行脑灌注无关。患者术后并发症包括:肾脏衰竭1例,再次开胸止血1例,术后中期脑卒中1例,一过性神经系统功能障碍4例,余患者经治疗后均顺利痊愈出院。结论在主动脉弓部手术中采用上腔静脉逆行脑灌注脑保护的方式,可以简化手术操作,同时给大脑提供充分的血液灌注,明显延长手术的安全时限。     

手术治疗主动脉瘤33例临床分析

目的总结手术治疗主动脉瘤的经验。方法 33例主动脉瘤患者,7例采用深低温停循环（DHCA）选择性脑灌注技术行升主动脉及全弓替换、支架＂象鼻＂手术;行非体外循环全弓替换术、升主动脉包裹术、Bentall手术同期行深低温停循环半弓替换手术、降主动脉支架置入加室间隔缺损修补术以及经升主动脉插管灌注、DHCA全弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术各1例;行短支架人工血管置入术以及经腋动脉和股动脉插管灌注、升主动脉与次全弓人工血管替换术各2例。13例行Bentall手术,4例行部分胸降主动脉替换术。结果早期死亡3例,病死率为9.1%,并发症发生率15.2%,30例患者顺利康复出院。结论 根据病变及分型选择合理手术方式是手术治疗主动脉瘤的关键。     

主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的　探讨 11例主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤的外科治疗。方法　 11例患者中男性 10例 ,女性 1例。马方综合征 6例 ;动脉硬化型主动脉瘤 3例 ;先天性主动脉瓣膜病变合并主动脉瘤 2例。全组合并高血压 7例 ,肾功能不全者 6例。行 Bentall手术 5例 ,Ben-tall+部分主动脉弓置换 1例 ,主动脉瓣置换 +部分主动脉弓置换 1例 ,主动脉瓣置换 +升主动脉置换 2例 ,胸主动脉置换 1例 ,腹主动脉置换 1例。主动脉弓部手术在深低温停循环 (DHCA)和上腔静脉逆行脑灌注 (RCP)下施行 ;胸主动脉置换采用 DHCA+右心房全身逆灌 (WBRP)。结果　无手术死亡 ,术后发生低心排血量 1例 ,腹股沟血肿继发感染 1例。 11例病人均痊愈出院 ,随访 8个月～ 1年 ,随访率 10 0 % ,心功能 I级 10例 , 级 1例。结论　采用不同的方式治疗动脉瘤可取得良好的效果。手术关键是处理好动脉夹层和吻合口出血。 DHCA和 RCP以及 WBRP是脑保护的有效措施。     

上腔静脉逆行灌注在胸主动脉夹层瘤手术中的应用

目的：探讨安全、实用和适合胸主动脉瘤手术操作的体外循环灌注方案。方法：在深低温停循环（DHCA）基础上，用上腔静脉逆行灌注的体外循环方法，进行了2例Bentall手术和1例弓降部主动脉移植重建，对上腔静脉逆行灌注的管道连接、灌注条件控制及逆灌过程中进出脑的血氧含量，病人瞳孔变化，术后清醒时间和恢复情况进行总结。结果：上腔静脉逆行灌注时间36～68分，逆灌期间进、出脑血氧差28．8～59．3ml／L；瞳孔直径散大至4～10mm；第1、2例病人清醒时间分别为术后4小时15分和2小时35分，无手术并发症，于术后第24天和第10天痊愈出院；第3例因术后反复心律失常和严重低心排于手术当天在ICU死亡。结论：上腔静脉逆行灌注使脑组织得到必须的动脉血供，是一种有效延长DHCA时间并适合胸主动脉瘤手术特点的体外循环灌注方法。     

主动脉瘤手术的体外循环管理方法探讨

目的探讨主动脉瘤手术中的体外循环管理方法。方法体外循环下完成主动脉瘤手术75例。Bentall手术采用升主动脉—右房插管,中低温体外循环;升主及半弓置换手术、全主动脉弓置换（象鼻术）＋带膜支架植入手术采用右侧锁骨下动脉—右房插管,深低温停循环＋顺行性脑灌注。心肌保护均采用4∶1含血冷停搏液顺行＋逆行方法灌注以及HTK心脏停搏液重力滴入。结果顺利完成手术。体外循环时间115~389 min。主动脉阻断时间53~243.5 min;深低温停循环46例,停循环时间25~70 min,停循环最低鼻咽温13.2~16.2℃;灌注中尿量100~2 800 ml。超滤1 100~4 000 ml。术后呼吸机辅助时间8~217 h;术后24 h胸腔引流量490~1 850 ml。46例深低温停循环患者中除去1例脑血管发育异常,术后发生认知障碍,其余患者脑保护良好,另有1例术后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。结论 Bentall手术应采用升主动脉—右房插管,中低温体外循环;升主及半弓置换手术、全主动脉弓置换（象鼻术）＋带膜支架植入手术应采用右侧锁骨下动脉—右房插管、深低温停循环＋顺行性脑灌注。心肌保护应采用4∶1含血冷停搏液顺行＋逆行方法灌注以及HTK心脏停搏液重力滴入。     

