Visualization of patent foramen ovale by biplanar transesophageal echocardiography

Summary It is difficult for conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), by which precise and accurate images of interatrial septum (IAS) can not be acquired, to diagnose patent foramen ovale (PFO) clearly. To evaluate the diagnostic value of biplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for PFO, TTE and biplanar TEE were performed simultaneously in 270 patients. It was found that in 7 patients patent foramen ovale was detected only through longitudinal planes of biplanar TEE. IAS, which consists of primitive septum and membrane of fossa ovalis, can be directly visualized by two-dimensional images of TEE; in patients with PFO, a dull color flow, which shunts from the right atria to the left atria through the gap between primitive septum and fossa ovalis, can be detected by color Doppler flow images. Furthermore, some right-to-left shunting microbubbles through the valve of patent fossa ovalis can be discovered by cardiac acoustic contrast echocardiography. In conclusion, biplanar TEE combined with color Doppler image and cardiac acoustic contrast facilitates a definite diagnosis of patent foramen ovale as the excellent anatomic images of IAS can be obtained from multiple views under this kind of performance.     

术中经食管超声心动图在全机器人膜周部室间隔缺损修补中的作用

目的 探讨术中经食管超声心动图 (transesophageal echocardiography, TEE) 在全机器人膜周部室间隔缺损 (ventricular septal defect, VSD) 修补中的作用。方法 对2009年1月至2012年8月间在我院接受全机器人膜周部VSD修补的18例住院患者的术中TEE资料进行回顾性分析。术中应用TEE的时间及目的:① 体外循环 (cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB) 转机前,进一步明确VSD 解剖类型、数目及大小,术者参考上述信息拟定手术方案;② 建立外周CPB 时,引导下、上腔静脉插管及升主动脉内心脏停搏液灌注针的置放;③ 心脏复跳后,即刻评价心室水平有无残余分流及有无手术相关并发症。结果 ①以外科医生术中所见为标准,TEE 诊断VSD 解剖类型的准确性为100％,所有患者修补VSD 均按术前拟定方案进行。②术中证实,所有患者下、上腔静脉内插管及升主动脉内灌注针均放置于适当位置,TEE 引导置管成功率为100％。③心脏复跳后,TEE显示所有患者心室水平均无残余分流,均无手术相关并发症,所有手术均获成功。结论 术中TEE 在全机器人膜周部VSD 修补中是有益的诊断手段。     

术中经食管超声心动图在心脏瓣膜成形、置换术中的临床价值

目的:评价术中经食管超声心动图(TEE)在心脏瓣膜成形、置换术中的临床价值。方法:对97例心脏瓣膜手术的患者予以TEE术中监测。结果:32例行二尖瓣成形术,22例行二尖瓣置换术,24例行主动脉瓣置换术,19例行二尖瓣和主动脉瓣置换术,全组无1例死亡。结论:TEE在术中能即时判断心脏瓣膜成形、置换术的效果,并找出失败原因。TEE在心脏瓣膜成形、置换术中具有重要的临床价值。     

经食管超声心动图在心血管外科手术中的应用

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)在心血管外科手术中的应用价值。方法在TEE监测体外循环下行心外科手术患者90例,于体外循环前和心脏复跳后对患者心脏及大血管的结构和功能进行监测和评价。结果对27例瓣膜手术患者进行术后即刻评价,均未发生瓣周漏,其中2例左房室瓣修复术后因左房室瓣中度反流遂改为瓣膜置换术;23例在体外循环下行机器人心脏外科手术患者术中在TEE引导下完成动静脉插管及心脏停跳液灌注;20例行左室室壁瘤切除及左室成形术者术后即刻观察左室形状及计算左室容积指数;1例Morrow手术患者术中行TEE检查即刻观察到SAM现象消失,最大压力阶差由144mmHg减至50mmHg,没有发生室间隔穿孔等并发症。90例患者均未发生TEE相关的并发症。结论术中TEE检查是心血管外科手术中一项重要的即刻监测和评价手段。     

