我院2006～2008年粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌耐药性分析

目的:监测我院2006～2008年肠球菌中粪肠球菌株和屎肠球菌株的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:采用K-B纸片法对分离鉴定后的肠球菌进行药敏试验,应用WHONET5软件统计粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药率。结果:万古霉素是敏感性最高的抗菌药物。粪肠球菌对青霉素、高浓度庆大霉素、环丙沙星、利福平的耐药率较低,而屎肠球菌对高浓度链霉素、四环素、氯霉素和奎奴普丁/达福普汀的耐药率较低。结论:粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌均呈多重耐药,临床用药应结合药敏试验结果,合理选择抗菌药物。     

临床154株肠球菌耐药性调查及抗感染对策探讨

目的 为了解肠球菌的耐药情况，尤其是肠球菌是对庆大霉素和链霉素高水平耐药现状，以及对万古霉素耐药性，为临床治疗提供合理用药的依据。并对控制肠球菌感染对策进行探讨、方法对本院临床标本中分离的154株肠球菌．利用VITEK全自动细菌鉴定仪(AMS)进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验，对试验数据利用“WHONET4”软件进行分析处理。结果对庆大霉素和链霉素高水平耐药的肠球菌分别占肠球菌感染标本总数的55．2％和54．5％；154株肠球菌对庆大霉素和链霉素高水平共同耐药的有54株；未检出耐万古霉素的肠球菌；对常用抗生素的耐药率，屎肠球菌明显高于粪肠球菌。结论肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率以万古霉素最敏感，屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌。     

肠球菌感染分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨常见肠球菌种类及其耐药特点,为临床感染性疾病提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法采集2006年1月至2008年5月门诊及住院患者标本,分离培养出肠球菌126株;用ATB Expression细菌鉴定仪鉴定,ATB ENTEROC药敏试条进行细菌的药敏试验。结果126株肠球菌中,粪肠球菌97株（76．98％）、屎肠球菌18株（14．29％）,其他肠球菌为11株（8．73％）。肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为零。除氯霉素外,粪肠球菌对其他抗生素的耐药率均比屎肠球菌低。结论肠球菌是呼吸道、泌尿道等部位常见致病菌,对多种抗生素具有耐药性,而且不同菌种之间耐药性也有很大差异。     

肠球菌属的临床分布特点及多重耐药陛分析

目的分析肠球菌属的分布特点及多重耐药性,为临床控制和预防多重耐药菌感染提供有效依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃ATB自动鉴定仪进行病原菌鉴定和药敏试验,并对其分布特点及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果142株肠球菌属中以粪肠球茵为主,102株（71．8％）,屎肠球菌次之,36株（25．4％）;标本来源以尿液为主,64株（45．1％）,其次为胆汁,27株（19．0％）;＇主要分布在。肾内科,38株（26．8％）,其次为泌尿烧伤科,34株（23．9％）;未检出耐万古霉素和替考拉宁菌株;屎肠球菌对喹奴普汀／达福普汀、氯霉素、四环素的耐药率（8．3％-19．4嘲明显低于粪肠球菌（32．4％-91．2％）,对高浓度氨基糖苷类和其它多数抗生素的耐药率（38．9％-91．7％）明显高于粪肠球菌（11．8％-65．7％）,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论肠球菌种间耐药差异明显,屎肠球菌多重耐药程度高于粪肠球菌,因此临床分离的肠球菌应准确鉴定到种,才能更好地指导临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

208株肠球菌菌种的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解肠球菌感染的菌种分布特征及其对常用抗生素的耐药性.方法 所有菌株用常规方法分离,在VITEK-32系统仪器上用GPI卡鉴定;在VITEK-32系统仪器上用GPS-110药敏卡或纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定肠球菌对药物的敏感性.结果 肠球菌的分离率以呼吸道、尿液及伤口分泌物为主,占总分离率的86.5%;208株肠球菌中以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主,占总分离率的92.3%.屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素、呋喃妥因、环丙沙星的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌;氨基糖苷类高水平耐药(HLAR)的粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌检出率达50%左右;检出1株耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE).结论 肠球菌感染在我院以呼吸道感染为主;屎肠球菌对多种抗生素耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,应将肠球菌鉴定到种的水平;肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率最低,但必须合理用药,防止新耐药菌株的产生.     