升主动脉根部和主动脉弓替换的外科治疗

目的总结并讨论我科15例升主动脉和主动脉弓替换手术的临床体会。方法在中低温体外循环下,应用带瓣人工管道行升主动脉根部替换手术10例。用人工血管和人工瓣自行缝制带瓣管道3例,预制带瓣人工管道6例。1例行主动脉瓣替换加升主动脉补片术,1例行腔内人工血管移植术。冠状动脉移植应用纽扣法6例,直接移植3例,Cabrol法1例。在深低温停循环脑顺行灌注下行人造主动脉弓(用Medox24mm和8mm人工血管自行缝制)替换3例。其中1例DeBakeyⅢ型术后6年的患者复发,DeBakeyI同时行升主动脉根部替换。结果行主动脉根部替换平均主动脉阻断时间130min。行主动脉弓替换主动脉阻断时间为112～240min(平均170min),停循环30～65min(平均46min),脑选择顺行灌注63～92min(平均80min)。无脑及脊髓并发症。声音嘶哑1例。术后早期死亡1例。随访2～8年,病情稳定,术后心脏功能NYHAⅠ级11例,Ⅱ级3例。结论升主动脉根部手术,特别是联合主动脉弓替换,手术复杂,风险大。为确保手术成功,各吻合口要精确吻合,无张力,无扭转,对头臂干的吻合宜采取分支吻合的方法。应用深低温停循环联合选择性脑顺行灌注进行脑保护。     

升主动脉瘤外科治疗16例报告

报告 16例升主动脉瘤的手术经验。 13例行Bentall手术 ,1例行升主动脉人造血管置换术 ,1例行升主动脉及主动脉弓人造血管置换术 ,1例行主动脉瓣置换、升主动脉及部分主动脉弓人造血管置换术。手术在低温体外循环下进行。 2例结合深低温停循环经上腔静脉逆灌脑保护 ,无神经系统并发症。术后引流30 0ml～ 6 90ml,平均 4 0 0ml。早期因室颤和败血症各死亡 1例。随访发现 ,远期“骤死”1例 ,其余心功能均达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。多普勒超声和磁共振成像结合可明确诊断并达手术要求。注意术中心脑保护 ,预防出血和心内膜炎是手术成功的关键     

升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 :报告 46例升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的外科治疗经验。方法 :46例患者 ,男 33例 ,女 13例 ,年龄 2 9～ 70 (平均 45 9± 12 .8)岁。所有升主动脉瘤患者均合并有重度主动脉瓣关闭不全 ,升主动脉瘤的内径为 5 6～ 10 4cm(平均 7 3± 2 7cm )。病因 :马凡综合征 2 9例 (合并主动脉夹层 2 0例 ) ,动脉硬化性升主动脉瘤 4例 ,升主动脉夹层 8例 ,先天性主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉瘤 5例。术前心功能 (NYHA)Ⅱ级 15例 ,Ⅲ级 2 4例 ,Ⅳ级 7例。主动脉弓部的手术 ,在深低温停循环 (DHCA)和上腔静脉逆行脑灌注 (RCP)下施行。本组施行Bentall手术 2 5例 ,Bentall+部分主动脉弓置换手术 5例 ,Bentall+全部主动脉弓部置换手术 1例 ,主动脉瓣、升主动脉及主动脉弓部置换 +“象鼻”手术 1例 ,主动脉瓣及升主动脉置换手术 11例 ,Cabrol手术 3例。同期施行的手术包括二、三尖瓣成形术和冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果 :术后早期死亡 3例 ( 6 5 % ) ,分别死于心室颤动、低心排血量和多器官衰竭。 43例随访 1个月～ 8年 (平均2 17年 ) ,晚期死亡 1例 ( 2 3% ) ,余 42例心功能Ⅰ级 32例 ,Ⅱ级 8例 ,Ⅲ级 2例。结论 :采用不同的手术方式治疗升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全可取得良好的效果 ,手术关键是处理好     

主动脉全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术体会

目的 总结采用主动脉弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 对3例Stanford A型主动脉夹层病人采用深低温停循环、低流量选择性脑灌注,行升主动脉及全弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术,其中1例同期行右冠状动脉旁路移植术.结果 平均体外循环时间149 min,升主动脉阻断时间104 min,停循环时间23.7 min.3例病人术后只有短暂轻度的精神异常,均痊愈出院,复查计算机断层扫描示支架段胸降主动脉假腔消失,降主动脉真腔扩大,无瘤样扩张,生活和工作正常.结论 升主动脉及全弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术是治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法.     

胸主动脉瘤术中预防脑损伤的研究

目的 对胸主动脉瘤术中脑损伤的预防进行临床研究。方法 对72例主动脉弓部和近弓部主动脉瘤患者采取选择性锁骨下动脉脑灌注、深低温停循环(DHCA)、DHCA 上腔静脉逆行灌注等方法实施脑保护。结果 术后7例出现暂时性脑功能障碍，神志分别于术后4～7天恢复。3例并发脑损伤死亡。随访3个月至11年，术后短暂性脑功能障碍患者神经功能正常。结论 ①选择性锁骨下动脉脑灌注符合解剖、生理。手术野清晰，可有效实施脑保护，避免脑损伤，是主动脉弓部和近弓部主动脉瘤手术首选脑保护措施。②提高手术技术，缩短手术时间，尤其缩短非生理性灌注时间是减少术后脑损伤的重要措施。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.