The role of transesophageal echocardiography in clinical use

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is not only an invaluable diagnostic tool for cardiac patients, but also is essential for cardiac monitoring in critically ill patients in cardiac and non-cardiac surgery settings and in the differential diagnosis of unexplained hemodynamic collapse. The advantage of TEE over transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is usually clearer images, especially when viewing structures that are difficult to see transthoracically. TEE is essential in monitoring adult and congenital heart surgery perioperatively. The adequacy of the repair can be ensured immediately through a review of TEE images directly after surgery. Although TEE is considered to be relatively safe and noninvasive, TEE-associated complications, such as esophageal laceration, must be taken seriously. Recently, real-time three-dimensional (3D) TEE imaging has played an important role defining valvular and congenital abnormalities and aiding in operative and percutaneous repair.     

Role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in coronary artery bypass grafting

Transesophapeal echocardiography （TEE） can be used as a diagnostic tool during cardiac surgery to direct the surgical procedure and diagnose unanticipated problems. TEE has also been one of the most important means of monitoring myocardial ischemia dur- ing coronary artery bypas grafting procedures. The cardiac anesthesiologist can apply intraoperative TEE in evaluating coronary artery anatomy and aorta atherosclerosis, assessing diastolic left ventricular function and preload,measuring intracardiac pressure and cardiac output,detecting ischaemic mitral regurgitation,intracardiac air and pericardial effusion.     

Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke

OBJECTIVE: To develop guidelines for the use of echocardiography in the investigation of patients with stroke. OPTIONS: (1) Routine transthoracic echocardiography (TTE); (2) routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE); (3) routine TTE followed by TEE if the TTE findings are noncontributory; (4) selective TTE or TEE in patients with cardiac disease who would not otherwise receive anticoagulant therapy. OUTCOMES: This article reviews the available evidence on the yield of TTE and TEE in detecting cardiac sources of cerebral emboli in patients with stroke, the effectiveness of treatment for cardiac sources of emboli and the effectiveness of screening echocardiography for secondary stroke prevention. EVIDENCE: MEDLINE was searched for relevant articles published from January 1966 to April 1998; also reviewed were additional articles identified from the bibliographies and citations obtained from experts. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Echocardiography can detect intracardiac masses (thrombus, vegetation or tumour) in about 4% (with TTE) to 11% (with TEE) of stroke patients. The yield is lower among patients without clinical evidence of cardiac disease by history, physical examination, electrocardiography or chest radiography (less than 2%) than among patients with clinical evidence of cardiac disease (less than 19%). The risks of echocardiography to patients are small. TTE has virtually no risks, and TEE is associated with cardiac, pulmonary and bleeding complications in 0.18%. Patients with an identified intracardiac thrombus are at increased risk for embolic events (absolute risk uncertain, range 0%-38%), and this appears to be reduced with anticoagulant therapy (absolute risk reduction uncertain). Anticoagulant therapy carries a risk of major hemorrhage of 1% to 3% per year. The overall effectiveness of echocardiography in the prevention of recurrent stroke is unknown. VALUES: The strength of evidence was evaluated using the methods of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. RECOMMENDATIONS: There is fair evidence to recommend echocardiography in patients with stroke and clinical evidence of cardiac disease by history, physical examination, electrocardiography or chest radiography (grade B recommendation). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against TEE in patients with normal results of TTE (grade C recommendation). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine echocardiography in patients (including young patients) without clinical cardiac disease (grade C recommendation). Routine echocardiography is not recommended for patients with clinical cardiac disease who have independent indications for or contraindications to anticoagulant therapy (grade D recommendation). There is fair evidence to recommend anticoagulant therapy in patients with stroke and intracardiac thrombus (grade B recommendation). There is insufficient (no) evidence to recommend for or against any specific therapy for patent foramen ovale (grade C recommendation). VALIDATION: The findings of this analysis were reviewed through an iterative process by the members of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.     