86株肠球菌所致医院感染与耐药性研究分析

目的 研究分析肠球菌所致医院感染由于耐药性.方法 针对2009年11月至2011年11月分离出的86株肠球菌(来自2458份标本)进行研究,试验中使用细菌鉴定仪和K-B法给予鉴定和检测.结果 86株肠球菌中多数为粪肠球菌,占总菌数的60.5%(52株),其次为屎肠球菌,占总菌数的31.4%(27株),剩余8.1%(7株)为其他.相对于屎肠球菌,粪肠球菌对常用抗生素环丙沙星等耐药率更低;相对于粪肠球菌,屎肠球菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率更低.红霉素的耐药率均较高,万古霉素的耐药率均较低.结论 药物选择应遵循合理用药原则,参考药敏试验结果,制定相关预防措施.     

HLAR粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌医院感染分布特征及耐药性分析

目的了解氨基糖甙类高水平耐药（HLAR）粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌在医院感染中分布特征及耐药现状。方法常规方法对本院2004年1月至2007年12月住院患者的各种临床标本进行培养分离，采用全自动微生物鉴定仪VITEK2对细菌进行鉴定及药敏检测。结果265株中引起医院感染的HLAR主要分布在ICU占26．8％（71／265），其次肾内科17．0％（45／265）及神经内科8．3％（22／265），感染以泌尿系统感染为主占30．2％（80／265），其中粪肠球菌占54．3％（144／265），屎肠球菌占45．7％（121／265），屎肠球菌对B-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌，但粪肠球菌对喹奴普汀／达福普汀的耐药率明显高于屎肠球菌（P〈0．05），粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁均敏感，对力奈唑烷耐药率为0及4．1％。结论HLAR粪肠球菌及屎肠菌对临床常用的抗生素耐药性有较大的差异，临床治疗时要合理选择抗生素，万古霉素、替考拉宁对其均有较好的体外抗菌活性。     

屎肠球菌抗生素耐药性分析

目的：检测国内部分地区临床分离的39株屎肠球菌对8种抗生素的耐药性，以及屎肠球菌产β-内酰胺酶的情况。方法：采用纸片琼脂扩散法检测其对青霉索、环丙沙星、红霉素、万古霉素、米诺环索、氯霉素、呋喃妥因及高浓度庆大霉素的耐药情况；用nitrocefin检测屎肠球菌产β-内酰胺酶情况。结果：39株屎肠球菌对各种抗生素的耐药率分别为红霉素94．87％、高浓度庆大霉素84．62％、青霉素79．48％、环丙沙星76．92％、米诺环素38．46％、氯霉素17．95％，未发现耐万古霉素及呋喃妥因的菌株。39株屎肠球菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率为0。结论：临床分离的屎肠球菌多重耐药性严重，尤其是汕头地区分离的细菌。     

肠球菌耐药性研究及治疗对策

目的研究肠球菌的分布及耐药特点,探讨治疗对策,指导临床合理用药。方法对本院临床标本中分离的217株肠球菌,利用传统生化反应鉴定到种,必要时采用API或VITEK2全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统,药敏分析以纸片扩散法(KB法)进行抗生素敏感试验,对高浓度庆大霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁中介或耐药者以琼脂稀释试验证实,试验数据利用"WHONET5.3"软件分析处理。结果粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌占总体的97.24%;居前3位的标本依次为尿液(60.37%)、生殖系统分泌物(27.65%)、胆汁(5.07%);氨基糖苷类高水平耐药的肠球菌(HLAR)分离率为67.28%;氨苄西林耐药的肠球菌(ARE)分离率为36.41%;万古霉素耐药的肠球菌(VRE)分离率为0;屎肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,但对四环素的耐药率低于粪肠球菌。结论肠球菌多重耐药严重,治疗肠球菌感染应针对菌种及耐药特性选择抗生素。     

粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对抗感染药物的耐药性,为临床提供治疗依据。方法对住院及门诊患者送检样本中培养分离出281株肠球菌（粪肠球菌112株,屎肠球菌169株）的感染分布与耐药情况进行分析。采用稀释法进行药物敏感试验,结果按美国临床实验室标准化研究所标准判定。结果屎肠球菌对青霉素G的耐药率最高（93．7％）,其次为红霉素、氨苄西林和环丙沙星。粪肠球菌对奎奴普丁／达福普汀耐药率最高为（74．0％）,其次为高浓度庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素和环丙沙星。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率均低于2．0％,替考拉宁的耐药率最低（均为0）。结论粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对不同抗感染药物的耐药率有较大差异,在抗感染治疗前应先做细菌培养和药物敏感试验,依据报告结果合理选用抗感染药物。     

