阴道酵母菌对氟康唑的药物敏感试验分析

目的探讨Etest法检测酵母菌对氟康唑的敏感性.方法用Etest法对216株酵母菌进行药敏试验,判定其MIC值.结果 216株酵母菌对氟康唑均有耐药菌出现,总敏感率为86.1%,其中白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑的敏感率分别为96.8%、95.2%、81.8%、10%、75%,氟康唑对白色假丝酵母菌敏感的MIC≤0.50ug/ml者点45%.结论氟康唑具有较好的抗酵母菌作用,但应监测其耐药性.     

酵母菌对氟康唑的药物敏感试验分析

目的探讨Etest法检测酵母菌对氟康唑的敏感性. 方法用Etest法对108株酵母菌进行药敏试验,判定其MIC值. 结果108株酵母菌对氟康唑均有耐药菌株出现,总敏感率为86.1%,其中白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑的敏感率分别为96.8%、95.2%、81.8%、10%、75%,氟康唑对白色假丝酵母菌敏感的MIC≤0.50 μg/ml者占45%. 结论氟康唑具有较好抗酵母菌作用,但应监测其耐药性.     

1108株深部真菌医院感染耐药性分析

目的了解医院住院患者深部真菌感染的发病状况、病原菌特性及对常用抗真菌药物的敏感度,为临床治疗深部真菌感染选用药物提供参考依据。方法常规培养分离真菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验,应用WHONET5.3软件对药物敏感试验的数据进行分析。结果深部真菌检出最多的为白色假丝酵母菌,其次为热带假丝酵母菌,排在第3位的为光滑假丝酵母菌;深部真菌感染标本主要来自痰液和尿液,679株白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑未保持较高的抗真菌活性,敏感率为100.0%;273株热带假丝酵母菌和156株光滑假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B保持100.0%敏感,对氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的耐药率分别为2.9%、0.4%、0.4%、98.9%;156株光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的耐药率分别为21.2%、22.4%。结论深部真菌对抗真菌药物的耐药性具有种间差异,对唑类药物存在交叉耐药现象且耐药性有上升趋势。     

深部真菌医院感染的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院住院患者深部真菌感染的发病状况、病原菌特性及对常用抗真菌药物的敏感度,为临床治疗深部真菌感染选用药物提供参考依据.方法 常规培养分离真菌,并鉴定到种,采用纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验,应用WHONET5.3软件对药物敏感试验的数据进行分析.结果 培养分离的232株深部真菌在痰液中检出率最高,占74.1%,其次是尿液,占17.2%;在232株真菌中假丝酵母菌属占96.6%,是真菌感染的主要菌属,其中白色假丝酵母菌占58.6%,其余依次是热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌,分别为13.8%、10.3%、8.6%、4.3%;分离菌株对两性霉素B和伊曲康唑的敏感性很高,对氟康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性稍低.结论 深部真菌对抗真菌药物的耐药性具有种间差异,对唑类药物存在交叉耐药现象且耐药性有上升趋势.     

下呼吸道感染真菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

目的了解下呼吸道真菌感染情况及对抗真菌药物抑菌效果,为临床提供帮助。方法对医院2006年1月-2008年12月临床送检的痰液或纤维支气管镜收集的标本,按照全国临床检验操作规程的有关要求进行分离鉴定,对其中较常见的假丝酵母菌属(106株),采用Rosco纸片扩散法对常用5种抗真菌药物进行药敏试验。结果 2116份痰标本共分离出6种假丝酵母菌属,共422株,检出率19.9%,其中以白色假丝酵母菌为主,占52.1%,其次是热带假丝酵母菌,为20.4%,类星形假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、高里假丝酵母菌、皱褶假丝酵母菌,分别为12.1%、6.2%、5.0%、2.8%、1.4%;大多为与细菌混合感染;药敏结果为白色假丝酵母菌和类星形假丝酵母菌敏感率大多>90.0%,热带假丝酵母菌敏感率也>80.0%,克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑几乎全部耐药。结论下呼吸道假丝酵母菌感染比较严重,且常与细菌合并感染;常见感染假丝酵母菌对常用抗真菌药物有一定耐药性,应引起重视;Rosco纸扩散法操作简单,结果可靠稳定,适用常规抗真菌药敏试验。     

758株条件致病性真菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

摘要:目的　研究本院临床条件致病性真菌感染的分布特点、实验室诊断及耐药性情况,为临床诊断真菌感染及合理使用药物提供依据。方法　对2013年1月-2014年1月间各病区送检标本中鉴定出的758株条件致病性真菌的分类、药敏和（1,3）-β-D葡聚糖检测（G试验）情况进行回顾性分析。结果　分离出的条件致病性真菌主要来自病人的痰液标本、血液标本、体液及脓液等,其中白色假丝酵母菌562株（74.14%）,近平滑假丝酵母菌88株（11.61%）,光滑假丝酵母菌49株（6.46%）,热带假丝酵母菌38株（5.01%）,新型隐球菌13株（1.72%）和其他假丝酵母菌8株（1.06%）。白色假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、皱褶假丝酵母菌和新型隐球菌对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑及伏立康唑耐药率较低（＜10%）,对伊曲康唑耐药率较高（＞10%）;光滑假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑及伊曲康唑耐药率较高（＞10%）。对164例高度疑似系统性真菌感染或真菌菌血症患者同时进行真菌培养和G试验,阳性率分别为60.37%和76.83%。结论 假丝酵母菌感染主要以呼吸道、消化道和泌尿道感染为主,不同类型的假丝酵母菌对药物的敏感性有所不同,因此快速而准确地鉴定及药敏试验对临床及时诊断和治疗假丝酵母菌感染有着重要的意义。     