经食管超声结合X线引导经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术

目的：研究经食管超声（ＴＥＥ）结合Ｘ线实时引导经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）的价值。方法：对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者４３例,在食道四腔心平面观察ＰＢＭＶ过程。结果：ＴＥＥ结合Ｘ线,引导了全部患者的球囊扩张过程和２０例患者的穿刺房间过程。１９例房间隔穿刺一 成功,１例第二次穿刺成功。ＴＥＥ发现４矩房钢丝一过性进入左心耳,及时撤出。ＴＥＥＪ列８次球囊导管进入左心室过程中嵌入腱索,及时退出导管,３例     

Study of transesophageal echocardiography in young patients (<40 years) with acute arterial ischemic stroke: A pilot study

BackgroundThe aim is to study cardiac abnormalities as detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in young patients (<40 years) presenting with acute ischemic arterial stroke.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in young patients aged <40 years presenting with acute arterial ischemic stroke without any valvular heart disease, prosthetic valve, or previously diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF). TEE was performed in all eligible patients preferably within the first week of the onset of ischemic arterial stroke. All patients with normal TEE underwent holter to rule out paroxysmal AF.ResultsTotally, 40 young patients were included in the study. Mean age was 35.17 (SD [standard deviation] ± 2.99) years. TEE abnormalities were noted in total 13 (32.5%) patients, of which patent foramen ovale was the most common cardiac abnormality in eight (20%) patients followed by left atrial appendage clot in three (7.5%) and atrial septal aneurysm in two (5%) patients. One patient (2.5%) was observed with atrial septal aneurysm along with a sieved septum. All the patients with normal TEE underwent holter, and four of 27 (14.8%) of these patients were noted to have paroxysmal AF.ConclusionCardiac abnormalities on TEE and holter were detected in 42.5% of the young patients with idiopathic arterial stroke. TEE abnormality was noted in 33% (13/40), whereas AF on holter was seen in 14.8% (4/27) with normal TEE. Thus, probable cardioembolic stroke was responsible for acute ischemic stroke in 42.5% (17/40) of young patients in the absence of valvular heart disease, prosthetic valves, and persistent/permanent AF.     

经食道心脏超声心动图在临床心脏外科中的作用分析

目的:探究经食道心脏超声心动图在临床心脏外科中的作用分析。方法:回顾性分析83例心脏外科手术患者行TEE检测的临床资料。结果:本文研究的83例心脏外科手术患者行TEE显像监测中,纠正诊断错误4例(4.8%),发现问题12例(14.45%)。结论:临床心脏外科术中行经食道心脏超声心动图监测,有利于纠正错误诊断,指导术中置入封堵器,及时发现问题,准确评价手术疗效,提高手术成功率。     

经食管超声心动图在神经外科坐位手术中的初步应用探讨

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在神经外科坐位手术中的应用价值。方法神经外科行坐位肿瘤切除术的6例患者,应用TEE观察患者是否存在卵圆孔未闭及房、室间隔缺损等分流性或潜在分流性情况,麻醉后应用TEE引导中心静脉导管位置,术中TEE观察心脏中是否存在空气栓子,并指导处理排气。结果 6例患者TEE均可清晰显示上腔静脉置管情况,可明确导管尖端位置。6例患者中有5例在手术开始时即可监测到大量气体自上腔静脉进入右心房,其中3例于左心室内发现空气栓子,考虑卵圆孔未闭及肺动静脉瘘所致。由于能够及时发现空气栓子并指导排气,所有病例均无气栓合并症出现。结论 TEE除常规应用于心脏外科手术外,也应成为坐位手术的必备监测手段。     

经食道超声心动图在休克患者麻醉循环管理中的应用效果

目的 探讨经食道超声心动图(TEE)在休克患者麻醉循环管理中的应用效果.方法 对行外科手术治疗的38例休克患者进行TEE监测,记录TEE阳性发现率及并发症发生率,比较存在TEE阳性发现的患者循环纠正前后的HR、SBP、平均动脉压(MBP)、左室舒张末面积及下腔静脉直径.结果 TEE监测阳性发现率为60.5%(23/38),其中提示容量不足14例(60.8%),左心和右心功能不全4例(17.4%),左房血栓心脏瓣膜疾病2例(8.7%),左室心肌节段运动功能异常2例(8.7%)及心包积液1例(4.3%).循环对症纠正后,23例存在TEE阳性发现的患者HR低于循环纠正前,而SBP、MBP、左室舒张末期面积及下腔静脉直径均高于循环纠正前(P<0.05).所有患者均未出现食道穿孔等严重并发症.结论 由麻醉医师对休克患者行术中TEE监测,能及时提供对循环管理和决策有指导性意义的信息.     

