脑立体定向术治疗难治性精神分裂症患者的观察与护理

目的探讨脑立体定向杏仁核毁损术(下称脑立体定向术)治疗难治性精神分裂症的围术期护理。方法对采用脑立体定向术治疗的72例难治性精神分裂症患者进行观察及护理，评价疗效。结果优5例，显进28例．进步35例。无效4例。患者妄想、冲动伤人、毁物等症状改善明显。术后并发颅内出血1例，脑水肿3例，脑脊液漏2例，均在细心观察和精心护理下1～2周内恢复。结论脑立体定向术是目前治疗难治性精神分裂症效果较好且创伤小的手术。手术后有效的观察护理是预防并发症、提高疗效的关键。     

脑立体定向多靶点毁损术治疗精神分裂症

目的探讨脑立体定向多靶点毁损术治疗精神分裂症的疗效。方法对精神分裂症患者行双侧扣带回、内囊前肢及杏仁核毁损术,并随访观察疗效。结果本组无围手术期死亡病例发生,术后发生并发症如下:①毁损灶出血8例,标准嗜睡和偏瘫,术后2周均吸收。②膀胱功能障碍,表现为尿失禁,其中1周内42例尿失禁症状自动消失,4例1个月内症状消失。③偏瘫8例,术后CT,MRI证实为基底节缺血性改变,扩张血管治疗后均恢复正常。术后随访1年,有效为43.5%,显效为42.5%,无效为14%。随访二年,有效为35.0%,显效为43.8%,无效为21.2%。结论脑立体定向多靶点毁损术治疗精神分裂症有一定的临床治疗效果,术后需适当服药及心理治疗。     

导航软通道微创治疗高血压脑出血手术的护理

目的:探讨导航软通道微创治疗高血压脑出血手术的护理.方法:对38例高血压脑出血患者应用C A S-R-2型无框架立体定向手术系统,引导行钻孔软通道颅内血肿引流手术的病人的术前宣教、术后头部引流的护理及药物使用的护理,以及术后并发症的观察与护理.结果:脑立体定向手术虽然有各种优点,亦有其局限性及危险性.需要严密观察病情变化,才能早期发现并及时处理颅内出血等并发症,这是确保手术成功的关键.     

比较开颅脑胶质瘤切除术与立体定向微创手术治疗脑胶质瘤的近期效果

目的比较开颅手术与立体定向微创脑胶质瘤切除术治疗脑胶质瘤的近期效果。方法选取2014-04—2018-04间信阳市中心医院收治的60例脑胶质瘤患者,将行开颅脑胶质瘤切除术的患者作为对照组,将行立体定向微创手术的患者作为观察组,各30例。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果观察组的总有效率、神经功能缺失程度评分量表(CCS)评分及术后随访1 a期间的复发率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论立体定向微创手术治疗脑胶质瘤,可改善患者的CCS评分,近期总有效率高和复发率低,是安全有效的微创手术。     

计算机辅助立体定向脑内人视网膜色素上皮细胞移植治疗帕金森病

目的 探讨脑内定向人视网膜色素上皮(hRPE)细胞移植治疗帕金森病的临床疗效.方法 选择17例原发性帕金森病患者作为研究对象,每例患者均在计算机X线断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)图像融合技术指导下,将4×106个hRPE细胞通过立体定向手术移植到症状对侧的脑内壳核后部和侧脑室内.观察移植术后7 d、1个月和3个月时的治疗效果.结果 患者移植部位的对侧症状在术后即持续改善,术后1和3个月时总有效率均达88.2%,显著有效率为82.4%;移植部位的同侧症状在术后早期有改善的患者,1个月后其有效率明显增加,3个月时总有效率达88.2%,显著有效率为64.7%.除少数患者有一过性头晕和肢体轻瘫外,无其他重大不良反应.结论 计算机辅助立体定向脑内hRPE细胞移植治疗帕金森病是安全和有效的.     

