武汉市社区不同人群艾滋病知识健康教育效果评价

[目的]为了解武汉市社区不同人群预防艾滋病现状及健康教育干预活动效果。[方法]用分层随机抽样的方法,在武汉市选取6个有代表性的社区,每个社区按照4类人群抽取相对固定的社区管理人员、娱乐场所从业人员、外来服务人员、城市居民,共计1336人进行问卷调查与干预研究。[结果]干预前不同人群的艾滋病知识知晓率不同,娱乐场所从业人员和外来服务人员艾滋病知识知晓率(分别为74.5%和78.6%)明显低于城市一般居民(82.1%);干预前后(中期和终期)社区人群的艾滋病知识知晓率有明显提高(率差17.7%和17.6%),各项指标都大幅提高,但不同人群提高幅度不一样,其中以娱乐场所从业人员提高幅度最大(率差22.6%),其次为外来服务人员(率差17.4%)。[结论]4类人群艾滋病知识健康教育干预效果明显,尤其是艾滋病知识知晓率较低的城市社区外来服务人员及娱乐场所人员提高显著。     

2010年济宁市男男性行为人群艾滋病/梅毒/丙肝感染情况及艾滋病相关知识行为调查

[目的]了解济宁市男男性行为人群(MSM)艾滋病/梅毒/丙肝的感染及相关知识知晓、行为情况,为该类人群的行为干预提供依据。[方法]2010年4~7月,对济宁市MSM监测哨点和济宁市疾病预防控制中心自愿咨询检测(VCT)门诊就诊的MSM人群进行问卷调查并检测HIV、梅毒、丙肝抗体。[结果]调查398人,HIV、梅毒、丙肝抗体阳性检出率分别为1.01%、2.76%、2.26%,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为83.92%,艾滋病知晓的334人中。HIV抗体阳性率为0.60%;不知晓的64人中,HIV抗体阳性率为3.13%(P>0.05)。83.67%的MSM最近6个月与男性发生过性行为,最近6个月与男性性伴发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套的占39.04%;27.02%的MSM与异性发生过性行为,最近6个月与异性发生过性行为时坚持使用安全套的占22.22%。最近1年接受过有关预防艾滋病服务的占87.19%;相关知识信息的主要来源为网络(占50.75%),报刊、书籍(占45.23%)。[结论]MSM人群是HIV及相关疾病感染的高危人群,且存在严重知行分离现象。     

云南省某地2013年六类人群梅毒、艾滋病知识知晓情况调查分析

[目的]2013年对云南省某地的6类人群梅毒、艾滋病知识知晓情况进行调查,旨在分析该县2013年的艾滋病健康教育及干预工作效果。[方法]采用统一制定的调查问卷整群抽取6类人群进行调查,分析软件为SPSS 17.0。[结果]2013年该地6类人群艾滋病知识知晓率为93.6%,梅毒知识知晓率为86.0%,艾滋病、梅毒知识知晓率在6类人群中均不相同(P0.001),城市居民、学生、娱乐场所业主知晓率较高,农村居民、农民工、校外青少年知晓率偏低。[结论]性病艾滋病防治资源应向农村、流动人群社区等薄弱点倾斜,构建多元的大众人群性病艾滋病知识获取方式应该成为今后健康教育工作的重点。     

2007年安丘市农村部分人群艾滋病知识知晓情况调查

[目的]了解农村人群艾滋病知识知晓情况,为制定防治措施提供依据.[方法]2007年10～12月,在安丘市抽取3个乡镇,对部分农村人群进行调查.[结果]调查4 465人,艾滋病知晓总知晓率为54.69%,其中2 816名农民为36.61%,1 109名中学生为60.78人,341名医务人员为92.38%,199名乡镇干部为87.44%,农民低于其他3类人群(P＜0.01).艾滋病知识来源于电视的占87.23%,艾滋病宣传材料占31.98%.[结论]安丘市农村人群艾滋病知识知晓率较低.     

2010年惠州市部分人群艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV感染情况调查

[目的]了解惠州市暗娼人群、羁押人员、吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况、行为特征及艾滋病感染状况,为制定有效的干预措施和防治对策提供信息和依据。[方法]2010年7～10月对惠州市部分娱乐场暗娼人群、部分戒毒所、劳教所、看守所的劳教人员进行问卷调查,并检测HIV抗体。[结果]合计调查1 180人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为80.76%。不同人群对每次性行为时正确使用安全套能降低艾滋病病毒感染的知晓率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其余6个艾滋病相关知识知晓率,不同人群差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。调查1 180人,最近6个月与非婚性伴发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占49.66%;最近1个月与非婚性伴发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占53.57%,最近1次与非婚性伴发生性行为时,每次都使用安全套的占54.59%,46.22%的人最近1次与固定性伴发生性行为时使用安全套。1 180人中,获取艾滋病预防知识途径是网络的占46.27%,是报刊、书籍的占29.75%;80.51%的人最近1年接受过艾滋病预防干预服务,其中接受过安全套发放的占54.95%、接受过同伴教育的占71.37%。检测HIV抗体的825人中HIV抗体阳性9例,阳性率为1.09%。[结论]青少年人群成为艾滋病高危人群的主体。     