经食管超声心动图在婴幼儿多发性房间隔缺损经胸微创封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图在婴幼儿多发性房间隔缺损（ASD）经胸微创封堵术中的应用价值。方法 18例多发性ASD患儿,经右侧胸骨旁微创小切口显露右心房。在术中食管超声心动图（TEE）指引下,测量ASD的大小及数目、孔间距,并据此选择合适类型的房间隔缺损封堵器。TEE引导封堵器的套管经房间隔缺损进入左房并对多发性ASD进行封堵,术后即刻评价封堵器治疗多发性房间隔缺损的效果。结果 18例患者均采用1个封堵器封堵多发性ASD成功。术后即刻TEE检查所有患儿封堵器位置良好,封堵器无变形、移位和脱落,多发性ASD无残余分流,心脏瓣膜功能不受影响。结论 经胸微创封堵术治疗婴幼儿多发性ASD是安全、有效的技术,TEE对病例和封堵器的选择及术中引导和监测、术后随访均具有重要的临床意义。     

经食管超声心动图在心脏外科手术中的应用进展

近年来,各种先天性或后天性心脏病变已逐渐引起广泛的关注,微创心脏手术也在迅速发展。经食管超声心动图(TEE)是目前唯一能在术中对患者进行监护的影像诊断技术。在心脏外科手术中使用TEE能够在术前修正诊断,及时调整手术方式,术中实时监测及时解决术中的问题,术后判断心脏功能,预测手术效果。TEE在心脏外科手术中的应用日益普及,并且作为一种重要的监测和诊断手段被广泛推广。     

Transesophageal echocardiography guided cannulation for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass during robotic cardiac surgery

Background  Minimally invasive cardiac surgery and closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques continue to evolve. Previous reports have demonstrated the benefits of fluoroscopy guided cannulation for endovascular CPB during port access cardiac surgery. However, few data are available on the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided cannulation for peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate TEE guided cannulation for peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery.

Methods  We performed a retrospective analysis of intraoperative data of 129 consecutive patients underwent robotic cardiac surgical procedures requiring peripheral CPB from September 2007 to August 2011, which was established using femoral arterial inflow and kinetic venous drainage by way of the femoral vein and right internal jugular vein and a transthoracic aortic cross clamp. TEE was used to guide cannulation of the inferior vena cava (IVC), superior vena cava (SVC), and ascending aorta (AAO). The success rate and the complication rate of TEE guided cannulation for peripheral CPB were evaluated and compared with the results of fluoroscopy guided cannulation in a historical control group.

Results  One hundred and twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent robotic cardiac surgical procedures requiring peripheral CPB. There were 67 female (51.9%) and 62 male (48.1%) patients, ranging in age from 13 to 70 years (mean (43.94 ± 13.82) years) and body surface area 1.32 to 2.39 m² (mean (1.71 ± 0.20) m²). Some 61 (47.3%) patients underwent mitral valve repair, 27 (20.9%) mitral valve replacement, 27 (20.9%) left atrial myxoma removal, and 14 (10.9%) ventricular septal defect repair. Of the 129 patients, TEE guided cannulation of the IVC or SVC was successful in all patients (100%), and no puncture related complications occurred in all patients. Of the 129 patients, successful cannulation of the AAO was achieved in all patients (100%), and aortic perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.78%) under TEE guidance. Of the 42 patients in the historical control group, successful cannulation occured in 39 patients (92.86%), and major complications occurred in 3 patients (7.14%) under fluoroscopy guidance. TEE guided cannulation of the AAO significantly improved success rate (100% vs. 92.86%, P=0.014) and decreased complication rate (0.78% vs. 7.14%, P=0.046).

Conclusion  TEE may be useful in guiding successful placement of the cannulae in the IVC, SVC, and AAO in the establishment of peripheral CPB during robotic cardiac surgery.