局限性肌张力障碍的手术治疗分析

目的探讨立体定向核团毁损手术治疗局限性肌张力障碍的疗效。方法23例局限性肌张力障碍患者按照病因分成两组,A组原发性患者10例,B组继发性患者13例。采用立体定向核团毁损手术治疗。术后随访6个月,观察并对比运动功能改善情况。结果A组患者均得到治愈。B组患者平均改善率43．8％,个体问疗效差别较大。结论立体定性丘脑腹外侧核毁损手术是治疗书写痉挛的有效手段。继发性局限性肌张力障碍的手术疗效取决于脑功能损害的广泛程度,有无病灶不一定是手术预后的指标。     

难治性癫痫患者脑皮层电极监测下功能性大脑半球切除术的护理

目的总结难治性癫痫患者脑皮层电极监测下大脑半球切除围手术期的护理经验。方法对11例难治性癫痫患者在脑皮层电极监测下行功能性大脑半球切除术,术前加强心理护理、完善术前准备、做好脑电监测护理;术后严密观察病情变化,做好腰大池引流的护理、头部引流管的观察及护理、癫痫发作监测等,加强出院指导。结果术后8例患者无癫痫发作,3例术后1周内出现类似痉挛发作,均在1个月内消失;4例患者偏瘫无加重,7例瘫痪肢体功能有所改善。结论完善的术前脑电监测护理,术后严密观察病情,积极预防并发症,对患者早日康复极为重要。     

CT引导下立体定向显微外科手术清除浅表脑实质内血肿

目的 介绍采用立体定向技术与显微外科技术相结合以清除浅表脑实质内血肿的手术方式和疗效.方法 对36例高血压性浅表脑实质内出血患者,头部安装Leksell立体定向框架,行头颅CT扫描定位,设计手术通路.采用局部麻醉下皮肤直切口,开颅骨小骨窗,在手术显微镜下切开脑皮层,逐步清除血肿,深部残余血肿者术后注入尿激酶溶解引流. 结果 术后复查CT,36例患者脑实质内血肿均得到有效清除.随访12 ～ 36个月,除2例失访外,其余患者按ADL分级评价:Ⅰ级(痊愈)9例占26.5％,Ⅱ级(轻残)16例占47.1％,Ⅲ级(中残)7例占20.6％,Ⅳ级(重残)2例占5.9％. 结论 应用CT引导下立体定向显微外科手术可以快速有效地清除血肿,获得良好的临床疗效.     

立体定向手术治疗脑深部病变及运动异常(附32例报告)

目的分析立体定向手术对脑深部病变及运动异常的临床应用价值。方法采用CT或MRI定位对脑深部囊性病变进行治疗,对诊断不明确的病变进行活检,对帕金森病、痉挛性脑瘫等运动异常进行射频毁损治疗。结果2例活检的病例均明确了病变性质;随访2~20个月,3例脑深部病变者好转,10例帕金森病患者4例术后震颤、强直消失停用左旋多巴,4例左旋多巴减量至术前1/2~1/3;11例脑瘫及4例特发性震颤患者好转,1例癫痫伴精神症状者无效;无术后昏迷、偏瘫、感染、手术死亡。结论立体定向手术创伤小、安全性高,对脑深部病变的诊断和治疗以及运动异常的治疗有积极应用价值。     

立体定向穿刺引流与显微镜下小骨窗血肿清除术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效比较

目的探讨立体定向穿刺引流治疗基底节区脑出血的临床疗效。方法本院2011年9月~2013年9月立体定向穿刺引流治疗基底节区脑出血患者50例(观察组),与同期行显微镜下小骨窗血肿清除术的50例患者进行对比(对照组)。结果观察组4例患者术后出现并发症,并发症发生率为8%(4/50),3例死亡,死亡率6%(3/50)。对照组12例患者术后出现并发症,并发症发生率为24%(12/50),死亡4例,死亡率为8%(4/50)。两组患者术后并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用立体定向穿刺引流治疗基底节区脑出血具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快的优点,值得在临床推广应用。     

Tract identification by novel MRI signal changes following stereotactic anterior capsulotomy

BACKGROUND: Five patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following MRI-guided stereotactic bilateral anterior capsulotomy to detect lesion-related anatomic changes. METHODS: Five disabled and treatment-resistant patients with major depression (n = 4) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 1) underwent stereotactic bilateral anterior capsulotomy. All patients had postoperative MRI at 2 months and at 1-4 years after surgery. An additional patient who had a pure motor deficit following a spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhagic stroke was imaged as a comparator. RESULTS: The 2-month postcapsulotomy MRI showed a previously undescribed increase in T1-weighted signal within similar neural pathways for each patient. These pathways showed no changes in T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. The signal changes are different from the expected changes associated with anterograde Wallerian degeneration and identify retrograde changes in the proximal segment of the interrupted axon. CONCLUSION: Previously undescribed T1-weighted signal alterations following stereotactic surgery identify retrograde non-Wallerian changes in interrupted axons and provide a new method in identifying and tracing lesioned pathways.     