山东省部分居民急性传染性非典型肺炎相关生活条件及认知调查

[目的 ]了解山东省不同人群与急性传染性非典型肺炎 (“非典”)传播相关的生活居住条件及“非典”防治知识知晓情况。 [方法 ]采用分层抽样方法 ,2 0 0 3年 8月在山东省 6个城市和农村社区对具有代表性的 7种人群调查居住条件、饮用水情况、“非典”相关知识知晓情况、“非典”流行期间防护行为 ,对相关防治问题的认识及态度。 [结果 ]调查 25 98人 ,88 4%的调查对象每人居住面积在 10m2 以上 ,84 4%的人饮用封闭式供水 ,5 6 0 %的居民使用水冲式厕所 ;调查对象“非典”相关防治知识得分为 ( 17 93± 2 19)分 (总分 2 1分 ) ,文化程度越高认知率越高。 [结论 ]山东省居民居住空间及饮用水卫生状况尚可 ;人群对“非典”相关防治知识知晓情况较好。     

安徽省居民和高危人群艾滋病知识知晓率分析

[目的]了解安徽省居民及高危人群艾滋病(AIDS)预防知识知晓情况,为今后艾滋病的预防和干预提供依据。[方法]采用等容量分层、整群、单纯和机械抽样相结合的抽样方法,分别抽取1201名居民和121名高危人群进行问卷调查。[结果]城镇、农村居民和高危人群艾滋病性病预防知识知晓率分别为77.8%、70.6%和81.8%,。居民知晓率(74.2%)低于高危人群,高危人群对艾滋病感染者和患者的接受度相近(分别为19.4%和16.1%)。娱乐场所性工作者和静脉注射吸毒人员安全套使用率较低,而后者共用注射器比例较高。[结论]应努力寻找适合不同人群的艾滋病教育方式,加强社区宣传和行为干预,消除人们对艾滋病过于恐惧歧视的心理。     

山东省4类人群对艾滋病的知识、态度抽样调查

[目的 ]了解山东省 4类人群对艾滋病的知识认识现状 ,明确现阶段的重点宣传对象与宣传内容。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 10月至 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,在山东省全部 17个市 ,采用多阶段整群抽样和配额抽样相结合的方法 ,对 4类人群共 3 2 3 4名进行问卷调查。 [结果 ] 4类人群对艾滋病的知识都有一定的了解 ,机关人员、特殊人群、城镇居民和大中学生的总体知晓率分别为 84 9%、79 1%、81 6%和 78 8%,但对一些问题的认识存有偏差。其中机关人员和文化程度较高者知晓率较高 ,特殊人群、大中学生以及文化程度较低的人群知道得较少。 [结论 ] 4类人群对艾滋病的知识掌握不够系统、全面 ,应加强对特殊人群、大中学生以及文化程度较低人群的健康教育工作     

营业性娱乐场所服务小姐艾滋病行为危险因素调查分析

[目的 ]了解长乐市主要娱乐场所服务小姐中影响艾滋病流行的某些行为及相关影响因素的现状。[方法 ]对目标人群进行匿名问卷调查 ,向服务小姐宣传有关艾滋病防护知识 ,提供 /发放有关艾滋病预防的宣传品。[结果 ]服务小姐平均年龄 (2 1 7± 2 5 6)岁 (17～ 3 5岁 ) ;文化程度以初中为主 (64 1% ) ;初次性经历与第 1次使用避孕套的时间间隔约 1年 ;80 7%的服务小姐有与客人发生性行为 ;最近 1个月发生性行为时每次都使用避孕套的比例为 46 4% ;近半年出现过泌尿生殖系统症状者约占 1/3 ,许多人存在不正确的就医行为 ;对艾滋病知识了解贫乏或对艾滋病的威胁认识不足。 [结论 ]性行为是长乐市艾滋病主要传播方式 ,服务人员对艾滋病知识的掌握很贫乏 ,应加大卫生知识宣传和对高危人群的干预力度 ,以控制艾滋病传播。     

不同人群中健康教育干预对艾滋病防治的作用分析

目的：对健康教育干预在不同人群中艾滋病防治效果进行分析。方法：分层随机抽取2014年5月本地区1000人,主要包含居民、外来服务人员、娱乐场所从业人员以及管理人员,并做问卷调查和干预研究。结果：本次调查共收回1000份问卷调查,终期有效调查问卷共400份,其中居民100人（25.00%）、管理人员90人（22.50%）、外来服务人员90人（22.50%）、娱乐场所从业人员120人（30.00%）。娱乐场所从业人员知晓艾滋病知识概率为27（22.50%）,与干预前相比明显提升。居民、管理人员、外来服务人员知晓健康知识概率分别为95（95.00%）、96（95.56%）、85（94.44%）,无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论：对四类人群采取艾滋病知识有关健康教育干预,效果十分明显,特别是娱乐场所从业人员与外来服务人员知晓艾滋病知识概率明显提升。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.