     

经食管超声心动图及凝血指标评估非风湿性房颤栓塞危险性的临床研究

目的 :探讨经食管超声心动图 (TEE)检查和测定血浆凝血标志物用于评估非风湿性房颤 (NRAF)栓塞危险性价值。方法 :对 12 4例的研究对象全部测定血浆中凝血标志物 ,对风湿性房颤 (RAF)组 3 2例和NRAF组 3 4例实施常规经胸超声心动图 (TTE)和TEE检查。结果 :①TEE的心房血栓和左房自发性超声对比 (LASEC)现象检出率显著高于TTE(P <0 0 1) ;左心耳 (LAA)血流排空速率降低 ( <2 5cm/s)与心房血栓和LASEC形成密切相关。②四种血浆中凝血标志物水平在NRAF组均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;其中D 2聚体水平在LAA功能减退患者中显著升高 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :①TEE较TTE在评估NRAF栓塞危险性方面具更高的应用价值 ;心房内存在血栓、LASEC阳性 ,LAA血流排空速率下降是三项重要的TEE评估指标。②心房颤动可导致某些特异性凝血标志物水平显著升高。③D 2聚体浓度升高与TEE评估指标高度相关     

MITRAL VALVE PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA:CASE REPORT

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Study on Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Transesophageal Echocardiographic Images

（李治安）（王新房）（陆平）（胡刚）（郑莉慧）（杨娅）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＴｈｒｅｅＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＲｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｒａｎｓｅｓｏｐｈａｇｅａｌＥｃｈｏｃａｒｄｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｍａｇｅｓ￥ＬＩＺｈｉ－ａｎ；ＷＡＮＧＸｉｎ－ｆａｎ...     

cTEE、cTCD及TEE对卵圆孔未闭的临床诊断价值

目的：探讨经胸右心声学造影（cTTE）、经颅多普勒发泡试验（cTCD）及食道心超（TEE）等检查对卵圆孔未闭（PFO）的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析比较140例温州医科大学附属第一医院成功行PFO封堵术患者（A组）与右心导管检查未见PFO患者（B组）的临床资料,包括临床基线资料、cTTE、cTCD及TEE。比较两组间在cTTE、cTCD分流量大小、TEE卵圆孔大小差异及cTTE气泡出现的时间差异,并绘制这些指标诊断PFO的ROC曲线。结果：cTTE下A组与B组比中-大量分流占比更大。在静息状态、瓦氏动作后和总评分情况下A组中-大量分流占比均显著大于B组（67.35% vs. 42.86%,P =0.04;100.00% vs. 71.42%,P ＜0.001;81.63% vs. 51.43%,P =0.004）。cTCD下A组与B组相比中-大量分流占比更大（75.90% vs. 19.35%,P ＜0.001）。TEE下A组与B组相比PFO裂隙更大（2.18±0.78 vs. 1.19±0.78,P ＜0.001）。用cTTE、cTCD、TEE等指标做PFO诊断的ROC曲线,结果提示cTCD、TEE两个指标ROC曲线下面积较大,具有较好的敏感度和特异度（P ＜0.05）。在cTTE气泡出现的时间方面,A组气泡出现时间小于等于5个心动周期的患者比例显著大于B组（73.47% vs.42.86%,P =0.007）。结论：cTCD、TEE检查对于PFO有较好的预测价值,综合价值优于cTTE检查。     

经食管超声心动图评估主动脉成像切面的临床探讨

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）评估主动脉成像切面及其简化的操作流程。方法 纳入337例在我院心脏外科行手术治疗的患者,分别沿“食管中段”“食管上段”“食管下段”“胃底部”4个层面,逐一进行扫查。记录每一切面距离门齿的距离、成像角度等参数。结果 7例患者因TEE探头插入困难而退出,最终共有330例患者完整采集主动脉超声图像,其中5例患者因气体干扰,食管上段切面采集困难,术中放置自制气管内水囊辅助而完成图像采集。所有超声切面采集平均耗时（15.6±3.8） min。不同主动脉成像切面中,探头距门齿距离、成像角度及管体指向变化不一,且主动脉壁随成像切面的变化而变化。结论 主动脉的超声评估是心脏外科术中的难点和重点,熟练掌握主动脉解剖及TEE成像规律,掌握灵活多变的检查方式,方能更好地开展术中TEE检查。