The influence of rheumatoid and degenerative disease on hospital resources in the operative treatment of cervical spine instability

The aim of this study was to compare perioperative diagnostic and therapeutic measures in the treatment of cervical spine instability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or degenerative disease.Twenty patients (ten in each group) were evaluated and compared with regard to age, sex, surgery time, total operating room time, intensive care time, extent of physical therapy, nursing requirements, costs of medication and radiography.Rheumatoid arthritis patients required more resources with regard to surgery, nursing and rehabilitation than the patients with degenerative disease.Significant differences existed with regard to patient age (P=0.0005), surgery time (P=0.0021), total operating room time (P=0.0001), duration of intensive care (P=0.0005), nursing requirements (P=0.0000), costs of medication (P=0.0000), costs of radiography (P=0.0015) and the duration of hospitalisation (P=0.0115).The data suggest that it is necessary to distinguish patients with rheumatoid or degenerative cervical spine instability from an economic point of view, as the treatment of the rheumatoid cervical spine requires more resources.     

Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure after major vascular surgery: results of a prospective randomized trial

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) as a prophylactic method for preventing cardiopulmonary complications after major vascular surgery has not been investigated. PATIENTS/METHODS: In a prospective randomized trial, 204 patients undergoing elective midline laparotomy for vascular surgery were randomized to receive standard therapy ( n=105) or additional prophylactic nCPAP ( n=99) for the first postoperative night. Postoperative oxygenation, incidence of severe cardiac, and pulmonary complications, length of intensive care surveillance and length of total postoperative hospital stay (LOS) were compared. RESULTS: Prophylactic nCPAP significantly reduced the number of patients with severe oxygenation disturbances defined as paO(2) < 70 mmHg with FiO(2) > or = 0.7 (5 versus 17, P=.01). There were no differences with respect to death, cardiac and pulmonary complications, length of intensive care surveillance or LOS. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic 12 h nCPAP significantly reduces the occurrence of postoperative oxygenation disturbances but has no effect on cardiac or pulmonary complications, need for intensive care, LOS or mortality after major vascular surgery.     

Stent versus open surgery for acute and chronic traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta: a single-center experience

BACKGROUND: Traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta have a high morbidity and mortality. Treatment options include either open surgery or endovascular stent graft implantation. METHODS: We have reviewed retrospectively all our patients treated for acute and chronic traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta and compared the outcome of the endovascular versus open therapy. Age, gender, severity of injuries, interventional delay, perioperative morbidity, 30-day mortality, length of intensive care, and overall hospital stay were evaluated. RESULTS: In all, 46 patients were treated over the past 14 years. Overall 30-day mortality was 16% in patients treated for acute or contained aortic ruptures (n = 31) and not significantly different after endovascular versus open repair (13.3% versus 18.8%). There was no mortality in the patients receiving elective stent grafting or open surgery for chronic posttraumatic aortic aneurysms (n = 15). Conversion and/or operative revision following stent graft implantation occurred in three patients (12.5%). Neurologic complications were absent in the stent graft group (0 of 24), whereas paraplegia (n = 2) or minor neurologic (n = 3) deficits developed following open surgery (5 of 22; 22.7%; p = 0.013). Length of intensive care and overall hospital stay were significantly shorter for patients after elective stent graft treatment compared with open surgery (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: According to our midterm results, minimally invasive endovascular repair for patients with acute traumatic ruptures and chronic posttraumatic aneurysms is an equally effective treatment option compared with open surgery, with advantages regarding perioperative neurologic complications and duration of hospital stay under elective circumstances.     