Antibiotic resistance among enterococcal strains isolated from clinical specimens

The distribution and resistance patterns of clinical isolates of enterococci from hospital patients were compared with those obtained from outpatients. Of 235 enterococcal isolates 212 (90.2%) were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and 23 (9.8%) as E. faecium. E. faecium occurred more frequently in specimens from hospitalized patients than from outpatients (P < 0.001). Over 90% of all E. faecalis isolates were susceptible to ampicillin. Resistance to ampicillin occurred in 66.7% of hospital strains of E. faecium. High-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC > 500 mg/l) was seen in 37.03% of inpatients' and in 11.5% of outpatients' E. faecalis isolates and in 76.2% of hospital isolates of E. faecium. High-level streptomycin resistance (MIC > 2000 mg/l) occurred in 52.8% of E. faecalis and 76.2% of E. faecium hospital isolates. There were no isolates resistant to vancomycin. The community acquired strains isolated from outpatients were more susceptible than isolates from hospitalized patients to all antimicrobial agents tested.     

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in urinary isolates

Escherichia coli accounted for about 80% of organisms in uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), followed by Staphylococcus spp. especially Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Proteus mirabilis. Against E. coli isolates from patients with uncomplicated UTI, faropenem was the most effective. Up to 1999, fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were not observed in patients with uncomplicated UTI, but in 2001 fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates emerged and accounted for about 8%. Various types of organisms were isolated in patients with complicated UTI. Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the three most frequent organisms isolated. These three organisms accounted for 44.6%. Amongst oral agents, faropenem showed the lowest rate of resistance against E. coli followed by cephems. The rates of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant and cefpodoxime-resistant E. coli isolates increased rapidly from 1998 to 2001. Fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates accounted for about 40% in 2001. Against this species, amikacin was the most effective antimicrobials among all agents tested. About 17% of Pseudomonas were resistant to carbapenem. Eight milligram per litre of ampicillin inhibited all E. faecalis isolates; about 60% of Enterococcus faecium were resistant to ampicillin. The rates of levofloxacin-resistant isolates of E. faecalis and E. faecium were 38 and 97% respectively. UTIs caused by vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are rare in Japan.     

肠球菌感染现状及其耐药性的变迁

目的了解肠球菌感染现状及其耐药性的变迁,为预防和治疗肠球菌感染提供依据。方法收集孙逸仙纪念医院2009～2011年患者标本中分离的肠球菌属,按照CLSI推荐的方法和判断标准,用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,用WHONET5.3软件和SPSS13软件进行统计分析。结果近3年从各种临床标本中共分离出1016株肠球菌,粪肠球菌587株（57.78%）,屎肠球菌370株（36.42%）。标本主要来源于尿液（21.26%）、痰液（17.42%）、体液及胆汁（17.22%）。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、氨苄西林、亚胺培南耐药率较低,分别为0%、7.5%、7.5%左右,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率为50%左右;屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率超过90%,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率超过70%,但对喹奴普汀/达福普汀仅为0.96%。肠球菌属细菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁仍最敏感（耐药率≤5%）,2010及2011年分别分离出耐万古霉素屎肠球菌1株及8株,耐利奈唑胺的粪肠球菌6株及4株,2011年分离出耐替考拉宁的屎肠球菌5株。结论万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺是对肠球菌抑菌率最高的药物,万古霉素耐药肠球菌发生率有增加趋势,特别是出现了个别利奈唑胺耐药的肠球菌菌株,因此,监测肠球菌属的耐药状况对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

Risk factors in enterococci isolated from foods in Morocco: Determination of antimicrobial resistance and incidence of virulence traits

A collection of enterococci isolated from meat, dairy and vegetable foods from Morocco including 23 Enterococus faecalis and 15 Enterococcus faecium isolates was studied. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, and gentamicin. Many E. faecalis isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86.95%), followed by rifampicin (78.26% ciprofloxacin (60.87%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (56.52%), nitrofurantoin (43.47%), levofloxacin (39.13%), erythromycin (21.73%), streptomycin (17.39%), chloramphenicol (8.69%), vancomycin (8.69%), and teicoplanin (4.34%). E. faecium isolates showed a different antibiotic resistance profile: a high percentage were resistant to nitrofurantoin (73.33%), followed by erythromycin (66.60%), ciprofloxacin (66.66%), levofloxacin (60.00%), and rifampicin (26.66%), and only a very low percentage were resistant to tetracycline (6.66%). One isolate was resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The incidence of virulence factors was much higher among E. faecalis isolates, especially for genes encoding for sex pheromones, collagen adhesin, enterococcal endocarditis antigen, and enterococcal surface protein. Isolates with multiple factors (both antibiotic resistance and virulence traits) were also more frequent among E. faecalis isolates, in which one isolate cumulated up to 15 traits. By contrast, several isolates of E. faecium had only very few unwanted traits as compared to only two isolates in E. faecalis. The high abundance of isolates carrying virulence factors and antibiotic resistance traits suggests that the sanitary quality of foods should be improved in order to decrease the incidence of enterococci.     

