开胸患者术后不同镇痛方法疗效比较

目的 比较开胸术后不同镇痛方法的镇痛效果.方法 80例开胸术患者,随机分为组.Ⅰ组,27例,肌哌特啶;Ⅱ组,27例,肋间神经压榨术;Ⅲ组,26例,病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA).分别于术后6、24和,18 h记录患并疼痛评分、不良反应及脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、分钟通气量(MV)值.结果 Ⅱ、Ⅲ两组的镇痛效果吸定优于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01).与麻醉前比较,Ⅰ、Ⅲ组 HR、RR增快,MV、SpO2不同程度降低(P＜0.05).结论 开胸术后3种镇痛方式中,肌注哌替啶镇痛不能取得完善效果,PCLA和肋间神经压榨镇痛效果满意,但综合镇痛质量肋间神经压榨优于PCIA.     

术后硬膜外自控镇痛在冠心病患者上腹部手术的应用

目的观察术后硬膜外自控镇痛应用于冠心病患者上腹部手术的临床效果。方法本研究选择行上腹部手术、临床确诊为冠心病患者60例,随机分为两组：硬膜外镇痛组（Ⅰ组）和静脉镇痛组（Ⅱ组）,每组各30例。所有患者均采用气管内全麻,Ⅰ组术后应用硬膜外镇痛,Ⅱ组术后应用静脉镇痛,记录两组患者麻醉前及术后4h、12h、24h、48h的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）,检测血清肌钙蛋白-I（cTn—Ⅰ）,术后采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定镇痛效果。结果与麻醉前比较,Ⅰ组术后的MAP、HR、SpO,、cTn—I未见明显变化,差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）Ⅱ组术后的MAP、HR、cTn—I显著升高（P〈0．05）,SpO2显著降低（P〈0．05）。与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组术后的MAP、HR、cTn—I、VAS评分均较低,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;SpO2较高,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论在行上腹部手术的冠心病患者,术后应用硬膜外自控镇痛能较好地消除患者术后疼痛,减少应激反应,维持血流动力学及血清cTn—I稳定,对心肌损伤有一定的保护作用。     

不同镇痛方法对经尿道前列腺电切术后的疗效观察

目的比较病人经尿道前列腺电切手术后应用自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）与自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果和术后并发症发生情况。方法选择60例美国麻醉学会（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,择期硬膜外麻醉下行经尿道前列腺电切术的病人,随机分为两组,每组各30例,术后分别行PCEA（E组）和PCIA（I组）,随访48h,观察镇痛效果,镇静程度,舒适评分,并监测HR、MAP、RR、SpO2和术后并发症发生情况。结果两组病人视觉模拟评分（VAS）均较低,PCIA组高于PCEA组（P〈0.05）,Ramsay法（RSS）镇静评分术后12h,24h PCIA组显著高于PCEA组（P〈0.05）,布氏评分法（BCS）舒适评分术后12h,24h PCIA组显著低于PCEA组（P〈0.05）,两组患者术后并发症发生情况PCIA显著高于PCEA组（P〈0.05）。结论经尿道前列腺电切术后镇痛PCEA与PCIA均安全可行,镇痛效果满意,综合总体镇痛效果,PCEA组优于PCIA组,但PCEA组需加强对硬膜外导管的管理。     

上肢手术后三种镇痛方法的对比观察

为对比观察连续臂丛神经阻滞镇痛、病人静脉自控镇痛和病人皮下自控镇痛在上肢手术术后的效果及不良反应,将60例上肢骨折病人随机分为3组：I组采用罗哌卡因连续臂丛神经阻滞镇痛（PCNA）;Ⅱ组采用芬太尼病人静脉自控镇痛（PC IA）;Ⅲ组采用舒芬太尼病人皮下自控镇痛（PCSA）。记录术后4、8、12、24、36和48 h各时间点病人静态疼痛视觉模拟评分（VASr）、动态疼痛视觉模拟评分（VASm）和镇静评分（Ram say）;并记录PCA有效按压次数、镇痛满意度评分和术后并发症发生率。结果表明,术后各时间点Ⅰ组VASr、VASm和镇静评分明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）,术后恶心发生率低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）,呕吐发生率亦明显低于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）;术后镇痛满意率则明显优于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）。结论：上肢手术后采用0.2%罗哌卡因PCNA的镇痛效果优于应用芬太尼PC IA或应用舒芬太尼PCSA,且不良反应发生率低。在等效剂量下,应用舒芬太尼PCSA较应用芬太尼PC IA更为安全有效。     

布托非诺、芬太尼、曲马多混合布比卡因在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效应

目的：比较布托非诺、芬太尼及曲马多复合布比卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果和不良反应.方法：60例剖宫产手术的足月、单胎孕妇,VSAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为3组：布托非诺4 mg＋0.75%布比卡因15 mg组（Ⅰ组）,芬太尼（0.2 mg＋0.75%布比卡因15 mg组（Ⅱ组）,曲马多400mg＋0.75%布比卡因15mg组（Ⅲ组）,每组20例.术后硬膜外导管接PCEA镇痛泵,以持续量2 mL·h^-1,自控量每次0.5 mL,琐定时间15 min.术后48 h内进行随访并记录疼痛评分、镇静评分以及呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生率.结果：镇痛效果,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组各时点VAS评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组镇痛效果明显优于Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）.镇静效果,镇静评分Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组,Ⅱ组高于Ⅲ组差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.不良反应,3组产妇术后心率、脉搏血氧饱和度（HR、SpO2）均在正常范围,无呼吸抑制发生,恶心呕吐的发生率Ⅰ组低于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）.结论：布托非诺混合布比卡因用于剖宫产手术后硬膜外镇痛可获得满意的镇痛及镇静效果,且无明显的不良反应.     