62例真菌菌血症回顾性研究

目的研究真菌菌血症临床特点、可能的相关因素、病原谱及药敏特点,为真菌菌血症防治提供依据。方法回顾性地研究医院2003-2004年发生的62例真菌菌血症。结果95.2%的真菌菌血症为医院感染;59例长期应用广谱抗菌药物(95.1%)、中心静脉置管(46.8%)、气管切开及机械通气(38.7%);分离出的病原菌依次为白色假丝酵母菌(16株)、近平滑假丝酵母菌(12株)、光滑假丝酵母菌(11株)、热带假丝酵母菌(10株);对氟康唑敏感性均>90%(热带假丝酵母菌除外)。结论非白色假丝酵母菌感染导致的真菌菌血症逐渐增多,广谱抗菌药物的应用及中心静脉置管与真菌菌血症相关性可能更强,氟康唑对除热带假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌外的多种真菌有良好的抗菌活性。     

江西南昌市52株假丝酵母菌血症病原真菌的鉴定及其药敏特征

目的了解江西南昌市假丝酵母菌血症病原真菌构成及其药物敏感性。方法收集2015年3—10月南昌某医院住院患者送检血标本分离的假丝酵母菌属真菌,扩增真菌的转录间隔间区(ITS区)和核糖体大亚基(26rRNA、D1/D2区)对菌株进行鉴定,同时检测菌株对抗真菌药物的敏感性。结果共收集血培养阳性标本1 332份,真菌阳性标本74份,占5.56%,其中检出假丝酵母菌属52株,以热带假丝酵母菌为最常见(17株,占32.69%),其次是白假丝酵母菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌复合体(均为16株,各占30.77%)。ITS区和D1/D2区的鉴定结果相同。52株假丝酵母菌对米卡芬净、卡泊芬净均敏感,两性霉素B的流行病学折点(ECV)结果显示,均为野生型。热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率分别为29.41%、17.64%,伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的ECV结果显示,野生型分别占82.35%、94.12%;白假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伏立康唑的敏感率分别为93.75%、81.25%,伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的ECV显示,野生型分别占75.00%、81.25%;近平滑假丝酵母菌复合体对氟康唑和伏立康唑均敏感,伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的ECV结果显示,均为野生型;光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑均为中介,伏立康唑、伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的ECV结果显示,野生型分别占66.67%、100.00%、100.00%。结论热带假丝酵母菌为江西南昌市假丝酵母菌血症最常见的病原真菌,其次是白假丝酵母菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌复合体,唑类和棘白菌素类抗真菌药物和两性霉素B仍是一线抗真菌药物。     

假丝酵母菌性阴道炎的菌种鉴定及耐药性分析

目的 了解假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者临床感染假丝酵母菌属的特点及其耐药现状,为临床抗真菌药物治疗提供参考依据.方法 按常规方法 以萨布罗培养基分离真菌,用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的API 20 C AUX假丝酵母菌鉴定板和ATB 3 Fungus假丝酵母菌药敏板进行假丝酵母菌属鉴定和药敏检测.结果 自593例假丝酵母菌性阴道炎患者的阴道分泌物中检出5种假丝酵母菌,以白色假丝酵母菌占首位,达到479株(80.8%),其次为热带假丝酵母菌51株(8.6%)、光滑假丝酵母菌38株(6.4%)、克柔假丝酵母菌16株(2.7%)、近平滑假丝酵母菌9株(1.5%),白色假丝酵母菌对临床常用的5种抗真菌药物5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的敏感性均较好,>85.0%,非白色假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、伏立康唑的敏感性较好达>90.0%,而对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率较差均<75.0%.结论 假丝酵母菌性阴道炎感染以白色假丝酵母菌为主,白色假丝酵母菌与非白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性差异较大,应重视假丝酵母菌属的培养、鉴定和药敏试验,以指导临床合理选择抗真菌药物.     

245例女性阴道假丝酵母菌病的真菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨女性阴道假丝酵母菌病的真菌分布及耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 对临床从阴道分泌物中分离出的245株假丝酵母菌属采用科玛嘉假丝酵母菌显色培养基和YBC鉴定卡进行鉴定,并采用Rosco纸片扩散法对5种抗真菌药物进行药物敏感试验.结果 245株假丝酵母菌属中白色假丝酵母菌193株占78.8％、光滑假丝酵母菌33株占13.5％、热带假丝酵母菌10株占4.1％、克柔假丝酵母菌6株占2.5％、其他假丝酵母菌3株占1.2％;在5种抗真菌药物中,耐药率最高的是伊曲康唑为33.1％(x2=99.20,P＜0.05),氟康唑耐药率为27.8％、酮康唑为18.8％、两性霉素B为7.4％、5-氟胞嘧啶为4.9％.结论 女性阴道假丝酵母菌感染以白色假丝酵母菌为主,对抗真菌药物有不同程度耐药,临床应重视药敏试验,合理用药.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.