2016—2017中国西部地区多重耐药肠球菌的耐药及分布特点

目的 总结2016—2017年中国西部地区10家综合型三甲医院临床分离肠球菌属的分布及多重耐药菌的耐药情况。方 法 采用标准纸片扩散法或自动化仪器检测法,依据美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)2017年标准,用WHONET 5.6软件对 2016—2017年中国西部地区10家医院分离的肠球菌属对常用抗菌药物的耐药性进行分析。结果 2016—2017年共分离到8817株 非重复肠球菌属细菌,分离率前5位的肠球菌为屎肠球菌(56.0%)、粪肠球菌(37.4%)、鸟肠球菌(1.9%)、鹑鸡肠球菌(1.4%)、铅 黄肠球菌(1.2%)。肠球菌属细菌的检出率在2年内呈上升波动趋势,肠球菌属对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁和替加环素仍高 度敏感,耐药率＜3%,屎肠球菌耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,对氨苄西林、莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率＞80%,尿液标本分离 肠球菌属和非尿液标本分离株对抗菌药物差异明显,不同年龄段人群分离的肠球菌对抗菌药敏感性也有明显差异。2016—2017 年共分离出肠球菌8817株,其中氨基糖苷类高水平耐药肠球菌(HLARE)菌株4937株,分离率为56.0%。分离出万古霉素耐药肠 球菌(VRE)菌株86株,分离率为1.0%,其中万古霉素耐药粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌分别检出7株和64株,VRE菌株检出以ICU科室 为主,占28.0%,主要来自尿液标本,占44.2%。除贵州、青海医院外,其他8家医院2017年分离出的肠球菌株数量均高于2016 年,新疆医院肠球菌2年间分离株数量最多为1459株。2017年中国西部地区10家医院VRE菌株数量与2016年相比略有下降,但 耐万古霉素粪肠球菌的数量比2017年有所增加。重庆、贵州、新疆医院最近两年VRE检出有所上升,而青海、四川、陕西、云 南医院有所下降,四川医院2年间万古霉素耐药肠球菌分离率最高,为3.1%。结论 中国西部VRE检出有地区差异,多重耐药 情况突出,肠球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁和替加环素依然保持较好的敏感性,但粪肠球菌万古霉素耐药株2年内有 所增加,应引起重视。     

肠球菌属细菌医院感染的临床及耐药性分析

目的探讨肠球菌属细菌所致医院感染的危险因素、临床特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗肠球菌感染提供指导。方法收集确诊为肠球菌医院感染病例的临床资料,分析发病的危险因素及临床特点,对分离到的菌株进行药物敏感性测定。结果49例肠球菌医院感染患者均存在着严重的基础疾病,69.39%的患者接受过侵袭性操作,感染部位以肺部最多见。分离出52株肠球菌,包括粪肠球菌40株、屎肠球菌9株和其他肠球菌3株。肠球菌属对红霉素、喹诺酮类抗菌药物和利福平普遍耐药,而屎肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性普遍高于粪肠球菌,尤其对氨苄西林和青霉素G的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌(P<0.01),未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论肠球菌属细菌医院感染常发生在免疫功能低下、有严重基础疾病、使用过侵袭性操作的患者,肺部感染最常见。肠球菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,屎肠球菌的耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,万古霉素敏感性高,是治疗肠球菌感染的最佳选择。     