麻醉和术后镇痛对食管癌患者辅助性T淋巴细胞细胞因子的影响

目的 研究不同麻醉和镇痛方法对食管癌患者围术期Th1、Th2类细胞因子的影响.方法 择期食管癌开胸手术患者60例,随机均分三组.采用静脉麻醉,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组复合胸段硬膜外麻醉.术后Ⅰ、Ⅲ组行自控静脉镇痛,Ⅱ组行自控硬膜外镇痛.检测麻醉前(TO)、切皮后2h(T1)、术后4、24、48 h(T2、T3、T4)血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子a(TNF-a)和IL-4、H,6、IL-10浓度.结果 与T0比较,T2时Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组血清IL-10明显升高(P＜0.05),T2、T3时Ⅲ组血清IL-6水平明显升高,且明显高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).Ⅰ组T4血清Ⅱ,4水平明显高于T2(P＜0.05).结论 静脉麻醉复合胸段硬膜外阻滞和术后镇痛可减轻食管癌手术患者的细胞免疫抑制.     

术后硬膜外自控镇痛与单次注药镇痛的效果对比观察

目的：比较术后硬膜外自控镇痛法与单次注药法的临床镇痛效果和安全性。方法：60例在硬膜外麻醉下行胆道手术的病人,随机分成两组,硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEAn=30),硬膜外单次注药组（EPIn=30)。手术结束时,PCEA组硬膜外导管接自控镇痛泵（简称PCA）,药液用0．006％吗啡加0．15％布比卡因,由病人自行给药镇痛。EPI组经硬膜外导管一次注入吗啡2mg。在术后4、8、12、24h进行随访并记录：（1）疼痛评分（用VAS法）;（2）平均动脉压（MAP）和呼吸频率（RR）;（3）副作用发生率如呼吸抑制、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留等。结果：在术后各时点的VAS评分两组差异无显著意义（P＞0．05）,MAP及RR两组差异也无显著意义（P＞0．05）,24h副作用发生率两组亦差异无显著意义（P＞0．05）。结论：PCEA和EPI两种方法都有良好的镇痛效果和安全性。     

曲马多与氯胺酮的超前镇痛作用在剖宫产中的比较

目的：比较剖宫产手术切皮前硬膜外小剂量使用曲马多与氯胺酮的超前镇痛效应。方法：选择72例择期或急诊剖宫产手术病人随机分为3组,每组24例,分别在手术切皮前经硬膜外导管注入曲马多25mg（Ⅰ组）,氯胺酮30mg（Ⅱ组）,生理盐水0.5ml（Ⅲ组）。术后均采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛（PCEA）。观察项目：（1）3组剖宫产手术病人中的手术时间。（2）2%利多卡因麻醉用药总量。（3）术后疼痛开始时间。（4）术后PCEA用药量。（5）PCEA镇痛的不良反应（恶心、呕吐）。（6）PCEA镇痛后VAS评分。结果：3组病人,在手术时间上无统计学意义。术中麻醉药用量,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比明显减少,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。但Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组之间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。术后疼痛开始时间,与Ⅲ组相比较,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组均明显延长（P〈0.05）,PCEA术后用量依次为Ⅲ组〉Ⅰ组〉Ⅱ组,3组差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。PCEA的VAS评分,3组间无差异。结论：手术切皮前经硬膜外小剂量曲马多或氯胺酮均降低术后病人对PCEA镇痛药的需要量,但氯胺酮的硬膜外超前镇痛效果较曲马多更有效。     

地佐辛增强布比卡因硬膜外患者自控镇痛的效果

目的 观察地佐辛用于增强患者术后镇痛的效果.方法 经腹子宫全切术的患者60例,随机均分为基本资料相仿的三组,采用腰-硬联合麻醉,术后行0.125％布比卡因硬膜外患者自控镇痛(PCEA).Ⅰ组术前静注地佐辛0.15 mg/kg;Ⅱ组术毕将地佐辛0.15mg/kg加入0.125％布比卡因镇痛药液中;Ⅲ组不用地佐辛.记录术后3 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)、48 h(T5) VAS疼痛评分、BCS舒适度评级和Ramsay镇静评分.结果 三组术后镇痛效果均良好,术后48 h的VAS均＜3分.Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组的VAS评分均低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),且Ⅰ组低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组的BCS评级和Ramsay镇静评分均高于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),且Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的自控按压次数明显少于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛能明显增强子宫全切术患者布比卡因PCEA作用,改善术后舒适度,有良好镇静效果;术前应用地佐辛效果更好.     

芬太尼联合氯诺昔康术后PCA镇痛疗效观察（附132例分析）

目的通过临床比较,探讨PCIA合理的用药剂量、镇痛效果和安全性。方法选取132例上腹部术后病人,随机分成三组,分别用不同配方,记录4、8、24、36、48h各时点VAPS评分结果、生命征、呼吸指标变化、不良反应等。结果Ⅱ组与Ⅰ、Ⅲ组比较,VAPS评分、MAP、HR在4h、8h时点差异有显著性(P<0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比较,镇静状态评分在4h、8h时点明显升高,嗜睡、恶心发生率也增加;Ⅰ组寒战发生率高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组;三组RR、SpO2均无明显差异,提示无明显呼吸抑制发生。结论术后镇痛使用芬太尼12μg/kg·48h联合氯诺昔康32mg静脉PCA(自控镇痛)持续输注,能达到良好镇痛,减少并发症的发生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.