九例腹主动脉瘤破裂死亡原因分析

目的分析总结腹主动脉瘤破裂的死亡原因与救治经验。方法回顾性分析2001-2005年23例腹主动脉瘤破裂手术治疗后9例死亡病例的临床资料。结果23例中死亡9例,术前均伴有休克,总死亡率约39．1％。术前伴发高血压7例、COPD 1例、慢性肾功不全1例。其破裂类型包括向前壁开放性破裂5例;向脊柱左侧方破裂3例;向后方破裂1例。破裂部位分别为肾动脉3例、肾下腹主动脉领域6例。术后分别死于ARDS 4例、急性肾衰2例、人工血管感染2例、DIC 1例。结论死亡率与就诊时的休克状态、破裂部位和类型、术后并发症、人工血管感染密切相关,及时正确地诊断救治、加强围手术期监护有利于降低死亡率。     

The safety of immediate extubation after abdominal aortic surgery: a prospective, randomized trial.

We performed this study to assess the safety of immediate extubation after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Consecutive patients were prospectively randomized into two groups after surgery: Group 1 (n = 29) immediate extubation; and Group 2 (n = 21) delayed (at least 4 h) extubation. All patients were assessed by a senior anesthesiologist or intensivist before extubation. The following data were collected: preoperative-demographics, presence of comorbid disease, body mass index, hemoglobin level, heart rate, and blood pressure; intraoperative-duration of surgery and cross-clamping, blood loss, amount of crystalloids, colloids, and blood transfused, temperature at end of procedure, urine output, and complications; and postoperative-time to extubation, scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System, total fentanyl dose, and complications. Outcome variables were length of intensive care unit and hospital stay and 28-day mortality. The results showed no significant differences in preoperative or intraoperative variables between the groups, apart from a longer duration of surgery in Group 1 (P = 0.045). Group 2 patients had a significantly higher Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System score (P = 0.04) and required a significantly larger dose of fentanyl (P < 0.001). One patient in Group 2 required reintubation after a cerebrovascular accident. The overall mortality rate was 4% (2 patients in Group 2). There were no significant differences in any of the outcome variables. We conclude that immediate extubation can safely be performed after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. IMPLICATIONS: In this prospective randomized study, we compared the outcome of patients undergoing elective aortic abdominal surgery who either were extubated immediately after surgery or after 4 h of stabilization in the intensive care unit. No significant differences were found in the length of intensive care unit or hospital stay, or 28-day mortality between the 2 groups.     

Same-stage nasal and palatopharyngeal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: is it safe?

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to determine the safety of performing same-stage nasal and palatopharyngeal surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a retrospective review of 91 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for OSAS at tertiary care facilities. METHODS: Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 had same-stage nasal and palatopharyngeal surgery (n = 63), whereas group 2 had palatopharyngeal surgery at a stage separate from the nasal surgery (n = 28). Patient demographics, severity of OSAS, type of surgery, perioperative care, and postoperative complications were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 55 men and 8 women in group 1, with an average age of 48 years. Group 2 consisted of 20 men and 8 women, with an average age of 45 years. The mean respiratory disturbance index was 36.5 and 33.5 for group 1 and 2, respectively. The mean lowest arterial Oxygen saturation for group 1 was 82%, whereas that of group 2 was 81%. Patients in both groups were observed in a hospital setting for a minimum of 1 day. They were admitted to a room close to the nurse's station, with continuous pulse oximeter monitoring. There were 3 complications reported for group 1: pneumonia (1 patient, postoperative day 4), tonsil bleed (1 patient, postoperative day 6), and septal hematoma (1 patient). One patient in group 2 had a tonsil bleed (postoperative day 8). There were no incidents of airway compromise or cardiopulmonary events in the immediate postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Same-stage nasal and palatopharyngeal surgery for OSAS is safe. Patients could be monitored with continuous pulse oximetry and managed outside of an intensive care unit setting in the immediate postoperative period.     

Increased psychiatric morbidity after abdominal aortic surgery: risk factors for stress-related disorders