自贡地区尿培养中分离菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解自贡地区泌尿道感染病原菌的临床分布及耐药情况，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 收集 2017 年自贡地区所有三级综合医院尿培养阳性菌株及药敏结果，采用WHONET 5.6 及SPSS 19.0 软件对数据进行分析。结果 共分离出2063 株细菌，其中其中革兰阳性菌占18.5%，革兰阴性菌占81.5%。前5 位细菌中，大肠埃希菌排列第一，占53.4%， 其次是肺炎克雷伯菌(9.3%)、屎肠球菌(6.3%)、粪肠球菌(6.2%) 和铜绿假单胞菌(4.6%)。前5 位分离菌的耐药结果为：大肠埃 希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/ 三唑巴坦、头孢替坦、厄他培南、亚胺培南及阿米卡星的耐药率均较低(<5%)，其中产超广谱β- 内酰胺酶(ESBLs) 菌的检出率分别为50.4% 和35.4%；屎肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星及红 霉素耐药率高(>90%)，但对奎奴普丁/ 达福普汀及万古霉素的耐药率低(<10%)，对利奈唑胺的耐药率为0；而粪肠球菌对青霉素、 氨苄西林、呋喃妥因及利奈唑胺耐药率低(<5%)，对万古霉素的耐药率为0；铜绿假单胞菌对常见抗菌药物耐药率较低，其中亚 胺培南的耐药率为16.0%，而阿米卡星的耐药率最低，为3.2%。不同性别间病原菌谱特点为：男性中前5 位细菌为大肠埃希菌、 肺炎克雷伯菌、粪肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和屎肠球菌，而女性为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌和奇异变形菌。 病原菌的年龄分布以71~80 岁和61~70 岁为主，未成年组前3 位细菌为大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，而成年组和老年 组前3 位细菌均为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和粪肠球菌。不同性别间大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林/ 舒巴坦、头孢唑林、 头孢他啶、头孢曲松、氨曲南、妥布霉素、环丙沙星及左氧氟沙星的耐药率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)，而屎肠球菌、粪肠球 菌和铜绿假单胞菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率无性别差异(P>0.05)。结论 自贡地区泌尿道感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主，不同性别、 不同年龄组间患者的病原菌谱及耐药谱存在差异。本地区屎肠球菌耐药严重，应尽早目标性抗感染治疗。     

Nosocomial infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a university hospital in Taiwan from 1991 to 2003: resistance trends, antibiotic usage and in vitro activities of newer antimicrobial agents

A rapid increase of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection (from 39% in 1991 to 75% in 2003) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (from 1.2% in 1996 to 6.1% in 2003) at a university hospital in Taiwan was found. The noticeable rise of MRSA and VRE was significantly correlated with the increased consumption of glycopeptides, beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones (Pearson's correlation coefficient, P < 0.05). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100 non-duplicate blood isolates of MRSA (in 2003) and of 25 non-duplicate isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and 172 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (in 1996-2003) causing nosocomial infection recovered from various clinical specimens of patients treated at the hospital to nine antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution method. All of these isolates were susceptible to linezolid and were inhibited by 0.5mg/L of tigecycline, and all MRSA isolates were inhibited by daptomycin 1mg/L, including two isolates of MRSA with heteroresistance to vancomycin. Daptomycin had two-fold better activity against vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (MIC90, 2 mg/L) than against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (MIC90, 4 mg/L). Decreased susceptibilities of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and MRSA to quinupristin/dalfopristin (non-susceptibility 25% and 8%, respectively) were found. Telithromycin had poor activity against the isolates tested (MIC90, 8 mg/L). Linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline may represent therapeutic options for infections caused by these resistant Gram-positive organisms.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci in Lebanon

There is little information on the types of Enterococcus spp and their antibiotic resistance patterns in Lebanon. One hundred and fifty-three consecutive clinical enterococcal isolates collected between 1998 and 1999 were tested against 11 antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion and the Etest. The isolates were identified by conventional methods and API-Strep and were found to consist of Enterococcus faecalis (72.5%), Enterococcus faecium (22.9%), Enterococcus avium (3.2%) and Enterococcus gallinarum (1.3%). The percent of resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively were, ampicillin 0.9 and 14%, erythromycin 59% and 40%, tetracycline 72% and 34%, chloramphenicol 32 and 11%, rifampin 36% and 57%, ciprofloxacin, 23% and 34%, norfloxacin 22 and 8%. High level aminoglycoside (HLA) resistance was found in 19% E. faecalis and 9% E. faecium for gentamicin and 36% and 26% for streptomycin. Excellent correlation was observed between the high level disk tests and the Etest in the detection of HLA resistance but not with the regular disks. None of the isolates showed resistance to vancomycin or teicoplanin except for one E. gallinarum isolate which showed intermediate resistance (MIC 16 mg/l) to vancomycin. These variable antimicrobial rates of resistance suggest a surveillance programme for antimicrobial resistance in this country would be helpful to help control infection, guide empirical antibiotic therapy and implement a policy of antibiotic usage.