OBJECTIVE: Research on surgical outcomes has focused on technical results and physical morbidity. However, postoperative psychiatric complications are common and can undermine functional results. High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder have been documented after cardiac events or surgery. These complications are also expected after abdominal aortic surgery, but their incidence and relevant risk factors in this population have not been documented. METHODS: We examined the development of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in patients with aortic aneurysms or occlusive disease, comparing surgical with nonsurgical patients and predicting that surgery and a prolonged intensive care stay would contribute to the development of psychiatric morbidity. A consecutive sample of vascular surgery patients (n = 109) was recruited 6 months to 2 years after surgery. Data were analyzed by using group comparisons, regression, and path analyses. RESULTS: Rates of objectively determined postoperative psychiatric morbidity were extremely high (32%). Surgical patients were more than four times more likely to develop psychiatric disorders (odds ratio, 4.8; P = .02). Being younger, having increased preoperative blood pressure, and being intubated at the end of surgery were linked to greater rates of psychiatric morbidity (P < .05), but a longer intensive care stay was not. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset psychiatric symptoms are common after abdominal aortic surgery, and preoperative and surgical factors were more predictive than postoperative complications and stress, as reflected in intensive care unit stays. Prospective examination of vulnerability in this model could identify risk factors for stress-related psychiatric morbidity and help improve surgical outcomes.     

Combined liver resection and reconstruction of the supra-renal vena cava: the Paul Brousse experience

BACKGROUND: Liver tumors with inferior vena cava (IVC) involvement may require combined resection of the liver and IVC. This approach, with its high surgical risks and poor long-term prognosis, was precluded until the development of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, portal vein embolization, reinforced vascular prostheses, and technical advances in liver transplantation. METHODS: We reviewed 22 cases of hepatectomy with retrohepatic IVC resection and reconstruction. The patients had a median age of 51.5 years (range, 32.8-75.3 years). Indications for resection were: liver metastases (n = 9), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 8), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 2), other cancers (n = 3). The liver resections carried out included 18 first, 3 second, and one third hepatectomy. Segment 1 (caudate lobe) was included in the specimen in 19 cases (86%). Resection concerned 1 to 6 liver segments (median = 5.0). Vascular control was achieved by vascular exclusion of the liver preserving the caval flow (n = 1), standard vascular exclusion of the liver (n = 12), in situ cold perfusion of the liver (n = 9). Ex situ surgery was not necessary in any case. Venovenous bypass was used in 12 cases. The IVC was reconstructed with a ringed Gore-Tex tube graft (n = 10), primarily (n = 8), or by caval plasty (n = 4). A main hepatic vein was reimplanted in 6 cases: into the native IVC (n = 4) or into a Gore-Tex tube graft (n = 2). RESULTS: One patient died (4.5%) due to catheter infection, 7 days after in situ cold perfusion with replacement of the vena cava. Eight patients (36%) had no complications and 14 patients (64%) had 23 complications. In all but 1 case, the complications were transient and successfully controlled. The patients stayed in intensive care for 3.3 +/- 2.0 days and in the hospital for 17.7 +/- 7.8 days. All vascular reconstructions were patent at last follow-up. With median follow-up of 19 months, 10 patients died of tumor recurrence and eleven were alive with (n = 5) or without (n = 6) disease. Actuarial 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 81.8%, 38.3%, and 38.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IVC resection and reconstruction combined with liver resection can be safely performed in selected patients. The lack of alternative treatments and the spontaneous poor prognosis justify this approach, provided that surgery is carried out at a center specialized in both liver surgery and liver transplantation. The development of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens is required to improve the long-term results of this salvage surgery.     

Percutaneous or surgical trachetomy. Prospective, randomized comparison of the incidence of early and late complications]

BACKGROUND: To compare early and late complications after either conventional surgical or percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: General intensive care unit and neuro-surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: 50 consecutive patients, requiring tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS: Patients were randomly allocated to receive either surgical (surgical group, n = 25) or percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (percutaneous group, n = 25). Occurrence of perioperative complication were carefully evaluated during ICU stay. Late complications were evaluated with both physical and endoscopic examination at 1, 3 to 6 months after tracheostomy. RESULTS: All surgical and percutaneous tracheostomies were successfully completed and no deaths directly related to the tracheostomy procedures were reported. Completion of the procedure required 41 +/- 14 min in the surgical group and 14 +/- 6 min in the percutaneous one (p < 0.0001). The incidence of early perioperative complications was higher in the surgical group (36%) than in percutaneous one (12%), (p < 0.05). The endoscopic follow-up demonstrated one segmental malacia and one stenosis of the trachea in the percutaneous group only (p = n.s.). Skin repair was better after percutaneous tracheostomy than in the surgical group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is as safe and effective as the conventional surgical tracheostomy. The percutaneous technique is less time-consuming and has a lower rate of early infectious complications with better cosmetic results than the surgical technique.